Young v. County of San Diego

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 JOE M. YOUNG, Case No.: 20-cv-02441-H-AHG 12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT 13 v. COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO’S MOTION TO DISMISS 14 COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO; DEPUTY SHERIFF CHAD FICKETT (0277); 15 [Doc. No. 3.] SERGEANT JOSEPH BARRY (4722); 16 DEPUTY SHERIFF ALEJANDRO SILVA (0248); DEPUTY SHERIFF [17] MICHAEL CRUZ (5622); DEPUTY 18 SHERIFF DANIEL GUTIERRAZ (7441); and DEPUTY SHERIFF CLAUDIA [19] VALENCIA (unknown), 20 Defendants. [21] 22 On February 24, 2021, Defendant County of San Diego filed a motion to dismiss 23 Plaintiff Joe M. Young’s complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 24 for failure to state a claim. (Doc. No. 3.) On March 15, 2021, Plaintiff filed a response in 25 opposition to Defendant’s motion to dismiss. (Doc. No. 4.) On March 22, 2021, Defendant 26 filed its reply. (Doc. No. 5.) A hearing on the motion is currently scheduled for Monday, 27 March 29, 2021. The Court, pursuant to its discretion under Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1), 28 determines the matter is appropriate for resolution without oral argument, submits the 1 motion on the parties’ papers, and vacates the hearing. For the reasons below, the Court 2 denies Defendant County of San Diego’s motion to dismiss. 3 Background 4 The following factual background is taken from the allegations in Plaintiff’s 5 complaint. On or about December 21, 2019, at approximately 2:00 a.m., Plaintiff’s son, a 6 minor, was riding in a car with some friends after having gone to see a movie. (Doc. No. 7 1, Compl. 14.) The car was stopped in Imperial Beach California, at a routine DUI 8 checkpoint that was being conducted by the San Diego County Sheriff. (Id.) Plaintiff’s 9 son and the other occupants of the car were detained because they were minors in public 10 after curfew, and the driver of the car was driving without possession of a driver’s license. 11 (Id. ¶ 15.) 12 Representatives of the San Diego County Sheriff called Plaintiff, woke him up, and 13 informed him that his son had been detained and that Plaintiff should come to the DUI 14 checkpoint to retrieve his son. (Id. ¶ 16.) Plaintiff left immediately to pick up his son, but 15 Plaintiff forgot his driver’s license. (Id. ¶ 17.) 16 Upon arriving at the DUI checkpoint, Plaintiff spoke to the deputy sheriffs at the 17 scene, and they told him that he could not take his son because he did not have any photo 18 identification on his person. (Id. ¶ 18.) Plaintiff alleges that one or more of the officers 19 began to question Plaintiff’s son in a threatening, menacing, and accusatory tone. (Id. ¶ 20 19.) Plaintiff told his son that he did not need to answer any questions. (Id.) Upon telling 21 his son this, one or more of the officers told Plaintiff that he was under arrest and told him 22 to place his hands behind his back. (Id. ¶ 20.) Plaintiff asked why he was being arrested, 23 and he was told it was because he was interfering with the officers. (Id. ¶ 21.) 24 Thereafter, one of the Officer Defendants discharged his taser at Plaintiff striking 25 Plaintiff in his thigh near his pants pocket and causing a lighter to explode that was in the 26 pocket. (Id. ¶¶ 22-23.) The Officer Defendants had to stomp out the fire. (Id. ¶ 23.) The 27 Officer Defendants then tackled Plaintiff, forcing him to the ground. (Id. ¶ 24.) One of 28 the Officer Defendants discharged a taser again directly into Plaintiff’s back. (Id.) 1 Subsequently, Plaintiff was taken to jail, then to the hospital to treat his injuries and 2 burns, and then back to jail. (Id. ¶ 25.) Plaintiff’s wife was called to retrieve her son. (Id. 3 ¶ 27.) The Officer Defendants allowed Plaintiff’s wife to take Plaintiff’s son without 4 checking her photo identification. (Id. ¶ 28.) Eventually, Plaintiff was released on bail, 5 and the charges against him were subsequently dismissed. (Id. ¶ 29.) 6 On December 15, 2020, Plaintiff filed a complaint against Defendants County of 7 San Diego, Deputy Sheriff Chad Fickett, Sergeant Joseph Barry, Deputy Sheriff Alejandro 8 Silva, Deputy Sheriff Michael Cruz, Deputy Sheriff Daniel Gutierrez, and Deputy Sheriff 9 Claudia Valencia, alleging claims for: (1) violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , unlawful arrest; 10 (2) violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , excessive force; (3) false arrest/false imprisonment; (4) 11 negligence; (5) violation of the Ralph Act, California Civil Code § 51.7; and (6) violation 12 of the Bane Act, California Civil Code § 52.1. (Doc. No. 1, Compl.) In the complaint, 13 Plaintiff asserts all of the causes of action against the Officer Defendants; but Plaintiff only 14 asserts the four state law causes of action against Defendant County of San Diego. (See 15 id. ¶¶ 30-73.) By the present motion, Defendant County of San Diego moves pursuant to 16 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) to dismiss all of the causes of action asserted 17 against it for failure to state a claim. (Doc. No. 3-1.) 