Custopharm, Inc. v. Exela Pharma Sciences, LLC

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] CUSTOPHARM, INC., a Texas Case No.: 3:20-cv-01587-AJB-DEB [11] Corporation, 12 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S Plaintiff, MOTION TO DISMISS WITH [13] LEAVE TO AMEND 14 v. (Doc. No. 3) [15] EXELA PHARMA SCIENCES, LLC, 16 a Delaware Limited Liability Company, [17] Defendant. [18] Pending before the Court is Defendant Exela Pharma Sciences, LLC’s [19] (“Defendant”) motion to dismiss Plaintiff CustoPharm, Inc.’s (“Plaintiff”) Complaint. [20] (Doc. No. 3.) Plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion, (Doc. No. 6), and Defendant [21] replied, (Doc. No. 8). For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s [22] motion and DISMISSES WITH LEAVE TO AMEND Plaintiff’s Complaint. [23] I. BACKGROUND [24] This action stems from an alleged breach of contract. On or about May 19, 2009, [25] Plaintiff entered into a written referral fee agreement (“Referral Agreement”) with [26] Defendant. (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 6.) Under the Referral Agreement, Plaintiff agreed to refer [27] business to Defendant “for the production of pre-launch clinical trial materials and [28] 1 production of development and commercial drug products[.]” (Id.) In consideration for 2 referring new business, Defendant promised to (1) “keep any such information disclosed 3 by [Plaintiff] confidential and not disclose such information to any third party, or use such 4 information for their own benefit to start a new project” and (2) “pay [Plaintiff a] five 5 percent (5%) commission on all payments received from any referral that resulted in a drug 6 product being manufactured by [Defendant].” (Id. ¶ 8.) The commission included “any 7 payments received from the referral, including payments received from R & D work, 8 pre-launch development activities, commercial drug produce [sic] manufacturing and 9 royalties from referred business.” (Id. ¶ 9.) Commission payments were due within thirty 10 days of Defendant receiving payments from the referred business, with a one and a half 11 percent (1.5%) late fee. (Id.) 12 At the time of the Referral Agreement, “there were six (6) companies that [Plaintiff] 13 identified and [Defendant] acknowledged had been referred pursuant to the terms of the 14 Referral Agreement.” (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 10.) Since the parties executed the Referral Agreement, 15 the number of referred companies “grew to at least eleven (11) companies.” (Id.) 16 “The Referral Agreement allowed either party to terminate the Referral Agreement 17 ‘with six months written notice with all existing business surviving termination[.]’” (Id. ¶ 18 11 (quoting the Referral Agreement).) On or about April 19, 2012, Defendant provided 19 written notice to terminate the Referral Agreement and sought to agree to new terms and 20 obligations, including revising the survivability provision. (Id. ¶ 12.) However, Plaintiff 21 only accepted the notice of termination and never agreed to the new terms; Defendant’s 22 termination notice became effective on October 19, 2012. (Id. ¶ 13.) 23 The Complaint asserts claims for (1) breach of contract, (2) accounting, and (3) 24 declaratory relief. Plaintiff alleges it made “several referrals to [Defendant] that resulted in 25 the drug being manufactured by [Defendant],” (id. ¶ 17), and that Defendant owes Plaintiff 26 commissions pursuant to the Referral Agreement for “the eleven (11) companies, as well 27 as any companies referred to [Defendant] between April 19, 2012 and October 19, 2012,” 28 (id. ¶ 27). Plaintiff maintains that considering it has no way of knowing when the referred 1 companies paid Defendant, it had no way of discovering the harm it suffered “until 2 recently.” (Id. ¶ 14.) 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. 5 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 6 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief 7 that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation omitted). 8 Facial plausibility is satisfied “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the 9 court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct 10 alleged.” Id. The plausibility standard is not a probability requirement, but rather, “asks for 11 more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. 12 To determine the sufficiency of the complaint, the court must assume the truth of all 13 factual allegations therein and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. 14 Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336 , 337–38 (9th Cir. 1996). This tenet, however, 15 does not apply to legal conclusions. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 . “Threadbare recitals of the 16 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” 17 Id.; Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). “[W]here the well-pleaded 18 facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct,” the 19 complaint is subject to dismissal. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 . 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is barred by the statute of 22 limitations, and that Plaintiff has not pled facts sufficient to state a breach of contract claim. 23 (Doc. No. 3 at 9–11.)1 Defendant also contends that Plaintiff’s accounting and declaratory 24 relief claims fail because both are dependent on a breach of contract claim that is 25 time-barred and inadequately pled. (Id. at 12.) The Court discusses the viability of 26 Plaintiff’s claims in turn. [28] 1 A. Breach of Contract 2 To begin, Defendant contends that the statute of limitations bars Plaintiff’s breach 3 of contract claim. Neither party disputes that California law applies to this issue. (Doc. 4 Nos. 3 at 9; 6 at 8.) California’s statute of limitations for a written contract is four years. 