Lindsay v. American Red Cross

[2] 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 SAN JOSE DIVISION [6] 7 AIDEN LINDSAY, et al., Case No. 23-cv-05987-BLF 8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS WITH LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART 10 AMERICAN RED CROSS, [Re: ECF No. 13] 11 Defendant. 12 Decedent Michael Lindsay was injured onsite shortly after donating plasma at a Red Cross 13 and died ten days later. Plaintiffs Aiden Lindsay and Katie Lindsay (“Plaintiffs”), the surviving 14 children of Mr. Lindsay, bring five claims against Defendant American Red Cross (“Red Cross”) 15 related to his death. ECF No. 11 (“FAC”). Red Cross moves to dismiss Claims One, Two, Three, 16 and Five as time-barred and duplicative. ECF No. 13 (“Mot.”); ECF No. 15 (“Reply”). Plaintiffs 17 oppose. ECF No. 14 (“Opp.”). The Court held a hearing on May 9, 2024. For the reasons 18 described below, Red Cross’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND IN 19 PART AND WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 On May 28, 2022, decedent Michael Lindsay was a volunteer donating plasma and 22 platelets at the American Red Cross Silicon Valley offices in San Jose, California. FAC ¶ 7. 23 Sometime after he was disconnected from the collection equipment and the donation process was 24 completed, Mr. Lindsay was discovered on the restroom floor of the premises. Id. ¶ 8. He was 25 unconscious and showed signs of head trauma. Id. Mr. Lindsay never regained consciousness and 26 died of his injuries on June 6, 2022. Id. Plaintiffs filed this cause of action on June 5, 2023, 27 alleging the negligence related to his care during and after his plasma donation that resulted in 1 II. LEGAL STANDARD 2 “A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a 3 claim upon which relief can be granted ‘tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.’” Conservation 4 Force v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240 , 1241–42 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 5 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001)). When determining whether a claim has been stated, the Court accepts 6 as true all well-pled factual allegations and construes them in the light most favorable to the 7 plaintiff. Reese v. BP Expl. (Alaska) Inc., 643 F.3d 681, 690 (9th Cir. 2011). However, the Court 8 need not “accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice” or 9 “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable 10 inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). 11 While a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, it “must contain sufficient factual 12 matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, [13] 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A 14 claim is facially plausible when it “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 15 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. On a motion to dismiss, the Court’s review is 16 limited to the face of the complaint and matters judicially noticeable. MGIC Indem. Corp. v. 17 Weisman, 803 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir. 1986); N. Star Int'l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm'n, 720 F.2d 578 , 18 581 (9th Cir. 1983). 19 III. DISCUSSION 20 A. Section 340.5 Applies to Plaintiffs’ Claims 21 To assess the applicable negligence standard and statute of limitations, the Court must first 22 determine whether certain health care statutes and definitions apply. Defendant argues that under 23 California law, Defendant is a health care provider for purposes of this case, and that California 24 Code of Civil Procedure Section 340.5 (“Section 340.5”) thus applies for determining the 25 applicable statute of limitations and negligence standard. Mot. at 10. Plaintiffs do not dispute that 26 Defendant is a health care provider, but argue that Section 340.5 does not apply because 27 Defendant was not administering health care when Mr. Lindsay was injured. Opp. at 5. 1 (“MICRA”) which, among other things, revised a number of legal rules applicable to professional 2 negligence actions against health care providers. See Coe v. Superior Ct., 220 Cal. App. 3d 48 , 50 3 (Ct. App. 1990). Under MICRA, California statutes define a “health care provider” as: 4 (1) “Health care provider” means any person licensed or certified pursuant to Division 2 (commencing with Section 500) of the 5 Business and Professions Code, or licensed pursuant to the Osteopathic Initiative Act, or the Chiropractic Initiative Act, or 6 licensed pursuant to Chapter 2.5 (commencing with Section 1440) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code; and any clinic, health 7 dispensary, or health facility, licensed pursuant to Division 2 (commencing with Section 1200) of the Health and Safety Code. 8 “Health care provider” includes the legal representatives of a health care provider; [9] 10 See, e.g., Section 340.5. It is well-established that a blood bank is a “health care provider” for 11 purposes of MICRA. Coe, 220 Cal. App. 3d at 53 . Because the parties do not dispute that Red 12 Cross is a blood bank, the Court finds that Defendant is a “health care provider” as defined in the 13 statute. 