18 Discussion 19 I. Legal Standards for a Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss 20 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal 21 sufficiency of the pleadings and allows a court to dismiss a complaint if the plaintiff has 22 failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Conservation Force v. Salazar, [23] 646 F.3d 1240, 1241 (9th Cir. 2011). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires that 24 a pleading stating a claim for relief containing “a short and plain statement of the claim 25 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” The function of this pleading requirement is 26 to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it 27 rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). 28 A complaint will survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss if it contains “enough 1 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, [2] 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 3 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable 4 for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “A pleading 5 that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 6 action will not do.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 ). “Nor does a complaint 7 suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. 8 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557 ). Accordingly, dismissal for failure to state a claim is 9 proper where the claim “lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a 10 cognizable legal theory.” Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097 , 1104 11 (9th Cir. 2008). 12 In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a district court must accept as true 13 all facts alleged in the complaint, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the 14 claimant. See Retail Prop. Trust v. United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., 768 F.3d 15 938, 945 (9th Cir. 2014). But, a court need not accept “legal conclusions” as true. Ashcroft 16 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Further, it is improper for a court to assume the 17 claimant “can prove facts which it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the 18 . . . laws in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. 19 Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 20 In addition, a court may consider documents incorporated into the complaint by 21 reference and items that are proper subjects of judicial notice. See Coto Settlement v. 22 Eisenberg, 593 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010). If the court dismisses a complaint for 23 failure to state a claim, it must then determine whether to grant leave to amend. See Doe 24 v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995); see Telesaurus, 623 F.3d at 1003 (9th 25 Cir. 2010). 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 II. Analysis 2 A. Plaintiff’s Claim for Negligence 3 In the complaint, Plaintiff alleges a claim for negligence against Defendant County 4 of San Diego. (Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 48-53.) Under California law, the elements of a 5 claim for negligence are: (1) a legal duty to use due care, (2) a breach of such legal duty, 6 and (3) the breach as the proximate or legal cause of the resulting injury. Vasilenko v. 7 Grace Fam. Church, 3 Cal. 5th 1077, 1083 (2017); Beacon Residential Cmty. Assn. v. 8 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, 59 Cal. 4th 568, 573 (2014). “The existence of a duty 9 is a question of law.” Vasilenko, 3 Cal. 5th at 1083 . 