Raya v. Calbiotech

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 ROBERT RAYA, Case No.: 18-cv-2643-WQH-BGS 12 Plaintiff, ORDER 13 v. 14 CALBIOTECH, 15 Defendant. [16] 17 CALBIOTECH, 18 Counter Claimant, 19 v. 20 ROBERT RAYA, 21 Counter Defendant. [22] HAYES, Judge: [23] The matter before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss Counterclaims filed by [24] Plaintiff/Counter Defendant Robert Raya. (ECF No. 15). [25] I. Background [26] On November 19, 2018, Plaintiff Robert Raya initiated this action by filing the [27] Complaint. (ECF No. 1). Raya, a former employee of Defendant/Counter Claimant [28] 1 Calbiotech, Inc. (Calbiotech), alleges in the Complaint that Calbiotech violated ERISA, 29 2 U.S.C. § 1132 , by failing or refusing to provide Plaintiff with a summary plan description 3 of the company’s 401(k) profit sharing plan within thirty days of Plaintiff’s request. 4 (Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶ 18). Raya seeks statutory penalties. Id. ¶ 19 . On May 21, 2019, 5 Calbiotech filed a Counterclaim, alleging that Raya breached a separation agreement Raya 6 signed when he left Calbiotech by filing the Complaint. (Counterclaim, ECF No. 14). 7 On June 13, 2019, Raya filed a Motion to Dismiss Calbiotech’s Counterclaim. (ECF 8 No. 15). On July 5, 2019, Calbiotech filed Opposition. (ECF No. 16). No reply was filed. 9 II. Allegations of the Counterclaim 10 Robert Raya is a former employee of Calbiotech and a participant in Calbiotech’s 11 401(k) profit sharing plan. (Counterclaim, ECF No. 14 ¶ 1). On December 7, 2016, Raya 12 and Calbiotech executed the Separation Agreement. Id. ¶ 2 . The Separation Agreement, 13 incorporated in the Counterclaim by reference, provides: 14 2. Payment to Employee. 15 a. In exchange for the covenants and consideration herein, Company will pay to Employee $12,500 (hereinafter “the Severance Payment”) as full and [16] complete settlement of any and all disputed claims or potential disputed 17 claims that Employee may have against Company.… 18 3. Release. Employee, on behalf of Employee and Employee’s 19 representatives, heirs, successors, and assigns, does hereby completely release and forever discharge Company, including its related or affiliated companies, 20 partnerships, subsidiaries, and other business entities and its and their present 21 and former respective officers, directors, shareholders, owners, agents, employees, representatives, insurers, attorneys, successors, and assigns 22 (referred to collectively as the “Company”), from and against all claims, 23 rights, demands, actions, obligations, liabilities, and causes of action, of any and every kind, nature, and character whatsoever, that Employee has now, has 24 ever had, or may have in the future against Company, or any of them, based 25 on any acts or omissions by Company, or any of them, as of the date of execution of this Agreement by Employee… Employee agrees to waive the 26 right to recover monetary damages in any charge, complaint, or lawsuit filed 27 by Employee or anyone else on Employee’s behalf for any Released Claims. 28 4. No Legal Action. Employee represents that Employee has not filed, 1 initiated, or caused to be filed or initiated any legal action covering any Released Claim and agrees that Employee will never file, initiate, or cause to [2] be filed or initiated, at any time after the execution of this Agreement, any 3 claim, charge, suit, complaint, action, or cause of action, in any state or federal court or before any state or federal administrative agency, based in whole or [4] in part on any Released Claim. Further, Employee shall not participate, assist, 5 or cooperate in any suit, action, or proceeding against or regarding the Released Parties, or any of them, unless compelled to do so by law. [6] 7 5. Release Full and Final. Employee understands and agrees that this is a full and final release covering all unknown and unanticipated injuries, debts, 8 claims, or damages to Employee that may have arisen or may arise in 9 connection with any act or omission by the Released Parties before the date of execution of this Agreement. For that reason, Employee hereby waives any 10 and all rights or benefits that he may have under the terms of California Civil 11 Code §1542[.] … 12 7. Review Period. … I have reviewed this release carefully and I fully 13 understand what it means, and I am entering into it knowingly and voluntarily. 14 8. No Admission of Liability. It is understood and agreed that this a compromise settlement of doubtful and disputed claims, or potential disputed [15] claims, and the furnishing of the consideration for this Agreement shall not be 16 deemed or construed as an admission of liability or responsibility at any time for any purpose. It is further agreed and understood that this compromise and [17] Agreement are being entered into solely for the purpose of avoiding further 18 expense and inconvenience from defending against any or all of the Released Claims. [19] … 20 14. No Reliance; Consideration. The undersigned parties each acknowledge that they have entered into this Agreement voluntarily, without coercion, and [21] on the basis of their own judgment and not in reliance on any representation 22 or promise made by the other party, other than those contained in