Stewart v. Accurate Background, LLC

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION [7] 8 DAMARCUS STEWART, on behalf of Case No. 22-cv-01926-EJD himself and all others similarly situated, 9 ORDER GRANTING (1) MOTION (AS Plaintiff, MODIFIED) FOR FINAL 10 SETTLEMENT APPROVAL AND (2) v. MOTION (AS MODIFIED) FOR 11 ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS AND ACCURATE BACKGROUND, LLC, SERVICE AWARD [12] Defendant. Re: ECF Nos. 53, 54 [14] In this putative class action, Plaintiff Damarcus Stewart (“Mr. Stewart” or “Plaintiff”) [15] alleges that Defendant Accurate Background, LLC (“Accurate Background or “Defendant”), [16] which provides background and employment screening services, violated federal and California [17] laws by failing to use reasonable procedures to assure the maximum possible accuracy of criminal [18] record information, and specifically failing to identify circumstances criminal records had been [19] expunged or sealed. See Am. Class Action Compl. (“FAC”), ECF No. 22. Mr. Stewart brings one [20] individual claim for defamation and six representative claims for violations of the federal Fair [21] Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b); California’s Consumer Credit Reporting [22] Agencies Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 1785.14 (b); California’s Investigative Consumer Reporting [23] Agencies Act, id. §§ 1786.18(c), 1786.20(b), 1786.28(b); and California’s Unfair Competition [24] Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 . See FAC ¶¶ 58–93. Now pending before the Court are two [25] unopposed motions filed by Mr. Stewart: (1) a Motion for Final Approval of Class Action [26] Settlement (the “Approval Motion”) and (2) a Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs and for [27] Approval of Service Award (the “Fees Motion” and together, the “Motions”). See Approval Mot., 1 ECF No. 53; Fees Mot., ECF No. 54. The Court held an initial final fairness hearing on February 2 22, 2024, after which Mr. Stewart submitted unopposed modifications to the Motions. See ECF 3 Nos. 58, 60. The Court held a further final fairness hearing on March 7, 2024. See ECF No. 61. 4 For the reasons set forth below and on the record at the final fairness hearings, the Court 5 GRANTS the modified versions of the Approval Motion and the Fees Motion. 6 I. BACKGROUND 7 On February 21, 2022, Plaintiff filed this putative class action in the Santa Clara County 8 Superior Court against Defendant, alleging that Defendant failed to use reasonable procedures to 9 assure the maximum possible accuracy of criminal record information included on its reports and 10 failed to identify situations where criminal records had been expunged or sealed. See Compl., 11 ECF No. 1-1. Plaintiff alleged that Defendant prepared and disseminated a consumer background 12 report on Plaintiff in or around May 2021, and that Defendants’ report stated that Plaintiff was 13 convicted of misdemeanor charges in September 2015 and October 2016. Id. ¶¶ 36–37. Plaintiff 14 further alleged that both criminal records had been expunged by court order on March 26, 2021. [15] Id. ¶ 38 . Plaintiff alleged that Defendant prepared and disseminated an updated report in or 16 around June 2021, and that this subsequent report was similarly incomplete and inaccurate as it 17 omitted the expungement information. Id. ¶ 39 . Plaintiff further alleged he has applied for and 18 been denied employment opportunities, and that he has been informed that the basis for these 19 denials was the inaccurate information on the consumer reports prepared by Defendant. Id. ¶ 43 . 20 Plaintiff thus alleged that Defendant’s conduct has caused him to suffer actual damages in the 21 form of lost employment opportunities, harm to reputation, and emotional distress, and asserted 22 representative claims on behalf of both a nationwide class and a California subclass, in addition to 23 his independent claim for defamation. See id. ¶¶ 57–83. 24 Defendant removed the action to this Court on March 25, 2022. See Not. of Removal, 25 ECF No. 1. In July 2022, prior to any motion practice, the parties stipulated to private mediation, 26 and the Court granted the stipulation. See ECF Nos. 16, 17. Following written discovery and a 27 private mediation session with Judge Diane Walsh (ret.) on March 15, 2023, see Mot. 3, the 1 parties notified the Court on March 29, 2023 that they had reached an agreement in principle to 2 settle this action on a class-wide basis, see ECF No. 20. On May 5, 2023, Plaintiff filed the FAC 3 concurrently with a motion for preliminary approval of the parties’ class settlement agreement (the 4 “Original Settlement Agreement”). See FAC; ECF No. 23-1. 