10 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s negligence claim should be dismissed because 11 Plaintiff has failed to adequately allege that the individual Officer Defendants owed him a 12 duty to use reasonable care. (Doc. No. 3-1 at 4-5.) Under California law, public employees 13 “are statutorily liable to the same extent as private persons for injuries caused by their acts 14 or omissions, subject to the same defenses available to private persons.” Hayes v. Cnty. of 15 San Diego, 57 Cal. 4th 622 , 628–29 (2013) (citing Cal. Gov. Code § 820 ). “Also, public 16 entities are generally liable for injuries caused by the negligence of their employees acting 17 within the scope of their employment.” Id. (citing Cal. Gov. Code § 815.2 ). Further, 18 “‘[u]nder California law, police officers have a duty not to use excessive force.’” Lawrence 19 v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 258 F. Supp. 3d 977, 999 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (quoting 20 Warren v. Marcus, 78 F. Supp. 3d 1228, 1251 (N.D. Cal. 2015)); see Mann v. City of Chula 21 Vista, No. 18-CV-2525-WQH-MDD, 2020 WL 5759749 , at *9 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 28, 2020) 22 (Under California law, “[p]olice officers owe ‘a duty to use reasonable care’ in deciding 23 whether to use and in fact using force.”); see also Hayes v. Cty. of San Diego, 57 Cal. 4th 24 622, 629 (2013) (“This court has long recognized that peace officers have a duty to act 25 reasonably when using deadly force.”).1 [26] 27 1 In its motion, Defendant argues that the California Supreme Court’s decision in Hayes is limited 28 to “only deadly use-of-force cases.” (Doc. No. 3-1 at 5.) The Court acknowledges that in Hayes, the 1 Here, Plaintiff alleges that the Officer Defendants used excessive force against him 2 during the incident at issue.2 (See Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 22-25, 35-39.) These allegations 3 are sufficient to satisfy the duty element of Plaintiff’s negligence claim at the pleading 4 stage. See Hofer, 2019 WL 4575389 , at *18 (“Because Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged a 5 Section 1983 excessive force claim, their negligence claim premised on the same conduct 6 survives.”). 7 Defendant also argues that Plaintiff’s negligence claim should be dismissed because 8 Plaintiff fails to make any particular factual allegations as to any particular defendant. 9 (Doc. No. 3-1 at 5.) Defendant notes that the majority of Plaintiff’s allegations reference 10 “one or more Officer Defendants” or just generally all “Defendants.” (Id. at 2.) In 11 response, Plaintiff argues that its allegations are sufficient and that exactly which officer 12 committed which specific act is a matter for discovery, not pleading. (Doc. No. 4 at 5-6.) 13 In the complaint, Plaintiff identifies each of the individual Officer Defendants by 14 name and provides a badge number for all but one of them. (See Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 1, 15 5-10.) In addition, the complaint provides detailed factual allegations regarding the 16 circumstances of the incident at issue. (See id. ¶¶ 14-29 .) These allegations are sufficient 17 to provide Defendant County of San Diego with fair notice of the factual grounds upon 18 which Plaintiff’s negligence claim and other claims rest. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 . 19 Finally, Defendant County of San Diego argues that Plaintiff’s negligence claim fails 20 because the Officer Defendants are afforded immunity under California Government Code 21 § 820.2 for discretionary decisions. (Doc. No. 3-1 at 5.) Section 820.2 provides that “a [23] deadly force.” Hayes, 57 Cal. 4th at 629 . Nevertheless, courts in California have not limited Hayes’s 24 holding to only excessive force cases involving the use of deadly force. See, e.g., Mann, 2020 WL 5759749 , at *9; Taylor v. Cty. of Calaveras, No. 1:18-CV-00760-BAM, 2020 WL 7406527 , at *19 (E.D. 25 Cal. Dec. 17, 2020); Hofer v. Emley, No. 19-CV-02205-JSC, 2019 WL 4575389 , at *18 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 20, 2019); Legaspi v. City of La Verne, No. B295822, 2020 WL 5057345 , at *3 (Cal. Ct. App. Aug. 27, 26 2020); Hesterberg v. United States, 71 F. Supp. 3d 1018, 1042 (N.D. Cal. 2014). And Defendant has failed to provide the Court with any authority to the contrary. [27] 28 2 Defendant County of San Diego does not challenge the sufficiency of Plaintiff’s excessive force 1 public employee is not liable for an injury resulting from his act or omission where the act 2 or omission was the result of the exercise of the discretion vested in him, whether or not 3 such discretion be abused.” Cal. Gov’t. Code § 820.2. But California Government Code 4 § 820.2 “does not shield from liability government employees who use excessive force in 5 carrying out their duties.” Rodriguez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 891 F.3d 776, 799 (9th Cir. 6 2018); see also Robinson v. Solano Cty., 278 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc) 7 (“Most of the state law claims arise from the allegation that the individual officers used 8 excessive force, and California denies immunity to police officers who use excessive force 9 in arresting a suspect.” (citing Mary M. v. City of Los Angeles, 54 Cal. 3d 202, 215 (1991); 10 Scruggs v. Haynes, 252 Cal. App. 2d 256, 264 (1967)). Here, Plaintiff alleges that the 11 Officer Defendants used excessive force. (See Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 22-25, 35-39.) As 12 such, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s negligence claim on the basis of California 13 Government Code § 820.2. In sum, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for 14 negligence. 