Park v. Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 TIMOTHY JUNYOUNG PARK, Case No.: 20cv242-BAS (MSB) 12 Plaintiff, ORDER ON JOINT MOTION FOR 13 v. DETERMINATION OF DISCOVERY DISPUTE 14 JAGUAR LAND ROVER NORTH AMERICA, [ECF No. 21] LLC, et.al. [15] Defendants. [17] Before this Court is a Joint Motion for Determination of Discovery Dispute filed by [18] Plaintiff Timothy Park (“Plaintiff”) and Defendant Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC [19] (“Defendant”) on July 16, 2020, contesting the sufficiency of Defendant’s responses to [20] certain of Plaintiff’s Requests for Production of Documents (“RFPs”). (ECF No. 21.) The [21] Court will address each of three disputed issues in turn. [22] I. BACKGROUND [23] Plaintiff initially filed this lemon law case in San Diego Superior Court on January [24] 26, 2020, relating to Defendant’s failure to repair or repurchase Plaintiff’s Certified Pre25 owned 2016 Jaguar F-Type (“the Vehicle”). (ECF No. 1-3 at 4-9.) In his complaint, [26] Plaintiff alleges that he purchased the Vehicle, manufactured and distributed by [27] 2 vehicle. (Id. at 5-6) Plaintiff claims that during the warranty period, he experienced 3 numerous defects that substantially interfered with the Vehicle’s use and value, 4 including “defects which . . . caused low battery warnings, supercharger failure and 5 continuing issues, rattling noises, exhaust issues, Vehicle failure to start, various 6 dashboard warning lights, wheel bearing issues, squeak when stopping, quiescent box 7 internal failure, and other defects.” (Id. at 5-6.) Defendants failed multiple times to 8 repair the Vehicle and refused to buy it back. (Id. at 5-6, 8.) Plaintiff brings four causes 9 of action under the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (“the Act”), three for breach 10 of warranty and one for failure to promptly repurchase product. (Id. at 4-10.) 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorize parties to obtain discovery 13 regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any claim or defense and 14 proportional to the needs of the case, “considering the importance of the issues at stake 15 in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant 16 information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the 17 issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its 18 likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Relevant information need not be admissible at 19 trial to be discoverable. Id. District courts have broad discretion to determine relevancy 20 for discovery purposes. See Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002). 21 Similarly, district courts have broad discretion to limit discovery where the discovery 22 sought is “unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from some other 23 source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive”; the requesting 24 party has had ample opportunity to obtain discovery; or the discovery sought is beyond 25 the scope of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1). Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C). 26 Though courts “have a wide latitude in controlling discovery,” Rule 26(b)(2) 27 dictates that limitations are proper where the burden or expense of the discovery 2 Advisory Committee emphasizes that the objective behind the addition of the 3 proportionality language to Rule 26(b)(1) “is to guard against redundant or 4 disproportionate discovery” and “to encourage judges to be more aggressive in 5 identifying and discouraging discovery overuse.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26, advisory committee 6 note, 2015 amendments. 7 A party may request the production of any document within the scope of Federal 8 Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b). Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a). “For each item or category, the 9 response must either state that inspection and related activities will be permitted as 10 requested or state an objection to the request, including the reasons.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 34(b)(2)(B). The responding party is responsible for all items in “the responding party’s 12 possession, custody or control.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a)(1). 13 When a party seeks to avoid disclosure of certain documents based on a claim of 14 privilege, it bears the burden of establishing that privilege. See, e.g., Davis v. Fendler, [15] 650 F.2d 1154, 1160 (9th Cir. 1981) (defendant failed to adequately support his claim of 16 privilege); R.J. Reynolds Tobacco v. Philip Morris, Inc., 29 F. App'x 880, 882 (3d Cir. 2002) 17 (holding subpoena recipient failed to meet its burden because “the skeletal descriptions 18 in its privilege log do not support a trade secret privilege”). 