5 The Court granted preliminary approval of the settlement in November 2023, but noted 6 certain that it would further scrutinize certain terms—particularly the amount reserved for 7 attorneys’ fees and the individual settlement payment to Plaintiff related to his independent 8 defamation action—at the final fairness review. See Order Granting Mot. Prelim. Approval 9 (“Prelim. Appr. Order”) 6–8, ECF No. 50. Following the Court’s discussion of these issues with 10 the parties at the final fairness hearings, the parties submitted a modification to the Settlement 11 Agreement with respect to the identified issues. See ECF No. 60. The Court will refer to the 12 Settlement Agreement, as modified, as the “Final Settlement Agreement,” and conducts the 13 remainder of its analysis with respect to the terms of the Final Settlement Agreement. 14 A. Settlement Terms 15 Under the terms of the Final Settlement Agreement, Defendant will pay a non-reversionary 16 settlement amount of $383,750.00 into a qualified settlement fund (the “Settlement Fund”) for 17 payments to class members, without admitting liability. This amount includes attorneys’ fees and 18 costs, the cost of settlement administration, and Mr. Stewart’s service award. 19 1. Settlement Class 20 The Final Settlement Agreement defines the class (“Settlement Class”) as: 21 From the period of February 20, 2020 to February 28, 2023, all natural persons residing in 22 the United States and its Territories: 23 (a) about whom Defendant furnished a consumer report for employment purposes; 24 (b) whose report contained one or more items of criminal record information 25 relating to a record that had been (i) expunged, (ii) sealed, (iii) dismissed 26 pursuant to California Penal Code § 1203.4, or (iv) otherwise extinguished from 27 the public record; 1 (c) who disputed information on their report; 2 (d) where an amended report was issued; and 3 (e) where the amendment of the report was related to the reporting of a criminal 4 record(s) that, at some point before the resolution of the dispute, Defendant 5 determined to be expunged, sealed, otherwise extinguished from the public 6 record, or dismissed pursuant to California Penal Code § 1203.4. 7 The parties agree there are 230 individuals, including Mr. Stewart, in the Settlement Class. 8 2. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs; Administration Costs; Service Award 9 Under the Final Settlement Agreement, Plaintiff’s counsel agreed to seek up to $95,750.00 10 in attorneys’ fees and $10,000.00 in litigation costs and expenses, for a total of $105,750.00. The 11 Final Settlement Agreement also provides that $20,000 of the $383,750.00 Settlement Fund will 12 be allocated to settlement administration costs (and that notice and administration costs in excess 13 of the allocated $20,000 will also be paid from the Settlement Fund). Mr. Stewart is to receive a 14 service award of $5,000.00 for his services to the Settlement Class, and provides a general release 15 of all of his class claims in this action. 16 3. Class Relief 17 After deductions from the Settlement Fund for fees, costs, and service awards, an amount 18 of $253,000.00 will remain to be distributed among the participating class members. Of this total, 19 an amount of $69,000 will be used to automatically pay $300 to each of the 230 class members. 20 The remaining $184,000 will be paid according to class members who submit a “simple attestation 21 of harm” suffered, calculated on a pro rata basis determined by the total number of claims received 22 but not to exceed $5,000 per any one individual. The Final Settlement Agreement provides that 23 no amount shall revert to the Defendant. 24 4. Cy Pres/Remainder 25 The Final Settlement Agreement provides that, if any amounts remain in the Settlement 26 Fund after all other payments are made and after sixty (60) days past the void date of the last dated 27 settlement check, those funds shall be distributed by the Settlement Administrator to cy pres 1 recipient the San Jose State University Record Clearance Project (https://www.sjsu.edu/rcp/). The 2 parties selected this cy pres recipient because it is a program that works to ensure that criminal 3 history does not serve as a barrier to employment, an issue closely related to the subject matter of 4 this case. 5 B. Preliminary Approval 6 As noted above, the Court preliminarily approved the Original Settlement Agreement in 7 November 2023. The Court flagged three concerns related to the heightened fairness inquiry 8 required for a pre-certification class settlement under In re Bluetooth Headset Products Liability 9 Litigation, 654 F.3d 935, 947 (9th Cir. 2011). See Prelim. Appr. Order 6–8. Bluetooth requires 10 that the Court, in approving a pre-certification settlement, conduct a more probing and exacting 11 inquiry for any indicia of collusion or other conflicts of interest than is ordinarily required under 12 Rule 23(e). See 654 F.3d at 947 . The Court reserved its concerns, which related to the various 13 fees allocated to Mr. Stewart and his counsel, for further discussion at the final fairness hearing 14 because it found the Original Settlement Agreement to be otherwise fair and reasonable, and did 15 not find its concerns to “warrant denial of preliminary approval or further delay in notifying the 16 class.” Prelim. Appr. Order 8. The Court further found the parties’ proposed notice plan (the 17 “Notice Plan”) to be constitutionally sound, holding that “Plaintiff has made a sufficient showing 18 that it is: (i) the best notice practicable; (ii) reasonably calculated, under the circumstances, to 19 apprise the Class members of the proposed settlement and of their right to object or to exclude 20 themselves as provided in the settlement agreement; (iii) reasonable and constitute due, adequate, 21 and sufficient notice to all persons entitled to receive notice; and (iv) meet all applicable 22 requirements of due process and any other applicable requirements under federal law.” Id. at 8–9. 