this Agreement. This Agreement recites the sole consideration for the promises [23] exchanged in this Agreement. Each party has read this Agreement and is fully 24 aware of its contents and legal effect. … [25] 17. Rescission. … This Agreement may only be rescinded within 7 days after 26 it is executed by hand-delivering a written notice of rescission to the President of Company. [27] Id. ¶ 12. [28] 1 Calbiotech alleges that Raya “forever waived an[d] released any known or unknown 2 claims he had against [Calbiotech]” when Raya signed the Separation Agreement on 3 December 7, 2016. Id. ¶ 15. Calbiotech brings a claim against Raya for breach of contract, 4 alleging that Raya breached the Separation Agreement when he filed the Complaint in this 5 matter on November 19, 2018 because “any claims, charges, or causes of action asserted 6 by Plaintiff in his Complaint for which he may have had the potential to recover any 7 statutory penalties arose prior to his execution of the Separation Agreement . . . .” Id. ¶ 23. 8 III. Motion to Dismiss 9 a. Contentions 10 Raya contends that he did not breach the Separation Agreement because the 11 Separation Agreement is void and unenforceable. (ECF No. 15-1 at 1). Raya asserts that 12 he was fraudulently induced into signing the Separation Agreement because David Barka, 13 Calbiotech’s vice president, “fraudulently concealed material facts and made 14 misrepresentations about Raya’s retirement account, which Raya relied on when executing 15 the Separation Agreement.” Id. at 3. Raya contends that the waiver of unknown or 16 unanticipated claims contained in the Separation Agreement is unenforceable because 17 “[t]here must be independent evidence that the releasing party intended to release unknown 18 claims.” Id. at 3. Raya’s opposition proffers certain facts that Raya contends demonstrate 19 that Raya’s execution of the agreement was not knowing and voluntary. Id. at 4. 20 Additionally, Raya contends that the Separation Agreement violates California Civil Code 21 § 1668. 22 Calbiotech contends that “each of Raya’s arguments constitute affirmative defenses 23 presenting disputed issues of material fact which may not be asserted by motion to 24 dismiss.” (ECF No. 16 at 9). With respect to California Civil Code § 1668, Calbiotech 25 contends that § 1668 is inapplicable to the Separation Agreement because § 1668 only 26 applies to contracts implicating the public interest. Id. at 15. Calbiotech further contends 27 that even if § 1668 did apply to the Separation Agreement, the question of whether the 28 Separation Agreement has as its objective “to exempt anyone from responsibility for his 1 own fraud, or willful injury to the person or property of another, or violation of law” would 2 be a question of material fact which cannot properly be adjudicated on a motion to dismiss. 3 Id. at 16. 4 b. Legal Standard 5 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits dismissal for “failure to state a 6 claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “A district court’s 7 dismissal for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is 8 proper if there is a ‘lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts 9 alleged under a cognizable legal theory.’” Conservation Force v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240 , 10 1242 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th 11 Cir. 1988)). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual 12 matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft 13 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial 14 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 15 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citation 16 omitted). “When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their 17 veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” 18 Id. at 679. “In sum, for a complaint to survive a motion to dismiss, the non-conclusory 19 factual content, and reasonable inferences from that content, must be plausibly suggestive 20 of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962 , 969 21 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotations and citation omitted). 22 Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) on the basis of an affirmative defense is proper only if the defendant shows some obvious bar to securing relief on the [23] face of the complaint. See Sams v. Yahoo! Inc., 713 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 24 2013) (“[T]he assertion of an affirmative defense may be considered properly on a motion to dismiss where the ‘allegations in the complaint suffice to [25] establish’ the defense.” (quoting Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 , 127 S.Ct. 26 910, 166 L.Ed.2d 798 (2007))); 5B Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1357 (3d ed.1998) (“[A] dismissal under Rule [27] 12(b)(6) is likely to be granted by the district court only in the relatively 28 unusual case in which the plaintiff includes allegations that show on the face 1 of the complaint that there is some insuperable bar to securing relief....”). If, from the allegations of the complaint as well as any judicially noticeable [2] materials, an asserted defense raises disputed issues of fact, dismissal under 3 Rule 12(b)(6) is improper. Scott v. Kuhlmann, 746 F.2d 1377, 1378 (9th Cir. 1984) (per curiam). [4] 5 ASARCO, LLC v. Union Pac. R. Co., 765 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2014). 