19 “A plaintiff pursuing an action under the Song-Beverly Act has the burden to 20 prove the following elements: (1) the product had a defect or nonconformity covered by 21 the express warranty; (2) the product was presented to an authorized representative of 22 the manufacturer for repair; and (3) the manufacturer or its representative did not 23 repair the defect or nonconformity after a reasonable number of repair attempts.” 24 Robertson v. Fleetwood Travel Trailers of California, Inc., 50 Cal. Rptr. 3d 731 , 741 25 (2006) (citing Oregel v. Am. Isuzu Motors, Inc., 109 Cal. Rptr. 2d 583 (2001)). If a 26 plaintiff can establish that the violation of the Act was willful, the judgment may include 27 a civil penalty up to twice the amount of actual damages. Cal. Civ. Code § 1794 (c); 2 6111733 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2019). Whether “the manufacturer, distributor, or retailer 3 reasonably and in good faith believed the facts did not call for a refund or replacement” 4 is relevant to the willfulness determination. Id. at *2 . 5 III. ANALYSIS 6 The disputed RFP responses fall into three categories: (1) the identity and contact 7 information of the Vehicle’s prior owner (“Prior Owner”) as well as the warranty repair 8 history performed during the prior ownership, which Defendant redacted from service 9 records; (2) documents identifying other owners of the same year, make and model as 10 the Vehicle, who complained to Defendant about the battery draining issue Plaintiff 11 alleged in the Complaint; and (3) documents relied on by Defendant to develop the 12 technical service bulletins performed on the Vehicle. (ECF No. 21-1 at 2, 3, 6.) 13 A. RFP Nos. 5, 7, 13: Prior Owner’s Identity and Contact Information and Warranty 14 Repair History 15 Plaintiff’s RFP Nos. 5, 7, and 13 are at issue because Defendant has redacted the 16 identity and contact information for the Prior Owner, as well as the warranty repair 17 history during the period of prior ownership. (ECF No. 21-1 at 2-3, 8; see also ECF No. 18 21-3 at 9-12 (showing redaction of warranty repair history).) Plaintiff contends that the 19 Prior Owner is a critical witness regarding the Vehicle’s history of performance, 20 maintenance and repair, particularly because Defendant claims that Plaintiff caused the 21 Vehicle’s battery-related issues by installing an insurance dongle. (ECF No. 21-1 at 2.) 22 Similarly, Plaintiff argues that the warranty repair history is relevant evidence. (Id. at 2.) 23 Defendant argues that because it has produced records that capture “the subjective 24 complaints of the then current owner [of the Vehicle]”, “the description of the repairs 25 done by dealership technicians”, and the “subjective diagnostic information in the 26 [Vehicle] that captures when any errors or malfunctions occur,” the Prior Owner’s 27 identity and personal information are not relevant to the instant dispute and should be 2 Defendant objected to any disclosure of documents related to the Prior Owner as 3 not relevant or proportional to the needs of the case. (See, e.g., ECF No. 21-2 at 9.) This 4 Court finds the Prior Owner’s identity and contact information are both relevant and 5 proportional to the needs of the case. Contrary to Defendant’s assertion that “the 6 repair orders for the [Vehicle] prior to Plaintiff’s ownership do not note or reflect any of 7 the issues complained of in Plaintiff’s complaint,” (ECF No. 21-1 at 8), Plaintiff has 8 attached an Internal Service Contract and Claim Detail Report regarding a service 9 performed on October 1, 2018 (approximately nine months before Plaintiff purchased 10 the Vehicle). (ECF No. 21-3 at 13-14.) These documents show that the Prior Owner 11 requested a battery replacement because of weak or low battery power and the battery 12 not operating properly. (Id. at 13-14.) At the time of the repair, the technician replaced 13 the inoperative battery after performing a complete battery, starter, and charging 14 system diagnostic. (Id.) A claim list report produced by Defendant in discovery and 15 attached to the Joint Motion shows that on August 12, 2019, the month after Plaintiff 16 purchased the Vehicle, Plaintiff presented the Vehicle to the dealership noting that the 17 low battery light was on. (Id. at 11.) The technician again found that the battery had 18 failed, and it was necessary to replace the faulty battery. (Id.) 19 This history suggests to the Court that the Prior Owner is likely to have further 20 information about the Vehicle’s performance, such as how the Vehicle performed 21 leading up