23 C. Notice 24 The Final Settlement Agreement is being administered by American Legal Claim Services 25 (“ALCS”). Following the Court’s preliminary approval and conditional certification of settlement, 26 ALCS implemented the Notice Plan. See Decl. of Noah Fiori (“Fiori Decl.”), ECF No. 53-1; 27 Updated Decl. of Noah Fiori (“Updated Fiori Decl.”), ECF No. 57-1. 1 1. CAFA Notice 2 On May 15, 2023, ALCS mailed, via certified mail, a CAFA Notice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 3 § 1715 to the Attorneys General of the 50 states, the territory of Puerto Rico, the Attorney General 4 of the United States, the District of Columbia’s Corporate Counsel, the Attorney General for 5 Guam, the Attorney General for American Samoa, the Attorney General for the United States 6 Virgin Islands, and the Attorney General for the Northern Mariana Islands. The CAFA Notice 7 package contained a CD-ROM that included the following ten exhibits: (1) Class Action 8 Complaint, (2) First Amended Class Action Complaint, (3) Proposed Email Notice of Class 9 Action Settlement, (4) Proposed Postcard Notice of Class Action Settlement, (5) Proposed Long 10 Form Notice of Class Action Settlement, (6) Proposed Claim Form, (7) Proposed Opt-Out Form, 11 (8) Settlement Agreement, (9) Uncontested Motion for Preliminary Approval, and (10) Proposed 12 Preliminary Approval Order. 13 2. Class Notice 14 As described in the Fiori Declaration, ALCS received the mailing list (“Class List”) on 15 November 15, 2023 from Defendant’s counsel. The Class List contained 230 records. All records 16 had street addresses, and 229 records had at least one email address. ALCS reviewed and 17 processed the data and determined that each of the 230 records indicated a unique class member. 18 After email validation, 196 email addresses were found to be valid and deliverable. ALCS used 19 methods included National Change of Address through the USPS and skip-tracing to determine 20 the most accurate mailing addresses for class members. 21 On December 1, 2023, ALCS sent the Notice, substantially in the form approved by the 22 Court, to 196 class members by email and the remaining 34 class members by postcard. Nine of 23 the initial email Notices were deemed undeliverable, so ALCS mailed those Notices to the 24 addresses on file. Of the 43 total mailed Notices, six were returned by USPS as of February 8, 25 2024. ALCS remailed five Notices to updated addresses. One class member has not yet been 26 provided Notice, for a delivery rate of 99.6% (or 97.67% if one only looks at first class mail 27 notices). 1 ALCS also created a dedicated settlement website (“the Settlement Website”) at 2 www.StewartFCRASettlement.com, containing information as listed in the Notice, access to Court 3 documents, key dates, FAQs, and the ability to file a claim and/or update an address. The 4 Settlement Website was listed in the emailed and mailed Notices. 5 3. Claims, Opt-Outs, and Objections 6 The Notice informed class members who wished to file a claim for the further payment of 7 up to $5,000 to send their claim form by January 30, 2024. The Notice provided the same 8 deadline to opt out of the Settlement Agreement, and to file a written objection to the Final 9 Settlement Agreement. As of February 8, 2024, ALCS had received 21 valid claim forms and 0 10 exclusion requests. The Court has received no objections to the Final Settlement Agreement. 11 II. MOTION FOR FINAL APPROVAL OF CLASS ACTION SETTLEMENT 12 A. Legal Standard 13 A court may approve a proposed class action settlement of a certified class only “after a 14 hearing and on finding that it is fair, reasonable, and adequate,” and that it meets the requirements 15 for class certification. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). There exist four prerequisites for class 16 certification are (1) numerosity, i.e., the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is 17 impracticable; (2) commonality, i.e., there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) 18 typicality; i.e., the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or 19 defenses of the class; and (4) adequacy, i.e., the representative parties will fairly and adequately 20 protect the interests of the class. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). In a settlement-only certification 21 context, the “specifications of the Rule—those designed to protect absentees by blocking 22 unwarranted or overbroad class definitions—demand undiluted, even heightened, attention.” 23 Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 620 (1997). “In addition to satisfying the Rule 24 23(a) prerequisites, parties seeking class certification must show that the action is maintainable 25 under Rule 23(b)(1), (2), or (3).” Id. at 614 . 26 If the proposed class in a settlement meets the Rule 23(a) and 23(b) requirements for 27 certification, a court must then balance a number of factors to gauge fairness and adequacy, 1 including the following: 2 (1) the strength of the plaintiffs’ case; (2) the risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; (3) the risk of 3 maintaining class action status throughout the trial; (4) the amount offered in settlement; (5) the extent of discovery completed and the 4 stage of the proceedings; (6) the experience and views of counsel; (7) the presence of a governmental participant; and (8) the reaction of the 5 class members to the proposed settlement. 6 Churchill Village, L.L.C. v. Gen. Elec., 361 F.3d 566 , 575 (9th Cir. 2004). Additionally, class 7 settlements reached prior to formal class certification require a “heightened fairness inquiry.” 8 Roes 1–2 v. SFBSC Mgmt. (“SFBSC”), 944 F.3d 1035, 1049 (9th Cir. 2019). When reviewing 9 such a pre-certification settlement, the district court must not only explore the Churchill factors 10 but also “look[ ] for and scrutinize[ ] any subtle signs that class counsel have allowed pursuit of 11 their own self-interests ... to infect the negotiations.” Id. at 1043 (internal quotation marks 12 omitted); see also, e.g., Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 952 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Especially in the 13 context of a case in which the parties reach a settlement agreement prior to class certification, 14 courts must peruse the proposed compromise to ratify both the propriety of the certification and 15 the fairness of the settlement.”). 16 B. Analysis 17 1. Class Certification (Rule 23(a)–(b)) 18 a. Rule 23(a) Prerequisites 19 This analysis begins with an examination of whether class treatment remains appropriate 20 under Rule 23(a)’s requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequate protection 21 by the class representative. 22 i. Numerosity 23 The class contains 230 members. Because joinder of all members would be impracticable, 24 the numerosity requirement appears to be met. Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011 , 1019 25 (9th Cir. 1998), overruled on other grounds by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 26 (2011), (“The prerequisite of numerosity is discharged if ‘the class is so large that joinder of all 27 members is impracticable.’”) (citation omitted); see also McCluskey v. Trustees of Red Dot Corp. 1 Employee Stock Ownership Plan & Trust, 268 F.R.D. 670, 673-74 (W.D. Wash. 2010) (collecting 2 cases finding classes with only a few dozen members to meet the numerosity standard). 3 ii. Commonality 4 Rule 23(a)(2) commonality requires “questions of fact or law common to the class,” 5 though all questions of fact and law need not be in common. Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026 . The focus 6 of this action—whether Defendant’s practice of reporting expunged criminal records constituted a 7 reasonable procedure under the FCRA—is common to all class members. See Ramirez v. Trans 8 Union, LLC, 301 F.R.D. 408, 417-419 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (finding that FCRA § 1681e(b) claim 9 presented common questions, and certifying class); Patel v. Trans Union, LLC, 308 F.R.D. 292 , 10 304-05 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (same). 11 iii. Typicality 12 Rule 23(a)(3) requires that the plaintiff show that “the claims or defenses of the 13 representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” Here, Defendant 14 furnished a consumer report about Plaintiff and the other 229 class members that contained an 15 expunged, sealed, or removed criminal record to a third party. Plaintiff’s claims are therefore 16 typical of those of the class. 17 iv. Fair and Adequate Representation 18 Rule 23(a)(4) requires that class representatives, the named plaintiff and his or her counsel, 19 must “fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). “Legal 20 adequacy is satisfied if: (1) if there are no antagonistic or conflicting interests between the named 21 plaintiffs and their counsel, and the absent class members; and (2) the named plaintiffs and their 22 counsel will vigorously prosecute the action on behalf of the class.” Hansen v. Ticket Track, Inc., [23] 213 F.R.D. 412, 415 (W.D. Wash. 2003) (citing Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020 ); see also Lerwill v. 24 Inflight Motion Pictures, Inc., 582 F.2d 507, 512 (9th Cir. 1978). 