Jackson v. Napolitano

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 MICHAEL JACKSON, et al. Case No.: 19cv1427-LAB (AHG) 12 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING IN PART 13 v. AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS TO DISMISS; AND 14 JANET NAPOLITANO, et al. 15 Defendants. ORDER ON MOTION RE: HEARING [16] 17 [DOCKET NUMBERS 8, 9, 10, 31, 38.] [19] 20 This is a §1983 action, seeking relief for employees of the University of 21 California at San Diego who had union dues withheld from their paychecks and 22 who face the prospect of having dues withheld in the future. They seek relief under 23 the recent Supreme Court decision, Janus v. Am. Fed. of State, Cnty. & Mun. 24 Employees, Council 31, 138 S. Ct. 2448 (2018). Under Janus and Knox v. Serv. 25 Employees Int’l Union, Local 1000, 567 U.S. 298, 322 (2012), public employees 26 have a First Amendment right not to join a union or to pay fees to the union unless 27 they affirmatively consent to waive that right. On the day Janus was decided, Gov. 28 Brown signed S.B. 866 into law and it became effective immediately. Plaintiffs refer 1 to certain provisions in that law as “Gag Rule” statutes, which prevent public 2 employees from protesting payroll deductions with their employers. They seek 3 declaratory and injunctive relief, and damages in the amount of dues that were 4 deducted from their paychecks. 5 Defendants filed three motions to dismiss: one by Janet Napolitano (Docket 6 no. 8), one by the Union, Teamsters Local 2010 (Docket no. 9), and one by Xavier 7 Becerra and Betty T. Yee (Docket no. 10). Plaintiffs’ counsel filed an ex parte 8 motion to split their allotted time for argument. (Docket no. 31.) The Court then 9 held argument, and ruled on that request from the bench. The Clerk is directed to 10 directed to terminate Docket no. 31. 11 Shortly after that, the Union filed several notices of supplemental authority, 12 followed by a new motion to dismiss (Docket no. 38). That motion is now fully 13 briefed as well, and all motions are now ready for disposition. 14 Background 15 The following background is taken from the complaint, whose factual 16 allegations the Court accepts as true at this stage. The two named Plaintiffs were 17 members of the Union since 2016. Plaintiff Michael Jackson says he thought union 18 membership was a condition of employment, though he doesn’t say why he 19 thought this. According to the complaint, the “Gag Rule” prevents employers from 20 talking with their employees about payroll deductions, union membership, or 21 Janus. 22 After learning about Janus, Plaintiffs began looking for an opportunity to 23 resign their membership. The Plaintiffs resigned by letter in early 2019. After that, 24 they tried to stop deductions of their union dues. Jackson wrote to the University, 25 which told him to take it up with the Union. The Union told him that his resignation 26 was accepted, but that under the terms of the agreement his dues would still be 27 deducted until the expiration of the bargaining agreement. According to the 28 complaint, the current bargaining agreement went into effect April 19, 2017 and 1 expires March 31, 2022. Plaintiff Tory Smith apparently wrote to the Union directly, 2 and got the same response. Then Smith asked the University to stop deducting 3 dues from his paycheck, but got no reply. 4 At argument, it was established that Yee follows the Union’s directions with 5 regard to deduction of dues. Her role, in other words, is nondiscretionary and she 6 was added as a Defendant in order to afford Plaintiffs adequate relief. 7 Relief Sought 8 Plaintiffs ask the Court to grant declaratory relief in the following forms: 9 1. Declare that their collective bargaining agreement and certain California 10 statutes violate their free speech rights; 11 2. Declare that Plaintiffs’ signed Union membership cards do not meet the 12 standard for affirmative consent; 13 3. Declare that the practice of withholding Union dues from Plaintiffs’ 14 paychecks in the absence of affirmative consent is unconstitutional; and 15 4. Declare that S.B. 866, the “Gag Rule,” is unconstitutional under the First and 16 Fourteenth Amendments. 17 They also ask the Court to enjoin Defendants, as follows: 18 1. Order the Union to allow Plaintiffs to resign their membership immediately 19 and retroactive to the date of their letters announcing their resignation; 20 2. Enjoin Yee from continuing to deduct Union dues without their consent; 21 3. Enjoin Becerra from enforcing S.B. 866, the “Gag Rule; and 22 4. Enjoin Yee from deducting money from any public employee’s paychecks 23 without proper consent. 24 Finally, they ask, as damages, all Union dues collected from them in the absence 25 of their valid consent. They request costs and attorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. 