15 B. Plaintiff’s Claim for False Arrest/False Imprisonment 16 In the complaint, Plaintiff alleges a claim for false arrest/false imprisonment against 17 Defendant County of San Diego. (Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 40-47.) Defendant argues that 18 this claim should be dismissed because based on the facts alleged in the complaint, there 19 was probable cause to arrest Plaintiff. (Doc. No. 3-1 at 4.) 20 Under California law, “the tort of false imprisonment is the nonconsensual, 21 intentional confinement of a person, without lawful privilege, for an appreciable length of 22 time. A person is falsely imprisoned if he is wrongfully deprived of his freedom to leave 23 a particular place by the conduct of another.” Hagberg v. California Fed. Bank, 32 Cal. 24 4th 350, 373 (2004) (cleaned up). “Restraint may be effectuated by means of physical 25 force, threat of force or of arrest, confinement by physical barriers, or by means of any 26 other form of unreasonable duress.” Fermino v. Fedco, Inc., 7 Cal. 4th 701, 715 , 872 P.2d 27 559, 567 (1994) (citations omitted). “Under California law, the torts of false arrest and 28 false imprisonment are not separate torts, as false arrest is ‘but one way of committing a 1 false imprisonment.’” Watts v. Cty. of Sacramento, 256 F.3d 886, 891 (9th Cir. 2001) 2 (quoting Asgari v. City of Los Angeles, 15 Cal. 4th 744 , 752 n.3 (1997)). 3 California law “protects a law enforcement officer from liability for false arrest or 4 false imprisonment where the officer, acting within the scope of his or her authority, either 5 (1) effects a lawful arrest or (2) has reasonable cause to believe the arrest is lawful.” 6 Cervantes v. United States, 330 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Cal. Penal Code 7 847(b)). “California courts speak of ‘reasonable cause’ and ‘probable cause’ 8 interchangeably.” Cornell v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 17 Cal. App. 5th 766 , 786 9 (2017). Under California law, “[p]robable cause is shown ‘when the facts known to the 10 arresting officer would persuade someone of “reasonable caution” that the person to be 11 arrested has committed a crime.’” People v. Zaragoza, 1 Cal. 5th 21, 57 (2016) (quoting 12 People v. Celis, 33 Cal. 4th 667, 673 (2004)). 13 The legal standard California courts use “to assess is an objective one in which the 14 subjective motivations of the arresting officers have no role.” Cornell, 17 Cal. App. 5th at 15 779. “Where the facts are not in conflict, the issue of probable cause is a question of law.” [16] Id. When, however, the facts that gave rise to the arrest are controverted, a jury must 17 resolve conflicts in the evidence. See Levin v. United Air Lines, Inc., 158 Cal. App. 4th 18 1002, 1018 (2008) (citing Pool v. City of Oakland, 42 Cal. 3d 1051, 1069 (1986) (“[W]here 19 the evidence is conflicting with respect to probable cause, it [is] the duty of the court to 20 instruct the jury as to what facts, if established, would constitute probable cause. The jury 21 then decides whether the evidence supports the necessary factual findings.” (citations 22 omitted))). 23 Defendant County of San Diego argues that Plaintiff’s false imprisonment claim 24 fails because the Officer Defendants had probable cause to arrest Plaintiff for violating 25 California Penal Code § 148. (Doc. No. 3-1 at 4.) California Penal Code § 148 prohibits 26 willfully resisting, delaying, or obstructing an officer in the discharge or attempt to 27 discharge any duty of his office or employment. Cal. Penal Code § 148 (a)(1). The 28 elements of the crime are: “(1) the defendant willfully resisted, delayed, or obstructed a 1 peace officer, (2) when the officer was engaged in the performance of his or her duties, and 2 (3) the defendant knew or reasonably should have known that the other person was a peace 3 officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties.” Yount v. City of Sacramento, 43 4 Cal. 4th 885 , 895 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although “Section 148 is 5 most often applied to the physical acts of a defendant,” it “‘is not limited to nonverbal 6 conduct involving flight or forcible interference with an officer’s activities.’” In re 7 Muhammed C., 95 Cal. App. 4th 1325, 1329 (2002). Nevertheless, Section 148 “must be 8 applied with great caution to speech.” People v. Quiroga, 16 Cal. App. 4th 961, 968 (1993); 9 see also Johnson v. Bay Area Rapid Transit Dist., 724 F.3d 1159, 1174 (9th Cir. 2013) 10 (“[S]ection 148 does not allow [police] ‘to use the awesome power which they possess to 11 punish individuals for conduct that is not only lawful, but which is protected by the First 12 Amendment.’” (quoting Muhammed C., 95 Cal. App. 4th at 1330–31)). 