25 Here, there are no apparent antagonistic or conflicting interests. Further, class counsel’s 26 experience and competency in consumer reporting litigation indicate their adequacy to represent 27 the Settlement Class. Additionally, following the modifications incorporated in the Final 1 Settlement Agreement, class counsel’s fee request and the award to Mr. Stewart no longer raise 2 concerns about the fairness of the settlement, as discussed further below. See infra, at Part III. 3 b. Rule 23(b) Requirements 4 The analysis then requires that one or more subsections of Rule 23(b) be met. Rule 5 23(b)(3) is at issue here, and it requires the Court to find that (1) “questions of law or fact common 6 to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members” and (2) “a 7 class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the 8 controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). That is, Rule 23(b)(3) “add[s] ‘predominance’ and 9 ‘superiority’ to the qualification-for-certification” requirements. Amchem, 521 U.S. at 615 . In 10 enacting a “‘close look’ at the predominance and superiority criteria,” id., courts consider the 11 nonexhaustive list of factors listed in Rule 23(b)(3), namely: 12 (A) the class members' interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; 13 (B) the class members' interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; 14 (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and 15 (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action. 16 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3)(A)–(D). 17 Here, the Settlement Class satisfies Rule 23(b)(3) in that common issues predominate, 18 given that the commonality inquiry identified under Rule 23(a)(2), see supra, at Part II(B)(1)(b), is 19 a significant aspect of the case that may be resolved for all class members in a single adjudication. 20 Furthermore, “a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently 21 adjudicating,” because there are no issues of manageability by certifying the class for settlement 22 purposes and the singular resolution of three hundred claims is evidently superior to the 23 adjudication of 230 individual lawsuits. 24 2. Review of Settlement Agreement (Rule 23(e)) 25 “The claims, issues, or defenses of a certified class may be settled . . . only with the court's 26 approval.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). “Adequate notice is critical to court approval of a class 27 settlement under Rule 23(e).” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1025 . Further, in evaluating a potential 1 settlement, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e) “requires the district court to determine whether 2 [the] proposed settlement is fundamentally fair, adequate, and reasonable.” Id. at 1026 . And 3 where, as here, the parties reach a settlement prior to formal class certification (i.e., certification 4 decided in the course of continuing litigation, rather than for the purposes of settlement), courts 5 must examine the settlement with “an even higher level of scrutiny for evidence of collusion or 6 other conflicts of interest than is ordinarily required under Rule 23(e) before securing the court's 7 approval as fair.” Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 946 (citing Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026 )). 8 a. Adequacy of Notice 9 A court must “direct notice [of a proposed class settlement] in a reasonable manner to all 10 class members who would be bound by the proposal.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1). “The class must 11 be notified of a proposed settlement in a manner that does not systematically leave any group 12 without notice.” Officers for Just. v. Civil Serv. Comm’n, 688 F.2d 615 , 624 (9th Cir. 1982). 13 Adequate notice requires: “(i) the best notice practicable; (ii) reasonably calculated, under the 14 circumstances, to apprise the Settlement Class members of the proposed settlement and of their 15 right to object or to exclude themselves as provided in the settlement agreement; (iii) reasonable 16 and constitute due, adequate, and sufficient notice to all persons entitled to receive notice; and (iv) 17 meet all applicable requirements of due process and any other applicable requirements under 18 federal law.” Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797, 812 (1985); see also In re Apple 19 Device Performance, 50 F.4th 769 , 779 (9th Cir. 2022). Due process requires “notice reasonably 20 calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action 21 and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. 22 Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). However, “neither Rule 23 nor the Due Process Clause requires 23 actual notice to each individual class member.” Briseno v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 844 F.3d 1121 , 24 1128 (9th Cir. 2017). 