to the October 1, 2018 request for a battery replacement, and how the 22 Vehicle performed thereafter. Such evidence may very well bear on whether there was 23 a defect in the vehicle related to Plaintiff’s complaints of, among other things, “low 24 battery warnings, supercharger failure and continuing issues, . . . Vehicle failure to start, 25 [and] various dashboard warning lights.” (ECF No. 1-3 at 5.) While the Prior Owner’s 26 testimony appears relevant in any event, the fact that Defendant has referenced the 27 Vehicle’s performance under the Prior Owner in its interrogatory responses that 2 a percipient witness, likely to give relevant testimony. For the same reasons, the 3 redacted warranty repair history from the prior ownership is relevant. 4 2. Privacy Privilege 5 Defendant further objected to the RFPs to the extent that they sought the Prior 6 Owner’s name and contact information because such information is protected by the 7 Prior Owner’s right to privacy. (See, e.g., id. at 10 .) Plaintiff maintains that privacy 8 interests do not shelter witness’ identity and contact information from disclosure and 9 the protective order in this case [ECF No. 19] will sufficiently address any privacy 10 concerns. (See, e.g., ECF No. 21-2 at 9-10.) 11 In diversity actions, questions of privilege are controlled by state law. In re Cal. 12 Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 892 F. 2d 778, 791 (9th Cir. 1989); Fed R. Evid. 501 (“in a civil case, 13 state law governs privilege regarding a claim or defense for which state law supplies the 14 rule of decision”). Because this case involves state substantive claims and was removed 15 to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction, (see ECF No. 1), California law governs 16 applications of the privacy privilege in the instant diversity case. 17 In California, the right to privacy is set forth in Article I, Section I of the California 18 constitution. It is not an absolute right, but a right subject to invasion depending upon 19 the circumstances. Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 865 P.2d 633, 654 (Cal. 20 1994). In Pioneer Electronics, Inc. v. Superior Court, 150 P.3d 198 (Cal. 2007), the 21 California Supreme Court set forth the framework for assessing privacy claims under the 22 California Constitution: (1) the claimant must have a “legally protected privacy interest,” 23 such as an interest in precluding dissemination of sensitive information or in making 24 intimate personal decisions without outside intrusion; (2) a claimant must have a 25 “reasonable expectation of privacy” founded on broadly based community norms; (3) 26 the invasion of privacy must be “serious”; and (4) the privacy interest must outweigh 27 the countervailing interests, such as discovery rights. Id. at 204-06 (citing Hill, 865 P.2d 2 can adequately address the privacy interest and discovery is permitted. See Oakes v. 3 Halverson Marine, Ltd., 179 F.R.D. 281, 284 (C.D. Cal. 1998). 4 This framework has been applied by many courts in deciding how to resolve a 5 discovery request for the personal information of nonparties. See e.g., Puerto v. 6 Superior Court, 70 Cal. Rptr. 3d 701, 703 (Cal. Ct. App. 2004) (where the constitutional 7 right of privacy is involved, the court must apply a balancing of countervailing interests); 8 Pioneer Electronics, Inc., 150 P.3d at 206 (customer identifying information was a 9 proper area of discovery because the court found these consumers could provide 10 information that pertained to the plaintiff’s claims); Hill, 865 P.2d at 656 (“Conduct 11 alleged to be an invasion of privacy is to be evaluated based on the extent to which it 12 furthers legitimate and important competing interests.”). However, if “there is no 13 serious invasion of privacy,” courts generally find “no balancing of opposing interests is 14 required.” Puerto, 70 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 711 . In general, disclosure of nonparty contact 15 and personal information is appropriate where a discovery request pertains to 16 “percipient witnesses to the relevant issue” because these individuals are “considered 17 persons having discoverable knowledge.” McArdle v. AT&T Mobility LLC, No. C0918 117CW(MEJ), 2010 WL 1532334 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. April 16, 2010). 19 Regarding the first factor of this analysis, whether the personal identifying 20 information of customers is a legally protected privacy interest, California Courts have 21 recognized a privacy interest in an individual’s identity and contact information. See id., 22 at *3. 