26 § 1988, and any other relief the Court may deem just and proper. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Union’s Second Motion to Dismiss as Moot 2 This motion brings a factual attack, and is based on both Plaintiffs’ own 3 concessions and documentary evidence. The motion argues that Plaintiffs’ claims 4 have now become moot, depriving the Court of jurisdiction. If, as the Union argues, 5 Plaintiffs’ claims have become moot, the Court lacks jurisdiction. See Allen v. 6 Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 750 (1984). The Court would be required to consider 7 mootness sua sponte in any event, before proceeding to the merits, because 8 mootness is jurisdictional. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for Better Environment, 523 9 U.S. 83 , 94–95 (1998); Gator.com Corp. v. L. L. Bean, Inc., 398 F.3d 1125 , 1129 10 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc). A case becomes moot when it loses its character as a 11 live controversy, i.e., when it becomes impossible for the Court to grant any 12 effectual relief to the prevailing party. See N.Y. State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. 13 City of New York, N.Y., 140 S. Ct. 1525, 1528 (2020). In other words, a case is 14 moot “when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally 15 cognizable interest in the outcome” of the litigation. Powell v. McCormack, 395 16 U.S. 486 , 496 (1969). 17 The Court is also obligated to raise any other jurisdictional issues, such as 18 standing, sua sponte if necessary. See Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 19 F.3d 939, 954 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc). In other words, the Court must raise and 20 address any apparent jurisdictional problems even if the parties do not. 21 Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing standing at each and every stage 22 of the litigation, Krottner v. Starbucks Corp., 628 F.3d 1139, 1141 (9th Cir. 2010), 23 and for each claim and form of relief sought. See Davis v. Fed. Elec. Comm’n., [24] 554 U.S. 724, 734 (2008). To do this, they must show 1) they have suffered an 25 injury in fact that is concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent rather than 26 conjectural or hypothetical; 2) the injury is fairly traceable to Defendants’ 27 challenged actions; and 3) it is likely rather than merely speculative that the injury 28 / / / 1 will be redressed by a favorable decision. See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw 2 Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167 , 180–81 (2000). 3 Mootness and standing are related. The doctrine of mootness has been 4 described as standing “set in a time frame.” Id. at 170 . That is, the personal 5 existence that must exist at the beginning of the case (standing) must also continue 6 through all its later stages (mootness). Id. 7 A plaintiff seeking to establish standing for injunctive or declaratory relief 8 must demonstrate such an invasion of a legally protected interest along with a 9 “sufficient likelihood that he will again be wronged in a similar way.” City of Los 10 Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 111 (1983). This is because “‘past exposure to 11 illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding 12 injunctive relief . . . if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects.” [13] Id. at 95–96, 102 (quoting O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488 , 495–96 (1974)). 14 Declaratory relief is intended to operate prospectively, not merely to make a 15 statement about past events. See Britz Fertilizers, Inc. v. Bayer Corp., 66 F. Supp. 16 2d 1142, 1173 (E.D. Cal., 2009). “Declaratory relief is appropriate (1) when the 17 judgment will serve a useful purpose in clarifying and settling the legal relations in 18 issue, and (2) when it will terminate and afford relief from the uncertainty, 19 insecurity, and controversy giving rise to the proceeding.” Eureka Fed. Sav. & Loan 20 Assoc. v. American Cas. Co., 873 F.2d 229, 231 (9th Cir. 1989). It requires a 21 “substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal rights, or sufficient 22 immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.” 23 MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 127 (2007) (quoting Maryland 24 Cas. Co. v. Pac. Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273 (1941)).The Court has no 25 jurisdiction to grant declaratory relief to settle disputes that are merely hypothetical. 26 See id. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Standing and Mootness in This Case 2 Importantly, this is not a class action, putative class action, or anything 3 analogous. It is not likely that Plaintiffs could amend to make it a class action at 4 this point — or, even if they did, that it could be certified.1 Although Plaintiffs make 5 clear they want to treat this as a test case to bring about a change in the law, they 6 are not representing anyone but themselves. 7 Some of the relief sought is for the benefit of public employees generally. 8 While on occasion a plaintiff outside the class action context may have standing to 9 raise the rights of third parties, those conditions are not met here. See Powers v. 10 Ohio, 499 U.S. 400 , 410–11 (1991). Plaintiffs tacitly acknowledge this in their 11 opposition, and request that if their complaint is dismissed, they be granted leave 12 to amend so that they can bring this as a class action. 13 Plaintiffs’ ability to represent a class depends, however, on their having 14 viable claims themselves. If, for example, they themselves lack standing, they 15 cannot represent class members. See NEI Contracting & Eng’g, Inc. v. Hanson 16 Aggregates Pac. S.W., Inc., 926 F.3d 528, 532 (9th Cir. 2019). While mootness is 17 applied more flexibly in the class action context, see generally Pitts v. Terrible 18 Herbst, Inc., 653 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2011), a plaintiff whose claim became moot 19 before he even pled class claims would not be an adequate representative. See [21] 22 1 Whether employees should be given information that might encourage them to 23 withdraw from a union is a contentious issue, about which public employees clearly have different opinions. It is difficult to see how an ascertainable class could be [24] defined so as to include public employees who oppose the Gag Rule and to 25 exclude those who do not. See Algarin v. Maybelline, 300 F.R.D. 444, 454 (S.D. Cal. 2014) (holding that before a class action can proceed, it must be [26] administratively feasible to determine whether someone is a class member on the 27 basis of objective criteria, rather than their state of mind). The Court could grant injunctive or declaratory relief only to the extent it advances the interests of the [28] 1 J.P. v. Sessions, 2019 WL 6723686 , slip op. at *23 (C.D. Cal., Nov. 5, 2019) (citing 2 U.S. Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388 , 396–97 (1980)). This is not likely 3 to happen here. 4 Particular Claims 5 Plaintiffs’ standing is easily strongest with regard to their damages claim. 6 With regard to their claims for prospective injunctive and declaratory relief claims, 7 standing is far more speculative. 8 Union Membership 9 At the time this action was filed, Plaintiffs had already been permitted to 10 resign from the Union. Their request for an injunction ordering the Union to allow 11 them to resign was therefore moot ab initio. This also appears to moot Plaintiffs’ 12 request for declaratory relief about Plaintiffs’ right to withdraw from the Union. With 13 regard to the collective bargaining agreement’s effect on their ability to withdraw 14 from Union membership, the claim appears moot as well. There is no reasonable 15 prospect they will again become Union members against their will. The issue of 16 the collective bargaining agreement’s effect on the withholding of Union dues is 17 separate, however. 18 Equitable Relief 19 While some of the injunctive relief Plaintiffs seek may provide them 20 prospective relief, the declaratory relief they request would not add anything to it. 21 Rather, it would amount to a comment on things that have already happened, 22 rather than a clarification of the parties’ rights going forward. 23 Some of the requested declaratory relief is also overly broad, commenting 24 on the law generally rather than clarifying Plaintiffs’ own rights. Equitable relief may 25 extend benefits to others, if necessary to give Plaintiffs the relief they are entitled. 26 See Easyriders Freedom F.I.G.H.T. v. Hannigan, 92 F.3d 1486 , 1501–02 (9th Cir. 27 1996). But its proper purpose is to give Plaintiffs relief, not to effect a change in the 28 law statewide. Plaintiffs’ request that the Court declare S.B. 866, the “Gag Rule,” 1 unconstitutional under the First and Fourteenth Amendments falls into this 2 category. 3 For Plaintiffs to have standing to seek this relief, it is not enough that others 4 could benefit from it; it must be likely that Plaintiffs themselves would derive some 5 benefit from it. See Walsh v. Nevada Dep’t of Human Res., 471 F.3d 1033 , 1037 6 (9th Cir. 2006). 7 Post-Filing Developments 8 After Plaintiffs filed their complaint, the Union fully refunded all dues Plaintiffs 9 paid to it during the period within the statute of limitations, with interest, and 10 released them from all obligations to pay dues going forward. Documentary 11 evidence of cashier’s checks payable to both Plaintiffs is attached to the motion. 