25 On November 14, 2023, the Court approved the Notice Plan as constitutionally sound. See 26 Prelim. Appr. Order 8–9. Pursuant to those approved procedures, ALCS provided direct notice to 27 at least 229 of the 230 class members via first-class mail and/or email notice. See Fiori Decl. ¶ 7; 1 Updated Fiori Decl. ¶ 7. The most recently filed declaration from ALCS indicates that 1 class 2 member did not receive notice and/or a claim form because both methods of notice were returned 3 as undeliverable. See Updated Fiori Decl. ¶¶ 4–7. In sum, ALCS was able to provide notice to 4 more than 99% of the class. 5 Based upon the foregoing, the Court finds that the Settlement Class has been provided 6 adequate notice. 7 b. Fairness, Reasonableness, and Adequacy 8 “Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e) requires the district court to determine whether a proposed 9 settlement is fundamentally fair, adequate, and reasonable.” Staton, 327 F.3d 938, 959 (9th Cir. 10 2003). In the Ninth Circuit, courts use a multi-factor balancing test to analyze whether a given 11 settlement is fair, adequate, and reasonable. That test includes the following eight factors, known 12 as the Hanlon or Churchill factors: 13 (1) the strength of the plaintiffs’ case; (2) the risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; (3) the risk of 14 maintaining class action status throughout the trial; (4) the amount offered in settlement; (5) the extent of discovery completed and the 15 stage of the proceedings; (6) the experience and views of counsel; (7) the presence of a governmental participant; and (8) the reaction of the 16 class members to the proposed settlement. 17 In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779 F.3d 934, 944 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Churchill 18 Vill., L.L.C. v. Gen. Elec., 361 F.3d 566 , 575 (9th Cir. 2004)); see also Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026 19 (listing same factors). For pre-certification settlements, the Court also scrutinizes the parties’ 20 conduct and the settlement agreement for any subtle signs of collusion of the pursuit of self21 interest. See Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 947 . 22 i. Hanlon Factors (1)–(3) 23 “The first and second [Hanlon] factors require the Court to consider the strength of the 24 Plaintiffs' case on the merits balanced against the amount offered in the settlement and the risks of 25 further litigation.” Foster v. Adams & Assocs., Inc., No. 18-CV-02723-JSC, 2022 WL 425559 , at 26 *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 11, 2022). Although Plaintiff believes he has a strong case, he recognizes the 27 existence of a number of obstacles to achieving a successful result through further litigation, most 1 specifically with respect to establishing the willful nature of Defendant’s conduct, which would 2 affect the availability of statutory and punitive damages. See Approval Mot. 11; Safeco Insurance 3 Co. of America v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47, 69 (2007) (willfulness standard not met “unless the action is 4 not only a violation [of the FCRA] under a reasonable reading of the statute’s terms, but shows 5 that the company ran a risk of violating the law substantially greater than the risk associated with a 6 reading that was merely careless”). Further, litigation would be lengthy and expensive, requiring 7 full class certification and merits discovery—including with respect to the complex willfulness 8 issue—and dispositive motion practice. See Approval Mot. 11. Plaintiff further anticipates that 9 Defendant would appeal unfavorable decisions, therefore further imperiling, or at least delaying, 10 any relief for class members. 11 The third Hanlon factor looks to the risk of maintaining the class certification if litigation 12 were to proceed. Here, there was a risk that the class would not be certified at all, given that 13 Defendant would have vigorously disputed certification based on issues such as the 14 demonstrability of damages. See id. Moreover, the Court cannot conclude that there would be no 15 risk of decertification. 16 Based on these considerations, the Court finds the first three Hanlon factors support 17 approval of the Final Settlement Agreement. 18 ii. Hanlon Factor (4) 19 The fourth Hanlon factor considers the amount offered in settlement. The statutory 20 damages range for willful violations of the FCRA range from $100 to $1,000. See Approv. Mot. 21 12 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1681n). Here, each class member will receive at least $300, and may 22 receive up to $5,000 upon submission of a valid claim with a “simple attestation of damages.” 23 The Court finds that the settlement amount is eminently reasonable. See also, e.g., Patel v. Trans 24 Union, LLC, No. 14-cv-00522, 2018 WL 1258194 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 11, 2018) (approving 25 settlement of FCRA action for $400 automatic payment and further receipt of settlement funds 26 upon submission of claim). [27] 1 iii. Hanlon Factor (5) 2 The fifth Hanlon factor concerns the extent of discovery and the stage of the proceedings. 