23 About the second factor of the privacy analysis, whether an individual has a 24 “reasonable expectation of privacy” in the information sought, this Court finds Puerto 25 illustrative. Puerto involved a discovery dispute regarding the plaintiff’s request for the 26 personal identifying information of the defendant’s employees, who the defendant had 27 listed as witnesses. Puerto, 70 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 704 . This information, the plaintiff 2 defendant’s claim of privacy privilege, the court noted that employees probably 3 expected their information would generally be kept private when they provided it as a 4 condition of their employment. Id. at 709 . Nevertheless, the court did not believe 5 employees would want their identities withheld from a plaintiff seeking relief for wrongs 6 that occurred at their shared workplace. Id. (citing Belaire-West Landscape, Inc. v. 7 Superior Court, 57 Cal. Rptr. 3d 197, 202 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007)). “The fact that we 8 generally consider residential telephone and address information private does not mean 9 that the individuals would not want it disclosed under these circumstances.” Id.; see 10 also Pioneer, 53 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 516 (the plaintiff’s “proposed disclosure” (the contact 11 information of the defendant’s consumers who had filed complaints with regard to the 12 defendant’s commercial products) “was not ‘particularly sensitive’ as it involved 13 disclosing neither one’s personal medical history or current medical condition nor 14 details of disclosing one’s personal finances or other financial information, but merely 15 called for disclosure of contact information already voluntarily disclosed to [the 16 defendant]”); McArdle, 2010 WL 1532334 at * 3 (“Here, like in Pioneer, release of the 17 customer identifying information would be limited to Plaintiff and his counsel in this 18 case . . . [and] involves disclosure of contact information already voluntarily disclosed to 19 Defendants . . . [and] will help [p]laintiff learn the names of other persons who might 20 assist in prosecuting this case, and [ ] involves no revelation of personal or intimate 21 activities, or similar private information.”). The court in Puerto found this factor 22 weighed in favor of disclosure. Puerto, 70 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 709 . 23 Similarly here, the Prior Owner likely expected Defendant to protect identity and 24 contact information provided as a condition of the lease or purchase. However, it is 25 reasonable to think that the Prior Owner would not object to the release of that 26 information in the context of litigation, particularly where Plaintiff complains of 27 problems with the vehicle that resemble those experienced by the Prior Owner. The 2 finds this factor weighs in favor of disclosure. 3 In evaluating the third factor of the privacy invasion analysis, which considers the 4 seriousness of the invasion upon privacy rights, the court in Puerto concluded, “the 5 requested information, while personal, [was] not particularly sensitive as it [was] merely 6 contact information, not medical or financial details, political affiliations, sexual 7 relationships, or personnel information.” Puerto, 70 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 710 . Rather, such 8 information requests fall within “basic civil discovery” procedures as the court 9 concluded “[n]othing could be more ordinary in discovery than finding out the location 10 of identified witnesses so that they may be contacted and additional investigation 11 [could be] performed.” Id.; see also McArdle, 2010 WL 1532334 at * 4 (the court found 12 “minimal information” requests regarding discovery of consumer’s personal information 13 “is indeed contemplated under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as basic to the 14 discovery Process,” highlighting that “Rule 26(a)(1)(A) requires each party to disclose . . . 15 the names, addresses and telephone numbers of each individual likely to have 16 discoverable information that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or 17 defenses”). As in Puerto, the information Plaintiff seeks here is “generally discoverable, 18 and . . . neither unduly personal nor overly intrusive.” See Puerto, 70 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 19 710. This factor favors disclosure of the Prior Owner’s identity and contact information. 