5 Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 337. Generally, a cause of action for breach of contract “accrues at 6 the time of the breach,” and the statute begins to run “regardless of whether any damage is 7 apparent or whether the injured party is aware of their right to sue.” Perez-Encinas v. 8 AmerUs Life Ins. Co., 468 F. Supp. 2d 1127, 1134 (N.D. Cal. 2006) (citing Niles v. Louis 9 H. Rapoport & Sons, 53 Cal. App. 2d 644, 651 (1942). A court may dismiss a suit under 10 Rule 12(b)(6) based on the statute of limitations “only when ‘the running of the statute is 11 apparent on the face of the complaint.’” Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art, 592 12 F.3d 954, 969 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Dismissal on this basis “can be granted 13 only if the assertions of the complaint, read with the required liberality, would not permit 14 the plaintiff to prove that the statute was tolled.” Jablon v. Dean Witter & Co., 614 F.2d 15 677, 682 (9th Cir. 1980). 16 Here, Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim rests on the allegation that Defendant failed 17 to pay money owed to Plaintiff under their Referral Agreement. (Doc. No. 1 at 4.) It is 18 unclear from the Complaint, however, when the alleged breach occurred. Plaintiff does 19 allege that Defendant owes Plaintiff commission payments for referrals, including “the 20 eleven (11) known companies, as well as any companies referred to [Defendant] between 21 April 19, 2012 and October 19, 2012.” (Id. ¶ 27.) Thus, it appears that, at the very latest, 22 Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim accrued on October 19, 2012. However, Plaintiff did 23 not commence an action for the purported breach of the Referral Agreement until August 24 17, 2020—more than three years after the limitations period expired on October 19, 2016. 25 The Court therefore finds that “the running of the statute is apparent on the face of the 26 complaint.” Von Saher, 592 F.3d at 969. Consequently, Plaintiff must have pled facts to 27 show that the statute was tolled. Plaintiff has not done so. [28] 1 i. Discovery Rule 2 The only paragraph in the Complaint that appears to address tolling of the statute of 3 limitations is Plaintiff’s allegation that “[g]iven CustoPharm has no way of knowing when 4 the business referrals paid monies to Exela, until recently it did not discover and did not 5 know the facts that would have caused a reasonable person to discover that it had suffered 6 harm by Exela not paying it pursuant to the Referral Agreement.” (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 14.) The 7 Court construes this allegation as invoking the discovery rule. 8 California courts have applied the discovery rule to breach of contract claims where 9 [t]he injury or the act causing the injury, or both, have been difficult for the plaintiff to 10 detect”; “the defendant has been in a far superior position to comprehend the act and the 11 injury”; and “the defendant had reason to believe the plaintiff remained ignorant he had 12 been wronged.” Gryczman v. 4550 Pico Partners, Ltd., 107 Cal. App. 4th 1, 5 (2003) 13 (quoting April Enters., Inc. v. KTTV, 147 Cal. App. 3d 805, 832 (1983) (applying the 14 discovery rule to a breach of contract action where the breach was committed in secret and 15 plaintiff would not reasonably discover the harm from the breach until a future time). “The 16 discovery rule only delays accrual until the plaintiff has, or should have, inquiry notice of 17 the cause of action.” Fox v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., 35 Cal. 4th 797, 807 (2005). 18 “[P]laintiffs are required to conduct a reasonable investigation after becoming aware of an 19 injury, and are charged with knowledge of the information that would have been revealed 20 by such an investigation.” Id. at 808 . To delay accrual of a cause of action based on the 21 discovery rule, a plaintiff “must specifically plead facts to show (1) the time and manner 22 of discovery and (2) the inability to have made earlier discovery despite reasonable 23 diligence.” Id. at 808 (emphasis in original). 24 Here, Plaintiff has not alleged facts showing the time and manner of its discovery of 25 Defendant’s alleged breach or its inability to make the discovery earlier despite reasonable 26 diligence. See id. Plaintiff’s vague allegations that it had “no way of knowing when the 27 business referrals paid monies to Exela” and that it did not discover these facts “until 28 recently” do not suffice. (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 14.) Although Plaintiff generally alleges that 1 Defendant “acknowledged that referrals were made and money was owed,” (id. ¶ 18), 2 Plaintiff fails to identify the specific time or manner of that discovery. There are also no 3 allegations pertaining to Plaintiff’s efforts and exercise of reasonable diligence in 4 discovering the alleged breach. Plaintiff must plead more to avail itself of the discovery 5 rule. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s Complaint does not show that the 6 discovery rule tolls the statute of limitations in this case. 7 ii. Continuous Accrual 8 In the opposition, Plaintiff contends that the continuous accrual doctrine applies 9 because “Defendant has a continuing obligation to pay commission on the referrals based 10 on the survival provision in the Referral Agreement.” (Doc. No. 6 at 5, 9.) “[U]nder the 11 theory of continuous accrual, a series of wrongs or injuries may be viewed as each 12 triggering its own limitations period, such that a suit for relief may be partially time-barred 13 as to older events but timely as to those within the applicable limitations period.” Aryeh v. 14 Canon Bus. Sols., Inc., 55 Cal. 4th 1185, 1192 (2013). Generally, “continuous accrual 15 applies whenever there is a continuing or recurring obligation.” Id. at 1199 (citation 16 omitted). Each new breach of an obligation that provides all elements of a claim is treated 17 as an independently actionable harm with its own time limit for recovery. Id. However, the 18 theory “supports recovery only for damages arising from those breaches falling within the 19 limitations period.” Id. The doctrine effectively limits the amount of retroactive relief a 20 plaintiff can recover to the benefits or obligations which came due within each respective 21 limitations period. Id. 22 Plaintiff argues that “to this date, Defendant has a continuing obligation to pay 23 commissions on the referrals based on the survival provision in the Referral Agreement,” 24 and that pursuant to the continuous accrual doctrine, this continuing obligation triggered a 25 new limitations period each time Defendant failed to pay a commission owed. (Doc. No. 6 26 at 9.) These specific allegations, however, are not in the Complaint. And while the 27 Complaint contains an allegation that Plaintiff “made several referrals that resulted in the 28 drug being manufactured by” Defendant, Plaintiff does not specify the time period in which 1 Defendant received payment from these unidentified referrals . The Court cannot assume 2 that Defendant’s obligation to pay commission was triggered and violated within the four 3 years prior to the filing of the Complaint because the Complaint contains no allegations 4 concerning when the facts constituting the alleged breach occurred. See Assoc. Gen. 5 Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983) (“It 6 is not, however, proper to assume that the [plaintiff] can prove facts that [it] 7 has not alleged.”). Simply put, Plaintiff must have pled some wrongdoing by Defendant in 8 the four years prior its filing of the Complaint. Plaintiff has not done so. Instead, Plaintiff 9 vaguely alleges that it made several unidentified referrals to Defendant that resulted in a 10 drug being manufactured by Defendant at some point in time. Without more, the Court 11 declines to find that Plaintiff has adequately pled that the continuous accrual theory applies 12 in this case. 13 iii. Equitable Estoppel 14 Plaintiff further argues that Defendant should be equitably estopped from asserting 15 the statute of limitations based on certain representations it made to Plaintiff in prior 16 communications. (Doc. No. 6 at 5, 10.) Facts supporting this theory, however, do not 17 appear within the four corners of the Complaint and are therefore inappropriate for the 18 Court’s consideration. See Assoc. Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc., 459 U.S. at 526 . 19 Accordingly, the Court finds that the allegations in the Complaint do not support the 20 application of equitable estoppel at this point. 21 * * * 22 For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that, on the face of the Complaint, 23 Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is barred by the statute of limitations, and Plaintiff has 24 not sufficiently pled that the statute was tolled. See Von Saher, 592 F.3d at 969; Jablon, [26] 2 To the extent that Plaintiff claims that it cannot publicly disclose the names of businesses it referred to [27] Defendant, Plaintiff may submit for the Court’s consideration, a motion to file the names under seal, in 28 accordance with the Court’s civil case procedures. See Battaglia Civ. Case Proc. § IV. [1] 614 F.2d at 682 . Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss 2 Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim on this basis.3 3 B. Accounting and Declaratory Relief 4 Plaintiff acknowledges that the four-year statute of limitations previously discussed 5 also applies to its claims for accounting and declaratory relief as these claims are “tied” to 6 its claim for breach of contract. (Doc. No. 6 at 9–10.) Thus, because the running of the 7 statute is apparent on the face of the Complaint, and Plaintiff failed to allege facts to show 8 that the statute was tolled, Plaintiff’s claims for accounting and declaratory relief must 9 similarly be dismissed. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss 10 these claims on this basis. 11 C. Leave to Amend 12 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 provides that “leave to amend shall be freely 13 given when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). A district court should grant leave 14 to amend “unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the 15 allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation 16 omitted). Here, Plaintiff represents that it can allege facts to overcome the statute of 17 limitations issues, as well as facts supporting a claim for account stated. (Doc. No. 6 at 10.) 18 Based on Plaintiff’s representations and the notion that leave to amend should be freely 19 given, the Court affords Plaintiff leave to amend its Complaint. Accordingly, the Court 20 DISMISSES Plaintiff’s Complaint WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 21 // 22 // 23 // 24 // 25 // 26 // [27] 28 3 As the Court is dismissing Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim on this basis, it need not consider 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 In sum, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint. 3 Court, however, affords Plaintiff LEAVE TO AMEND. Plaintiff’s First Amended 4 ||Complaint must be filed, with a redlined version attached, no later than September 22, 5 2021. Failure to do so may result in dismissal of the case with prejudice. Any responsive 6 || pleading must be filed no later than October 1, 2021. 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 || Dated: September 13, 2021 10 United States District Judge 1]