14 Section 340.5 defines a “professional negligence” standard that applies to “health care 15 providers”: 16 (2) “Professional negligence” means a negligent act or omission to act by a health care provider in the rendering of professional services, 17 which act or omission is the proximate cause of a personal injury or wrongful death, provided that such services are within the scope of 18 services for which the provider is licensed and which are not within any restriction imposed by the licensing agency or licensed hospital. [19] 20 California Courts have broadly construed “professional negligence” to mean negligence occurring 21 during the rendering of services for which the health care provider is licensed. See Canister v. 22 Emergency Ambulance Service, Inc., 160 Cal. App. 4th 388 , 406–407 (2008); Flores v. 23 Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital, 63 Cal.4th 75, 84 . The definition is applied broadly. For 24 example, in Flores, the court held that Section 340.5 applied when a hospital patient was injured 25 after a rail on her bed collapsed because the injury resulted from the alleged negligence in the use 26 and maintenance of the equipment needed to implement the doctor’s order concerning her medical 27 treatment. Id. at 87 . 1 decedent immediately following the blood/plasma donation, FAC ¶¶ 11, 18, 27, 33–34, 40–41. 2 Because Defendant is a “health care provider” and Plaintiffs allege that Defendant was negligent 3 in monitoring him after a blood donation, Section 340.5 clearly applies. Flores, 63 Cal.4th at 84 ; 4 Section 340.5. 5 Plaintiffs argue that Section 340.5 does not apply because Defendant was not providing 6 decedent medical care when the accident occurred. Opp. at 5. Even if true, that is not the 7 standard. For example, in Gutierrez v. Tostado, a California Court of Appeal held that Section 8 340.5 applied to a claim by a driver who was rear-ended by an ambulance transporting a patient to 9 the hospital because medical care was being provided to a patient in the ambulance, even though 10 the rear-ended driver was not receiving treatment. 97 Cal. App. 5th 786 , 793 (2023). Even if 11 Defendant was not providing medical care to decedent when he was injured, the injury occurred 12 while Defendant was providing professional health care services to others. 13 Thus, the Court finds that Section 340.5 applies to all of Plaintiffs’ claims. 14 B. Plaintiffs’ Ordinary Negligence Claims Are Duplicative of Their Professional Negligence Claims [15] 16 Having established that Section 340.5 applies to Plaintiffs’ claims, the Court next assesses 17 whether that makes certain claims duplicative of one another. 18 Defendant does not move to dismiss Claim Four. However, Defendant makes two 19 arguments: 1) Claim One is improperly duplicative of Claim Four, Mot. at 12; 2) Claims Two and 20 Three are improperly duplicative of Claim Five. Id. at 13–15. Plaintiffs respond that “[i]t is well 21 established that plaintiff can plead inconsistent causes of action, different theories of liability 22 based on the same general set of facts.” Opp. at 5 (citing Steiner v. Rowley (1950) 35 Cal.2d 713 , 23 718–19). Defendant also argues, and Plaintiffs do not dispute, that the gravamen of the premises 24 liability claim (Claim Three) is the same to the professional medical negligence claim (Claim 25 Five). Mot. at 13. 26 The issue is whether Plaintiffs’ ordinary negligence claims (Claims One, Two, and Three) 27 and medical malpractice claims (Claims Four and five) can be brought as different theories of 1 Ctr., “[a]s to any given defendant, only one standard of care obtains under a particular set of facts, 2 even if the plaintiff attempts to articulate multiple or alternate theories of liability.” 8 Cal. 4th 3 992, 998 (1994). Because Defendant is a health care provider, the same “professional negligence” 4 standard defined in Section 340.5 applies regardless of whether a cause of action alleges general or 5 professional negligence. And as discussed above, because Defendant was administering health 6 care at the time of Mr. Lindsay’s injury, the standard applies even if Defendant was not 7 administering health care to Mr. Lindsay. See Gutierrez, 97 Cal. App. 5th at 793. 