20 Puerto found that analysis of the fourth factor of a privacy invasion claim, 21 balancing privacy rights against competing interests in favor of discovery, is not required 22 “when the court concludes there is no serious invasion of privacy.” Id. at 711 . Though 23 the court did not consider disclosure of the employees’ personal identifying information 24 a serious invasion upon privacy rights, making the balancing unnecessary, the court 25 proceeded to weigh the employees’ privacy interests against “permitting access to 26 relevant information necessary to pursue litigation.” Id. at 711-12 . Through this 27 balancing test, the court found that disclosure was appropriate as information regarding 2 the Prior Owner’s identity and contact information is minimal, the Court need not 3 engage in balancing. However, doing so only serves to confirm the Court’s belief that 4 disclosure is appropriate. Defendant’s disclosure will not encroach upon this 5 individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy in this basic information. 6 For the reasons stated above, Defendant fails to meet the burden of establishing 7 that privacy privilege should block discovery of the Prior Owner’s identity and contact 8 information. The Court notes that such information can be designated as confidential 9 under the terms of the protective order in this case, providing further protection to the 10 Prior Owner in this litigation. This Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion to compel 11 the disclosure of responsive documents with the identity and contact information of the 12 former Vehicle owner UNREDACTED and ORDERS Defendant to comply with 13 supplemental production no later than August 24, 2020. 14 Arguing that “Defendant’s position is unsupportable,” Plaintiff requests discovery 15 sanctions for this issue. (ECF No. 21-1 at 3.) Plaintiff’s counsel states that he spent over 16 seven hours preparing the motion at the rate on $510 per hour. (ECF No. 21-3 at 2.) 17 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(a)(5)(A) states that where a discovery motion is 18 granted, the Court “must, after giving an opportunity to be heard, require the party or 19 deponent whose conduct necessitated the motion, the party or attorney advising that 20 conduct, or both to pay the movant’s reasonable expenses incurred in making the 21 motion, including attorney’s fees. But the court must not order this payment if . . . the 22 opposing party’s nondisclosure, response, or objection was substantially justified[,] or . . 23 . other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” 24 Here, the Court finds it would be unjust to award costs to Plaintiff. The issue on 25 which Plaintiff prevailed largely involved Defendant’s efforts to protect the privacy 26 rights of a third party, rather than Defendant’s own privacy. Additionally, while Plaintiff 27 succeeded on this singular issue, the remaining issues in this discovery motion are being 2 Plaintiff’s RFP No. 25 demands “documents identifying customers who have 3 sought repairs for the defects alleged in Paragraph 6 of Plaintiff’s Complaint regarding or 4 relating to battery drains and the same make, model and year as the subject vehicle.” 5 (ECF No. 21-1 at 26-27.) Defendant objected to this RFP, arguing in relevant part that 6 the requested information about owners of vehicles other than the Vehicle is irrelevant 7 and disproportional to the needs of the case, seeks private information of third parties, 8 and in unduly burdensome. (Id. at 27.) 9 In the first instance, the Court notes that the central request of this RFP is not for 10 documents pertaining to customer complaints regarding battery drain issues in the 11 same mass-produced vehicle Plaintiff purchased, but those “identifying customer” who 12 made those complaints. The Court largely finds Plaintiff’s arguments are directed 13 toward the discovery of complaints rather than the discovery of the complainants’ 14 identities. In the first place, there may be scenarios where discovery of other 15 complaints, properly limited, are relevant and proportional to the case, see Jensen v. 16 BMW of N. Am., LLC, 328 F.R.D. 557 , 562 (S.D. Cal. 2019) (“Given the standards recited 17 above for establishing willfulness, the Court finds that information regarding whether 18 the same defects were reported to BMW in other cars of the same make, model, and 19 year as Plaintiff's subject vehicle could conceivably be relevant to whether BMW acted 20 reasonably in denying Plaintiff's warranty claim.”). However, the Court finds discovery 21 of the information requested here, documents identifying every customer who brought 22 a potentially relevant complaint, is overbroad and not proportional to the needs of the 23 case. 24 The documents Plaintiff seeks are overbroad. First, customers who complained 25 about battery drain issues in vehicles with the same year, make and model may be 26 identified in any number of documents, unrelated to the complaints that