3 The parties here settled this action prior to any motion practice. However, the parties engaged in 4 substantial information exchanges related to the viability of class certification, the likelihood of 5 identifying a larger class of consumers, and the general strengths and weaknesses of Plaintiff’s 6 case. See Mot. 13. The parties subsequently engaged in lengthy, adversarial, and arms-length 7 settlement discussions before a highly experienced mediator. Although the Court does not find 8 this Hanlon factor to affirmatively favor settlement approval, it also does not find—in light of the 9 information exchange and mediation process—that the factor elucidates a cause for concern as to 10 the fairness, reasonableness, or adequacy of the Final Settlement Agreement. It accordingly treats 11 the fifth Hanlon factor as neutral. 12 iv. Hanlon Factor (6) 13 The sixth Hanlon factor evaluates the experience and views of counsel. As the Court 14 stated during the final fairness hearings, it finds that Plaintiff’s counsel, who are experienced class 15 action litigators, represented the Settlement Class in this action not only fairly, but admirably. 16 Class counsel have indicated that their experience informs their belief that the Final Settlement 17 Agreement is an excellent result for the Settlement Class, and that they would not have otherwise 18 agreed to settle. Giving due “consideration to the opinion of competent counsel,” and in 19 consideration of the foregoing, the Court agrees with counsel’s statement that the settlement is 20 fair, adequate, and reasonable. Ching v. Siemens Indus., Inc., No. 11-cv-04838-MEJ, 2014 WL 21 2926210, at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 27, 2014) (quotations and citation omitted). 22 v. Hanlon Factor (7) 23 The seventh Hanlon factor is not applicable here, as there is no government participant in 24 these proceedings. 25 vi. Hanlon Factor (8) 26 The last Hanlon factor—the reaction of the class members—strongly favors approval. 27 “The Court received no objections to the settlement, and this ‘absence of a negative reaction’ 1 certainly weighs in favor of approval.” In re LinkedIn ERISA Litig., No. 20-cv-05704, 2023 WL 2 8631678, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2023) (quoting Chun-Hoon v. McKee Foods Corp., 716 F. 3 Supp. 2d 848, 852 (N.D. Cal. 2010)). 4 vii. Bluetooth Analysis 5 A settlement agreement negotiated before the class has been certified requires a “higher 6 level of scrutiny” to ensure it is free from “collusion or other conflicts of interest.” SFBSC, 944 7 F.3d at 1048. Under such circumstances, the Court must determine whether the settlement was a 8 result of good faith, arms-length negotiations without collusion, whether explicit or indicated only 9 through subtle signs. Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 947 . These subtle signs of collusion include: 10 (1) when counsel receive a disproportionate distribution of the settlement; (2) when the parties negotiate a clear sailing arrangement 11 (i.e., an arrangement where defendant will not object to a certain fee request by class counsel); and (3) when the parties create a reverter 12 that returns unclaimed [funds] to the defendant. [13] Id. at 1049 (quotations and citations omitted). 14 The Court noted the potential for Bluetooth concerns in its Preliminary Approval Order, 15 which discussed the fees allocated to both counsel and Mr. Stewart, as well as the existence of a 16 clear sailing agreement. See Prelim. Appr. Order 6–8. However, the Court found even in the 17 Preliminary Approval Order that the amounts allocated to the Settlement Class were fair, 18 reasonable, and adequate. See id. at 8. Further, the parties have fully alleviated these concerns in 19 the Final Settlement Agreement, and the Court is satisfied that the prior version of the agreement 20 was not the result of even subtle collusion. The Final Settlement Agreement provides for a 21 reasonable amount of attorneys’ fees, as discussed below; does not contain a clear sailing 22 provision; and—like the Original Settlement Agreement—ensures that the Settlement Fund is non23 reversionary. The Court accordingly holds that the Bluetooth analysis is satisfied. 24 C. Certification Is Granted and the Settlement Is Approved 25 For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the Settlement Class is properly certified for 26 purposes of settlement, and that the Final Settlement Agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate. 27 Accordingly, the Approval Motion will be granted. 1 III. MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES & COSTS; PLAINTIFF’S SERVICE AWARD 2 As modified by the parties’ agreement resulting in the Final Settlement Agreement, 3 Plaintiff seeks an award of attorneys’ fees of $97,750.00, litigation costs of $10,000.00, and a 4 service award of $5,000.00. 5 A. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs 6 1. Legal Standard 7 “While attorneys’ fees and costs may be awarded in a certified class action where so 8 authorized by law or the parties’ agreement, Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h), courts have an independent 9 obligation to ensure that the award, like the settlement itself, is reasonable, even if the parties have 10 already agreed to an amount.” Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 941 . “Where a settlement produces a 11 common fund for the benefit of the entire class,” as here, “courts have discretion to employ either 12 the lodestar method or the percentage-of-recovery method” to determine the reasonableness of 13 attorneys’ fees. Id. at 942 . 14 Under the percentage-of-recovery method, the attorneys are awarded fees in the amount of 15 a percentage of the common fund recovered for the class. Id. In general, a 25% portion of the 16 settlement fund is considered the benchmark for a reasonable fee award. See id. Under the 17 lodestar method, attorneys’ fees are “calculated by multiplying the number of hours the prevailing 18 party reasonably expended on the litigation (as supported by adequate documentation) by a 19 reasonable hourly rate for the region and for the experience of the lawyer.” Id. at 941 . This 20 amount may be increased or decreased by a multiplier that reflects factors such as “the quality of 21 representation, the benefit obtained for the class, the complexity and novelty of the issues 22 presented, and the risk of nonpayment.” Id. at 942 . Courts often use the lodestar calculation as a 23 cross-check on the percentage-of-the-fund award. See Vizcaino v. Microsoft Corp., 290 F.3d 24 1043, 1050 (9th Cir. 2002). 25 Further, an attorney is also entitled to “recover as part of the award of attorney's fees those 26 out-of-pocket expenses that would normally be charged to a fee paying client.” Harris v. 27 Marhoefer, 24 F.3d 16, 19 (9th Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 1 2. Analysis 2 The Court finds the request of $97,750.00 in attorneys’ fees to be reasonable under both 3 the percentage-of-recovery and the lodestar methods. The requested fees constitute 25.5% of the 4 Settlement Fund total of $383,750.00, thus falling nearly exactly on the Ninth Circuit’s 25% 5 benchmark for reasonable fees. See Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 942 (citation omitted). Further, class 6 counsel achieved the results of the Final Settlement Achievement after expending substantial 7 efforts in the areas of pre-suit investigation, pleadings, discovery, mediation, settlement drafting 8 and notice, and motions practice related to settlement approval, totaling 410 hours. See Decl. of 9 John Soumilas (“Soumilas Decl.”) ¶ 14, ECF No. 54-2. Counsel has submitted that these hours, 10 multiplied by hourly rates for counsel that the Court agrees are reasonable for this region and 11 given the experience of counsel, yield a lodestar fee amount of $260,167.00, and accordingly a 12 multiplier of 0.38. This low multiplier strongly supports granting the benchmark request as 13 reasonable, and the Court will do so. 14 Counsel has also provided a summary of categorized costs incurred in litigating this 15 action—including expenses related to the mediation, conferences, filing fees, and travel and 16 lodging for the final approval hearing—showing a total expense amount of $10,176.58. See 17 Soumilas Decl., Exh. C, ECF No. 54-5. The Court finds these costs reasonable, and will 18 accordingly grant the requested cost award of $10,000.00. 19 B. Plaintiff’s Service Award 20 The $5,000.00 service award requested for Mr. Stewart is “presumptively reasonable” in 21 this district. Bellinghausen v. Tractor Supply Co., 306 F.R.D. 245, 266 (N.D. Cal. 2015) 22 (collecting cases and explaining that $5,000 incentive award is presumptively reasonable). The 23 Court is cognizant of Mr. Stewart’s contributions to this litigation, not least for the act of putting 24 his name on public filings identifying the very criminal records that were expunged, and finds the 25 request reasonable. 26 IV. CONCLUSION 27 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby ORDERS as follows: 1 1. The Motion for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement is GRANTED as to the 2 Final Settlement Agreement. 3 2. The Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs and Plaintiff's Service Award, as 4 modified by the parties’ notice of the Final Settlement Agreement, is GRANTED. 5 3. Without affecting the finality of this order in any way, the Court retains jurisdiction 6 of all matters relating to the interpretation, implementation, and enforcement of this 7 order and the Final Settlement Agreement. 8 4. The parties shall file a post-distribution accounting in accordance with this 9 District’s Procedural Guidance for Class Action Settlements, and no later than 10 March 20, 2025. [11] 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. 13 Dated: March 20, 2024 [14] ZL ( ( J, _ EDWARD J. DAVILA = 16 United States District Judge = 17 [27] 28 || Case No.: 22-cv-01926-EJD ORDER GRANTING MOTS. FOR SETTLEMENT APPROVAL & ATTYS.’ FEES