12 Plaintiffs do not dispute that tender was made, and do not argue that it was 13 for less than the amount they were entitled to. (See Docket no. 45 (Opp’n) at 16:9– 14 9.) They refused delivery of the checks, however. (Id.) Instead, they argue that the 15 Union’s acts amount to “voluntary cessation” that might resume at any time. 16 They also argue that their real purpose is to challenge the “Gag Rule.” Plaintiffs 17 cite class action cases in which Defendants attempted to “pick off” individual 18 plaintiffs by settling with them. See Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 19 U.S. 66, 78 (2013) (citing Deposit Guaranty Nat. Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326 , 339 20 (1980)) (noting concern that defendants may attempt to “pick off” named plaintiffs 21 before class action is adjudicated). 22 There are two problems with Plaintiffs’ arguments. First, the Union’s actions 23 do not amount to a settlement or even a settlement offer. Before they filed suit, 24 Plaintiffs asked the Union to refund dues that were withheld before this action 25 began, and the Union has now done that, albeit somewhat late. Plaintiffs do not 26 dispute that the amount of the refund is correct. Defendants also correctly point 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 out that the payment was unconditional, as the accompanying letters showed. 2 Plaintiffs could cash the checks regardless of whether they agreed to dismiss the 3 suit. No further action on Plaintiffs’ part was required in order for them to be paid. 4 Second, nearly all the cases they cite and rely on are class actions, putative 5 class actions, or collective actions, where the mootness analysis is different than 6 in individual actions. In a class action, courts are wary of the tactic of allowing 7 defendants in class actions (or putative class actions) to “pick off” individual 8 plaintiffs by settling with them, or even by attempting to force a settlement on them. 9 By contrast, this case is not a putative class action and likely cannot be pled as 10 one. See Genesis Healthcare, 569 U.S. at 73–74 (holding that plaintiff’s suit, which 11 was not a class action, was moot once her own claim was satisfied). Plaintiffs’ 12 reiterated intent to act as private attorneys-general in order to change the law on 13 behalf of other public employees is misguided. If they were bringing a class action, 14 that would be possible. But because they are litigating as individual Plaintiffs only, 15 they cannot do this. They can bring only their own claims, and they must 16 demonstrate standing as to each form of relief. 17 The decisions they cite other than class actions are distinguishable on the 18 basis that defendants made settlement offers different in kind of amount than the 19 relief they sought. For example, in Lawrence v. FCA US LLC, 2017 WL 6940513 20 (C.D. Cal., Sept. 12, 2017), the plaintiff sued for various damages stemming from 21 fraudulent concealment, and rejected a pre-suit offer to repurchase her car. 22 Instead, she sought monetary damages. Id. at *4. See Wieck v. CIT Group, Inc., [23] 308 F. Supp. 3d 1093 , 1108 n.5 (D. Haw. 2018) (citing cases for the proposition [25] 2 Earlier, Defendants’ counsel had sent Plaintiffs’ counsel an email suggesting, as [26] a settlement term, a refund of dues plus a release from further obligations for 27 withholding of dues. (Docket no. 45-2 (Opp’n, Ex. A).) Plaintiffs’ counsel rejected that proposal out of hand. (Id.) Defendants’ later refund of dues and cancellation [28] 1 that a refund does not require dismissal for lack of standing, where the plaintiff also 2 suffered other losses). The fact that Plaintiffs have refused to accept or cash the 3 checks does not change the analysis. See Hamilton v. Gen’l Mills, 2016 WL 4 6542840, at *1 (D. Ore., Nov. 2, 2016) (plaintiff’s claim was mooted by defendant’s 5 product recall program and proffered refund, which would have covered his entire 6 loss, but which he refused to accept). 7 This same principle has been applied in the context of withheld union dues 8 following Janus. In Durst v. Ore. Educ. Ass’n, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2020 WL 9 1545484 (D. Ore. Mar. 31, 2020), public teachers brought an action that included 10 a claim almost indistinguishable from this one. They, like Plaintiffs here, refused to 11 cash the union’s refund checks. But that fact, the court held, did “not turn an 12 otherwise moot claim into a live case or controversy.” Id. at *3. 13 In Genesis Healthcare, the Supreme Court considered a case where the 14 plaintiff had received all she sought in her own lawsuit, but still wanted to represent 15 the rights of others. That interest, by itself, did not amount to a “personal stake” 16 and was not enough to save her action from mootness. 