Plaintiff claims 27 are relevant to this case. Second, “[r]egarding or relating to battery drains,” is a broad 2 identifying every complainant, regardless of whether the specifics of the complaint bear 3 on the facts of this case. Third, while the contents of the complaints themselves might 4 be relevant, Plaintiff has not explained why the identities of the complainants are 5 relevant. Plaintiff claims relevance because the complaints may show “other persons 6 who own the same mass-produced vehicle, have complained of the same problems and 7 have had the complaints verified by dealerships as not the consumer’s fault.” (ECF No. 8 21-1 at 4.) He argues this will “show a potentially widespread problem exists,” to 9 undermine Defendant’s causation argument. (Id.) In this case, the complaints 10 themselves and Defendant’s records regarding the same would provide any relevant 11 information. Plaintiff would not need to contact or depose the third-party complainants 12 to learn what information they conveyed to Defendant. 13 Because of this considerable overbreadth, the discovery sought is also 14 disproportional. Recent amendments made to the language of Rule 26 dictate that 15 “‘even relevant information is subject to the proportional needs of the case before it is 16 within the scope of discovery.”’ Polaris Innovations Limited v. Kingston Technology 17 Company, Inc., No. CV-16-00300-CJC (RAOx), 2017 WL 3275615 , *2 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 18 2017) (quoting Hoffman v. Cnty. of L.A., No. CV 15-03724-FMO (ASx), 2016 WL 4698939 , 19 *5 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2016)). Regardless of what efforts need be taken to collect the 20 requested discovery, the requested information is not sufficiently relevant to justify 21 requiring Defendant to respond to this RFP over Plaintiff’s complaint regarding a dispute 22 over a single preowned vehicle. 23 Accordingly, this Court DENIES Plaintiff’s motion to compel further responses to 24 RFP No. 25. Considering this ruling, the Court need not address Defendant’s objections 25 based on burden and third-party privacy. 26 / / / 27 / / / 2 Bulletins 3 In RFP No. 20, Plaintiff seeks “[a]ll documents which were consulted by 4 [Defendant] in developing the technical service bulletins which have been issued for 5 vehicles of the same year, make, and model as the [Vehicle] and were used regarding 6 repairs or service on the [Vehicle].” (ECF No. 21-2 at 24.) 7 Technical service bulletins (“TSBs”) are generated by manufacturers regarding a 8 problem or defect to provide guidance to repair facilities. (ECF No. 21-1 at 6; ECF No. 9 21-2 at 25.) Plaintiff claims the documents underlying the creation of these TSBs are 10 relevant to the instant dispute and maintains these documents “are likely to lead to 11 discovery regarding the potential root cause(s) of the problems, the prevalence of the 12 problems, and the efficacy of the proposed solution(s).” (Id.) Plaintiff specifically notes 13 that Defendant admits “TSB’s are in the vehicle’s repair history regarding emissions and 14 O2 sensors, which[] present clear exhaust and emission issues,” that the Vehicle had 15 oxygen sensor issues while Plaintiff owned it, and that “exhaust issues” are alleged in 16 the Complaint. (ECF No. 21-1 at 6.) 17 Defendant objects based on relevance and proportionality, as the documents 18 requested “offer little to no evidentiary value” for Plaintiff’s argument. (ECF No. 21-2 at 19 26.) Specifically, Defendant claims that the only TSBs performed on the Vehicle were 20 prior to Plaintiff’s ownership, and states, “of the four (4) TSBs that were performed on 21 the [V]ehicle prior to Plaintiff’s ownership,” Plaintiff only references one TSB “relating to 22 the operation of the oxygen (O2) sensors as being related to concerns Plaintiff 23 experienced.” (ECF No. 21-1 at 11.) Furthermore, Defendant argues that because the 24 only evidence Plaintiff experienced oxygen sensor issues in the Vehicle was a single 25 work order from May 27, 2020, the evidence does not demonstrate that the oxygen 26 sensor issue took more than one attempt to resolve, and so it could not give rise to 27 liability under the Act. (Id.) Thus, because Plaintiff’s request involves 1) TSBs performed 2 has failed to demonstrate why documents consulted in developing these TSBs, which do 3 not relate [sic] to Plaintiff’s concerns, are relevant to his claims.” (Id.) 4 Under California law, TSBs and similar documents concerning a plaintiff’s vehicle 5 can be relevant to liability under the Act. Jensen v. BMW of N. Am., LLC., 328 F.R.D. 557 , 6 565 (S.D. Cal. 2019); see also Zagarian, 2019 WL 611173 , at *8 (the plaintiff’s request