13 Defendant argues that based on the facts alleged in the complaint, the Officer 14 Defendants had reasonable grounds to believe that Plaintiff violated Section 148. (Doc. 15 No. 3-1 at 4; Doc. No. 5 at 4.) In response, Plaintiff argues that the Court should reject 16 Defendant’s probable case argument because the argument is not focused on the specific 17 facts that are alleged in his complaint. (Doc. No. 4 at 4-5.) The Court agrees with Plaintiff. 18 In the complaint, Plaintiff alleges the Officer Defendants detained his son. (Doc. 19 No. 1 Compl. ¶¶ 15-16.) Plaintiff further alleges that when he arrived to pick up his son, 20 he could hear officers questioning his son, and Plaintiff then told his son that he did not 21 need to answer any questions. (Id. ¶¶ 18-19.) Plaintiff alleges that upon telling this to his 22 son and informing him of his rights, the Officer Defendants told Plaintiff that he was under 23 arrest for interfering with officers and to place his hands behind his back. (Id. ¶ 20.) 24 Defendant fails to provide the Court with a case holding that this specific conduct 25 violates California Penal Code § 148. Cf. Levin, 158 Cal. App. 4th at 1018 (explaining 26 that in a civil action for false arrest, “the defendant has the burden of persuasion to prove 27 that the arrest was justified”). To the contrary, the Court has found at least one case where 28 a district court declined to find that there was probable cause as a matter of law to arrest 1 the plaintiff for violation of Section 148 where the plaintiff’s version of the facts was that 2 he interrupted an interview between an officer and his wife by telling her not to speak to 3 the officer, telling her to go into the house, and pushing her in the direction of the house. 4 See Morin v. Ramos, No. CV 05-4017 JVS (FFM), 2007 WL 1696113 , at *4–7 (C.D. Cal. 5 June 8, 2007) (“There can be no doubt that Plaintiff was absolutely entitled to urge his wife 6 not to speak with the police.”). 7 To support its argument, Defendant County of San Diego cites to the cases: In re 8 Muhammed C., 95 Cal. App. 4th 1325 (2002) and People v. Cooks, 58 Cal. Rptr. 550 (App. 9 Dep’t Super Ct. 1967). (Doc. No. 5 at 3-4.) But both of these cases are distinguishable 10 from the facts alleged in the present complaint. Muhammed involved a minor who refused 11 police officers’ repeated requests that he step away from a patrol car despite acknowledging 12 their orders. See 95 Cal. App. 4th at 1330 . Cooks involved a bartender who repeatedly 13 advised a patron not to show his identification to a police officer who asked for it during 14 an investigation despite the officer explaining to the bartender the purpose of his presence 15 in the bar and the officer ordering the bartender not to interfere. See 58 Cal. Rptr. at 551. 16 In contrast, here, there are no allegations that Plaintiff disobeyed any of the officer’s orders. 17 The only facts alleged are that Plaintiff advised his son that he did not have to answer the 18 officer’s questions, and then the officers arrested Plaintiff. (Doc. No. 1 Compl. ¶¶ 18-20.) 19 As such, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for false imprisonment. 20 C. Plaintiff’s Ralph Act Claim 21 In the complaint, Plaintiff alleges a claim for violation of the Ralph Act, California 22 Civil Code § 51.7. (Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 54-61.) The Ralph Act, California Civil Code 23 § 51.7, provides that “[a]ll persons within [California] have the right to be free from any 24 violence, or intimidation by threat of violence, committed against their persons or property 25 because of [race].” Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51.7 (a), 51(b). In order to establish a Ralph Act 26 claim, “a plaintiff must show ‘(1) the defendant threatened or committed violent acts 27 against the plaintiff; (2) the defendant was motivated by his perception of plaintiff’s race; 28 (3) the plaintiff was harmed; and (4) the defendant’s conduct was a substantial factor in 1 causing the plaintiff’s harm.’” Warren v. Marcus, 78 F. Supp. 3d 1228, 1248 (N.D. Cal. 2 2015); accord Austin B. v. Escondido Union Sch. Dist., 149 Cal. App. 4th 860 , 880–81 3 (2007) (citing Judicial Council of California Civil Jury Instructions (“CACI”) No. 3023). 