569 U.S. at 78–79. 17 Analogously to this case, the Union has refunded (or attempted to refund) Plaintiffs’ 18 wrongly-withheld dues as Plaintiffs asked it to. Plaintiffs have refused to accept 19 them, not because something is unsatisfactory about the refund, but because they 20 want to keep their injury intact for standing purposes. A plaintiff’s interest in 21 keeping the suit going, or in representing others in the suit, is not enough to save 22 a claim from mootness. Id. at 74. 23 The Court finds Durst persuasive, and therefore holds Plaintiffs’ claim for a 24 refund of their withheld union dues is moot. That does not, of course, mean that all 25 their claims are moot; standing and mootness are considered with regard to each 26 claim separately. See Davis, 554 U.S. at 734 . 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Continued Withholding of Dues 2 The Union has instructed the University not to withhold Plaintiffs’ dues, and 3 the University is complying. That, however, does not necessarily render claims 4 moot. A party “cannot automatically moot a case simply by ending its unlawful 5 conduct once sued”— otherwise, it “could engage in unlawful conduct, stop when 6 sued to have the case declared moot, then pick up where [it] left off, repeating this 7 cycle until [it] achieves all [its] unlawful ends.” Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S. 8 85, 91 (2013). A plaintiff’s claim becomes moot through a defendant’s voluntary 9 cessation only if “it is absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could 10 not reasonably be expected to occur.” Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 90 . The 11 “reasonable expectation” language is significant. If “interim relief or events have 12 completely and irrevocably eradicated the effects of the alleged violation,” and if 13 there is no reasonable expectation the alleged violation will occur, the claim may 14 be moot. See Smith v. Univ. of Washington, 233 F.3d 1188 , 1194 (9th Cir. 2000). 15 The voluntariness of a defendant’s cessation is a factor bearing on the likelihood 16 of the behavior’s recurrence. Id. 17 Plaintiffs’ withholding of dues claim stems from the Union’s withholding of 18 their dues even after they withdrew from as members. Until the collective 19 bargaining agreement expires on March 31, 2022, the Union could, in theory, at 20 least, revoke the instruction it sent to the University, which would result in dues 21 again being withheld from Plaintiffs’ paychecks. 22 Defendants, however, provide letters signed by the Union’s counsel and 23 purporting to act on behalf of the Union, releasing Plaintiffs from the authorizations: 24 “On behalf of the Union I am confirming that the Union has released plaintiffs from 25 any further obligations under any dues-deduction agreements they had with the 26 Union.” (Docket no. 38-2, Ex. A, at 4–5 (letter dated March 25, 2020).) In light of 27 this formal undertaking by Defendants’ counsel, combined with the fact that 28 Plaintiffs are no longer Union members, it appears unlikely the Union will attempt 1 to revoke its cancellation of Plaintiffs’ authorization. In similar circumstances, 2 courts in this Circuit have found claims moot. See Stroeder v. Serv. Employees 3 Int’l Union, 2019 WL 6719481 , slip op. at *3 (D. Ore., Dec. 6, 2019) (where plaintiff 4 was no longer a union member, her dues were no longer being deducted from her 5 paycheck, and her dues authorization was no longer in effect, her claim was moot); 6 Babb v. Cal. Teachers Ass’n, 378 F. Supp. 3d 857, 886 (C.D. Cal., 2019) (same). 7 That being said, the Union itself did not make the representation nor did it 8 confirm in a clearly irrevocable fashion that the authorization had been cancelled. 9 Plaintiffs might be able to show a reasonable possibility that the Union would 10 revoke its cancellation of their authorization to withhold dues and in spite of its 11 counsel’s representation would instruct the University to continue withholding 12 dues. If Plaintiffs believe they can rebut Defendants’ showing that the withholding 13 of dues will not resume before March 31, 2022, they will be given leave to do so. 14 Otherwise, the Court will treat this claim as moot also. 15 Invalidation of “Gag Rule” 16 The complaint alleges that the “Gag Rule” prevents the University from 17 informing its employees of the rights they enjoy under Janus, and that the Union 18 unsurprisingly also does not tell employees about the effect of Janus. (Compl., 19 ¶¶ 57–69.) The effect of the Gag Rule, Plaintiffs allege, was to vitiate the 20 voluntariness of their written consent to withhold dues. (Id., ¶¶ 115–129.) 