for 7 documents including “service information bulletins” were “limited to vehicles of the 8 same make, model, and year as the vehicle” and thus relevant to the issues in dispute 9 under the Act). However, to be relevant, the issues addressed in the TSBs should be 10 related to the specific issue Plaintiff experienced. Jensen, 328 F.R.D. at 563, 565 (finding 11 that some of the plaintiff’s requests were “broad[ ] and vaguely defined” and “not 12 necessarily tied to the specific issues that [the plaintiff] experienced with his vehicle” 13 and they should be limited to information that addressed the “problems that the 14 [p]laintiff’s vehicle specifically experienced”). Even when the information underlying 15 TSBs is relevant, in federal court the requested information must still be proportional to 16 the needs of the case considering the damages sought by Plaintiff. See, e.g., Zagarian, [17] 2019 WL 611173 at *7-8; Putman v. BMW of North America, LLC, No. CV-17-3485-JAK 18 (KSx), 2018 WL 6137160 , *5 (C.D. Cal May 14, 2018) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 Advisory 19 Committee Note to 2015 Amendment) (the proportionality standard of Rule 26 20 “‘encourages judges to be more aggressive in identifying and discouraging discovery 21 overuse’”). The factors to consider when weighing proportionality in discovery, include 22 “the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the 23 parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance 24 of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the 25 proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). 26 In the instant Request, Plaintiff is requesting all foundational documents 27 underlying the TSBs that have been performed on Plaintiff’s vehicle. (ECF No. 21-1 at 6.) 2 sensors in May 2020, which lacking any subsequent complaints, appears to have been 3 resolved, indicates that the underlying documents for all four TSBs performed on the 4 vehicle are significant to this case. Furthermore, the instant case is not a class-action 5 suit and the causes of action here involve a single car and the utility of a single 6 individual. (ECF No. 1-3.) If Plaintiff meets his burden of proving liability under the Act, 7 he will be entitled to civil penalties under California Civil Code 1794(b)(1) and (2), 8 including the Vehicle’s purchase price of $68,286.16. (Id. at 5-6.) If Plaintiff also proves 9 that Defendant’s refusal to repurchase the Vehicle was willful, Plaintiff will be entitled 10 to a civil penalty of twice his damages. Cal. Civ. Code. § 1794(c). Although the amount 11 of damages is to be calculated at trial, given that the instant case only involves a single 12 Plaintiff and a single Vehicle, it is unlikely that damages will exceed $200,000. With 13 respect to the “issues at stake in the action” and “amount in controversy,” it is not 14 proportional to disclose the foundational documents for three TSBs that do not appear 15 at all relevant to this case, and one that has at-best doubtful relevance. 16 Considering “the parties’ relative access to relevant information” and “the parties’ 17 resources,” the Defendant possesses substantial resources and could possibly access the 18 documents Plaintiff requests. While Plaintiff already has access to TSB’s in the Vehicle’s 19 repair history regarding emissions and O2 sensors, (ECF No. 21-3 at 5-8), Plaintiff seeks 20 foundational documents underlying the TSBs, which are not otherwise available to 21 Plaintiff. (ECF No. 21-1 at 6). 22 Because Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate any connection between the four TSBs 23 at-issue in this RFP and any repeated performance issue during Plaintiff’s ownership of 24 the Vehicle, the Court SUSTAINS Defendant’s relevance and proportionality objections. 25 The Court therefore DENIES Plaintiff’s motion to compel further response to RFP No. 20. 26 / / / 27 / / / 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons described above, the Court ORDERS as follows: 3 1. Plaintiff's motion to compel disclosure of the identity and contact 4 information of the Prior Owner, and the warranty repair history during the prior 5 || ownership is GRANTED. No later than August 24, 2020, Defendant must reproduce the 6 || affected documents without redacting the Prior Owner’s identity and contact 7 || information, or warranty repair history; 8 2. Plaintiff's motion for discovery sanctions is DENIED. 9 3. Plaintiff's motion to compel further response to RFP No. 25 is DENIED; and 10 4. Plaintiff's motion to compel further response to RFP No. 20 is DENIED. 11 IT 1S SO ORDERED. 12 || Dated: August 17, 2020 _ = 1 _ 2 □□ □ Honorable Michael S. Berg United States Magistrate Judge