4 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Ralph Act claim should be dismissed because 5 Plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts to satisfy the second element of a Ralph Act 6 claim – that a substantial motivating reason for defendant’s conduct was the perception of 7 Plaintiff’s race. (Doc. No. 3-1 at 5-6.) Defendant argues that Plaintiff has merely alleged 8 that he is African-American, and the Officers Defendants are not African American. (Id. 9 at 6.) Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to allege any specific facts from which it 10 could plausibly be inferred that the Officer Defendants’ actions were based on Plaintiff’s 11 race. (Id.) 12 In the complaint, Plaintiff provides specific facts explaining that he is African13 American and he was treated differently by the Officer Defendants than his wife, who is 14 not African-American. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that the Officer Defendants refused 15 to allow Plaintiff to take his son home because he did not have any photo identification, 16 but later allowed Plaintiff’s wife to take his son home without checking her photo 17 identification. (Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 18, 26-27.) These allegations are sufficient to 18 satisfy the second element of Plaintiff’s Ralph Act claim at the pleading stage. As such, 19 the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s Ralph Act claim. 20 D. Plaintiff’s Bane Act Claim 21 In the complaint, Plaintiff alleges a claim for violation of the Bane Act, California 22 Civil Code § 52.1. (Doc. No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 62-73.) Defendant argues that this claim should 23 be dismissed because Plaintiff has failed to make any factual allegations concerning threats, 24 intimidation, or coercion. (Doc. No. 3-1 at 6.) 25 The Bane Act, California Civil Code § 52.1, provides a private cause of action 26 against anyone who “interferes by threats, intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere 27 by threats, intimidation, or coercion, with the exercise or enjoyment by an individual or 28 individuals of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or laws and 1 rights secured by the Constitution or laws of California.” Cal. Civil Code § 52.1 (a). 2 Section 52.1 requires “an attempted or completed act of interference with a legal right, 3 accompanied by a form of coercion.” Jones v. Kmart Corp., 17 Cal. 4th 329, 334 (1998); 4 accord Austin B., 149 Cal. App. 4th at 882 . “The essence of a Bane Act claim is that the 5 defendant, by the specified improper means (i.e., ‘threats, intimidation or coercion’), tried 6 to or did prevent the plaintiff from doing something he or she had the right to do under the 7 law or to force the plaintiff to do something that he or she was not required to do under the 8 law.” Austin B., 149 Cal. App. 4th at 883 (quoting Jones, Cal. 4th at 334). 9 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Bane Act claim should be dismissed because the 10 complaint does not contain any factual allegations of independent threats, intimidation, or 11 coercion by any particular defendant. (Doc. No. 3-1 at 6.) But the Ninth Circuit has 12 engaged in an analysis of California case law on this issue and explained that “in excessive 13 force cases . . . , § 52.1 does not require proof of coercion beyond that inherent in the 14 underlying violation.” Rodriguez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 891 F.3d 776, 802 (9th Cir. 15 2018). Here, Plaintiff alleges that the Officer Defendants used excessive force. (See Doc. 16 No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 22-25, 35-39.) As such, Plaintiff need not allege any facts of independent 17 threats, intimidation, or coercion beyond his excessive force claim. See McAdams v. City 18 of Newport Beach, No. SACV1900615AGKESX, 2019 WL 6736919 , at *2 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 19 2, 2019) (“where the underlying constitutional violation is excessive force . . . , the plaintiff 20 need not allege a separate and distinct act of threat, intimidation, or coercion to succeed on 21 a Bane Act claim”). As a result, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s Bane Act claim. 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// [28] 1 Conclusion 2 For the reasons above, the Court denies Defendant County of San Diego’s motion to 3 ||dismiss. Defendant County of San Diego must file an answer to Plaintiff's complaint 4 || within 30 days from the date this order is filed. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 || DATED: March 22, 2021 | | | ul | | | MARILYN. HUFF, Distri ge 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT [10] 1]