6 c. Discussion 7 i. Breach of Contract 8 The elements of a cause of action for breach of contract are: (1) the contract, (2) 9 plaintiff's performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant's breach, and (4) 10 damage to plaintiff therefrom. Wall St. Network, Ltd. v. N.Y. Times Co., 80 Cal. Rptr. 3d 11 6, 12 (Ct. App. 2008). 12 In this case, the Counterclaim alleges that Raya and Calbiotech entered into the 13 Separation Agreement, that Calbiotech paid Raya $12,500.00 pursuant to the Separation 14 Agreement, that Raya breached the Separation Agreement by filing a lawsuit based on 15 claims released under the Separation Agreement, and that Calbiotech suffered injury when 16 it was forced to defend against Raya’s lawsuit. At this stage, the Court must accept the 17 facts alleged in the Counterclaim as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 . The Court finds that 18 Calbiotech has alleged a plausible claim for breach of contract. 19 ii. California Civil Code § 1668 20 California Civil Code § 1668 states, “[a]ll contracts which have for their object, 21 directly or indirectly, to exempt any one from responsibility for his [or her] own fraud, or 22 willful injury to the person or property of another, or violation of law, whether willful or 23 negligent, are against the policy of the law.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1668 . However, “[d]espite 24 its broad language, section 1668 does not apply to every contract.” Cregg v. Ministor 25 Ventures, 196 Cal. Rptr. 724 (Ct. App. 1983) (quoting Vilner v. Crocker Nat’l Bank, 152 26 Cal. Rptr. 850 (Ct. App. 1979)). California courts generally only invalidate contracts under 27 § 1668 when the exculpatory provision involves the public interest or attempts to shield a 28 party from liability for future intentional wrongdoing. See Tunkl v. Regents of Univ. of 1 Cal., 383 P.2d 441, 443 (Cal. 1963) (“In one respect, as we have said, the decisions are 2 uniform. The cases have consistently held that the exculpatory provision may stand only if 3 it does not involve ‘the public interest.’”); Farnham v. Super. Ct., 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 70 , 71 4 (Ct. App. 1997) (“[C]ontractual releases of future liability for fraud and other intentional 5 wrongs are invariably invalidated.”); 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law § 660 (10th ed. 2005) 6 (“there can be no exemption from liability for intentional wrong, gross negligence, or 7 violation of law.”); SI 59 LLC v. Variel Warner Ventures, LLC, 239 Cal. Rptr. 3d 788 , 793 8 (Ct. App. 2018) (“[W]e follow the weight of authority recognizing that section 1668 applies 9 only to concurrent or future torts.”). 10 Raya does not contend that the Separation Agreement implicates the public interest. 11 Moreover, the Separation Agreement explicitly defines released claims as those “that may 12 have arisen or may arise in connection with any act or omission by the Released Parties 13 before the date of execution of this Agreement.” (ECF No. 14 ¶ 12). The Separation 14 Agreement does not endeavor to exculpate Calbiotech from liability for future intentional 15 wrongdoing. The Court declines to find the Separation Agreement unenforceable under § 16 1668. 17 iii. Affirmative Defenses 18 Raya contends that the release of claims clause in the Separation Agreement is void 19 and unenforceable because Raya was fraudulently induced into signing the Separation 20 Agreement and “Mr. Raya did not intend to waive unknown or unanticipated claims or any 21 claims protected by Cal Civil Code 1542.” (ECF No. 15-1 at 3). 22 “The invalidity of a contract may be asserted either as a basis for affirmative relief 23 or as a defense.” Ferguson v. Yaspan, 183 Cal. Rptr. 3d 83, 89 (Ct. App. 2014), as modified 24 on denial of reh'g (Jan. 20, 2015). Here, Raya asserts the invalidity of the Separation 25 Agreement as an affirmative defense. As a basis for Raya’s affirmative defense, Raya 26 relies upon communications between Raya and Calbiotech in the Motion to Dismiss that 27 were not included in the Counterclaim. Consequently, the basis of Raya’s affirmative 28 defense is not apparent from the face of the Counterclaim and dismissal would be improper 1 || at this stage. See ASARCO, LLC, 765 F.3d at 1004 (“Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) on the 2 || basis of an affirmative defense is proper only if the defendant shows some obvious bar to 3 || securing relief on the face of the complaint.”). Moreover, Calbiotech disputes the factual 4 || assertions made in Raya’s Motion to Dismiss. The Court cannot dismiss the Counterclaim 5 the basis of disputed factual claims on a Rule 12(b) motion. See id. (“If, from the 6 allegations of the complaint as well as any judicially noticeable materials, an asserted 7 || defense raises disputed issues of fact, dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) 1s improper.”). 8 IV. Conclusion 9 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion to Dismiss Counterclaims (ECF No. 10 |} 15) is DENIED. 11 |} Dated: August 15, 2019 Nitta Z. Ma 12 Hon, William Q. Hayes 13 United States District Court