21 Voluntariness is a live issue only to the extent it affects money withheld from them 22 in the past, or money likely to be withheld in the future. As discussed, these issues 23 appear to have been resolved. 24 Plaintiffs also seek equitable relief to invalidate the Gag Rule going forward, 25 and to prevent its being enforced. The problem with this is that Plaintiffs already 26 know about Janus, and do not need either the University or the Union to tell them 27 about their rights. The possibility that they might need to know more about Janus 28 / / / 1 in the future is speculative and hypothetical. Nor are they likely to consider signing 2 a similar union agreement in the future. 3 While other public employees might want to know about Janus, they are not 4 parties. The University might have standing to complain about the rule’s restrictive 5 effect on its own communications, but it has not brought a claim either. The only 6 limitation that might affect Plaintiffs at this point is the University’s policy of not 7 cooperating with organizations that might want to communicate with its employees 8 about their rights not to join a union or pay union dues. (Id., ¶ 65–66.) But Plaintiffs 9 do not allege they seek the University’s cooperation to communicate with their 10 fellow employees about these matters. 11 In short, Plaintiff have already suffered all the harm from the Gag Rule that 12 they are likely to suffer. The rule does not appear to affect them going forward, and 13 they are not likely to be harmed in a similar way by the continued application of 14 this rule. See Lyons, 461 U.S. at 111 . Even if the rule were to affect them somehow 15 in the future, that harm is speculative and hypothetical, rather than actual or 16 imminent. A declaration and an injunction preventing the rule’s enforcement in 17 future might help other employees, but it would do nothing for Plaintiffs. 18 Sanctions Requests 19 In their opposition, Plaintiffs move for sanctions against Defendants, on the 20 basis that their arguments are frivolous and did not disclose contrary authority. 21 They also complain of ethical violations, alleging that sending Plaintiffs the 22 cashiers checks violated rules against communicating with represented parties, 23 although they do not seek sanctions for that. 24 Even if the Court agreed with Plaintiffs’ request for sanctions, an opposition 25 to a motion is not a proper vehicle for seeking sanctions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c). 26 Conclusion and Order 27 The Union’s second motion to dismiss (Docket no. 38) is GRANTED. Some 28 of Plaintiffs’ claims are moot, and they lack standing to bring the remainder. All 1 claims are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, for failure to invoke the Court’s 2 jurisdiction. 3 In the absence of jurisdiction, the Court cannot proceed to the merits, and 4 the three other motions to dismiss (Docket nos. 8, 9, and 10) are DENIED 5 WITHOUT PREJUDICE. 6 This order has raised jurisdictional issues that Plaintiffs may not have been 7 alert to, but could cure through amendment. They may believe that continued 8 enforcement of the Gag Rule in the future will affect their substantive rights in ways 9 they have not alleged. Additionally, they may believe they can rebut Defendants’ 10 showing that there is no reasonable likelihood dues will again be withheld before 11 the collective bargaining agreement expires. 12 If Plaintiffs believe that, even in light of the Court’s analysis and decision in 13 this order this case presents a live, justiciable controversy, they may show cause 14 why it should not be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. They may do so by filing a 15 memorandum, not longer than ten pages, not counting any attached or lodged 16 material, within 21 calendar days of the date this order is issued. The Court is 17 not inviting a motion to reconsider this order or its reasoning, and any 18 memorandum should not attempt to seek reconsideration. Rather, any response 19 should focus on any claims this order has not addressed (e.g., claims they have 20 not pled, but could), and on whether the Union is reasonably likely to instruct the 21 University to withhold dues from Plaintiffs’ paychecks before March 31, 2022. 22 If Plaintiffs file a memorandum, Defendants may file a response subject to 23 the same page limit, within 28 calendar days of the date this order is issued. 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 If Plaintiffs do not show cause within the time permitted, this action will be 2 dismissed without prejudice for lack of jurisdiction. [3] 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 ||Dated: September 23, 2020 6 [ WM / 4. Gr 7 Honorable Larry Alan Burns 8 Chief United States District Judge