8 Here, Claim One alleges “negligence – wrongful death” and Claim Four alleges “medical 9 malpractice – wrongful death.” Both claims allege wrongful death and differ only in the 10 applicable negligence standard. But Section 340.5 and the “professional negligence” standard 11 apply to both claims. Because the negligence standard is the same, the elements of the claims are 12 identical, and Claims One and Four are thus duplicative. 13 The same “professional negligence” standard applies to the remaining claims as well. 14 Claims Two and Three allege “negligence – survival action” and “premises liability,” and Claim 15 Five, alleges “medical malpractice – survival.” Defendant argues, and Plaintiffs do not dispute 16 that “the gravamen of the FAC is medical negligence subject to MICRA, not a case of premises 17 liability.” Mot. at 15. Because the “professional negligence” standard applies for all three claims, 18 the elements of each claim are the same, so they are also duplicative. 19 Accordingly, the Court dismisses Claims One, Two, and Three with prejudice as 20 duplicative of Claims Four and Five. 21 C. Claim Five is Time-Barred 22 Finally, Defendant argues that Claim Five is time-barred under Section 340.5’s one-year 23 statute of limitations. The parties do not dispute that decedent donated plasma and was injured on 24 May 28, 2022, and that he died of his injuries on June 6, 2022. Compl. ¶¶ 7–8. It is also 25 undisputed that Plaintiffs filed this cause of action on June 5, 2023, more than one-year after May 26 28, 2022. 27 Defendant argues that because Plaintiffs filed the complaint more than one year after the 1 Plaintiffs do not dispute the dates in question, but argue that the FAC alleges that this action was 2 filed within one year of when Plaintiffs were aware or reasonably should have known of the 3 injury. Opp. at 4. Plaintiffs argue that they have evidence of “delayed discovery, including 4 correspondence documenting their efforts to discover what occurred, requests for medical records, 5 [and] requests to defendant for documents relating to the Incident.” Id. 6 Section 340.5 provides that for claims brought against a health care provider, the statute of 7 limitations “shall be three years after the date of injury or one year after the plaintiff discovers, or 8 through the use of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury, whichever occurs 9 first.” Section 340.5. The statute commences to run “when the plaintiff has notice or information 10 of circumstances to put a reasonable person on inquiry, or has the opportunity to obtain knowledge 11 from sources open to his investigation.” Sanchez v. S. Hoover Hosp., 18 Cal. 3d 93, 101 (1976) 12 (citations and quotations omitted, emphasis in original). One way the statute of limitations can be 13 tolled is the “delayed discovery rule,” which the California Supreme Court described in Fox v. 14 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.: 15 [U]nder the delayed discovery rule, a cause of action accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run when the plaintiff has reason to 16 suspect an injury and some wrongful cause, unless the plaintiff pleads and proves that a reasonable investigation at that time would not have 17 revealed a factual basis for that particular cause of action. In that case, the statute of limitations for that cause of action will be tolled until 18 such time as a reasonable investigation would have revealed its factual basis. [20] 35 Cal. 4th 797, 803 (2005). 21 Plaintiffs acknowledged at the hearing that they did not plead facts that would support 22 application of the delayed discovery rule, but sought leave to amend to add those allegations. The 23 Court therefore grants Defendant’s motion to dismiss Claim Five with leave to amend. 24 \\ 25 \\ 26 \\ 27 \\ 1 IV. ORDER 2 For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 3 1. Defendant’s motion to dismiss Claims One, Two, and Three as duplicative is 4 GRANTED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. 5 2. Defendant’s motion to dismiss Claim Five as time-barred is GRANTED WITH 6 LEAVE TO AMEND. 7 Any amended complaint shall be filed no later than 30 days from the entry of this order. 8 || Plaintiffs may only amend consistent with this order. No additional causes of action or parties 9 may be added without leave of the Court. [10] 11 Dated: May 10, 2024 a (12 Aw chee BEYH LABSON FREEMAN 13 United States District Judge [16] = 17 Z 18