Sekerke v. Olsen

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 KEITH WAYNE SEKERKE, Case No.: 3:20-cv-01045-JO-RBB 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 13 vs. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AMENDED 14 DANE OLSEN, Deputy Sheriff; ADAM COMPLAINT PURSUANT TO ARKWRIGHT, Sheriff Lieutenant; MIKE 15 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) LAWSON, Sheriff Sergeant; AGUIRRE, 16 Deputy Sheriff, CHRIS CROSS, Deputy [ECF No. 14] Sheriff, [18] Defendants. [20] 21 Plaintiff Keith Wayne Sekerke, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis (“IFP”) 22 while incarcerated at the San Diego County Jail (“SDCJ”) in June 2020, filed this civil 23 rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.1 [25] 1 On July 23, 2021, Sekerke filed a Notice of Change of Address to Wasco State Prison. See ECF No. 19. 26 According to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) Inmate Locator, Sekerke was admitted to CDCR custody on July 16, 2021, and is now incarcerated at Valley State Prison 27 (“VSP”) in Chowchilla. See https://inmatelocator.cdcr.ca.gov/Details.aspx?ID=BP1899 (last visited May 11, 2022). Sekerke has failed to file a subsequent notice of change of address, but the Court takes judicial [28] 1 In his Amended Complaint (“Amend. Compl.”), Sekerke alleges San Diego County 2 Sheriff’s Department Lt. Arkwright, and Deputy Sheriffs Aguirre and Cross 3 (“Defendants”) violated his right be free from “cruel and unusual punishment” between 4 July 7, 2019 and July 2020, by subjecting him to “deplorable conditions” of confinement 5 in the SDCJ’s Administrative Segregation Unit (“Ad-Seg”). See ECF No. 8 at 2‒7. Sekerke 6 seeks injunctive relief as well and general and punitive damages. Id. at 9 .2 7 I. OVERVIEW 8 Defendants move to dismiss arguing Sekerke’s Amended Complaint fails to comply 9 with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) and fails to state a claim upon which relief can 10 be granted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Defs.’ Mem. of P&As 11 in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ P&As”), ECF No. 14 at 12‒24. Defendants further 12 seek dismissal on grounds that Sekerke is an “unsuccessful serial litigant” and is 13 proceeding IFP “in violation of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g),” id. at 28‒30; argue that to the extent 14 Sekerke “purport[s] to challenge his placement in Administrative Segregation,” his claims 15 amount to impermissible “claim splitting,” id. at 24‒28; and request that the Court strike 16 Sekerke’s prayer for $100,000 in punitive damages as “immaterial, scandalous, and 17 impertinent” pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Id. at 30‒31. Sekerke has filed a 2-page [20] in CM/ECF to ensure he receives all subsequent filings and Orders. See United States v. Basher, 629 F.3d 21 1161, 1165 (9th Cir. 2011) (taking judicial notice of Bureau of Prisons’ inmate locator available to the public); see also Pacheco v. Diaz, 2019 WL 5073594 at *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 4, 2019) (taking judicial notice 22 of CDCR’s Inmate Locator system); McCoy v. Le, No. 3:21-CV-1755-BAS-LL, 2021 WL 5449004 , at *1 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 22, 2021) (same). Sekerke is reminded, however, that it his responsibility to keep the 23 Court and all Defendants apprised as to address should he be transferred again or released from CDCR custody. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 83.11(b) (“A party proceeding pro se must keep the court and opposing [24] parties advised as to current address.”). [25] 2 Because Sekerke has been transferred from County custody and committed to the California Department 26 of Corrections and Rehabilitation since he filed suit, see ECF No. 19, his claims for injunctive relief with respect to the conditions under which he was housed at the SDCJ are moot. See Johnson v. Moore, 948 27 F.2d 517, 519 (9th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (holding that claims for injunctive relief “relating to [a prison’s] policies are moot” when a prisoner has been moved and “has demonstrated no reasonable expectation of [28] 1 Response “oppos[ing] the defendants[’] motion in its entirety,” see ECF No. 17 (“Opp’n”), 2 to which Defendants later filed a Reply. See ECF No. 18. For the reasons discussed, the 3 Court grants in part and denies in part Defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 14). 4 II. BACKGROUND 5 Because Defendants’ motion depends in part on Sekerke’s “serial” litigation history 6 and a related civil action still pending before this Court, Sekerke v. Leon, et al., 3:19-cv7 00034-JO-RBB (“Sekerke I”), the Court first summarizes, for purposes of clarity, the 8 procedural postures and claims at issue in both his current cases. 9 A. Sekerke v. Leon, et al., 3:19-cv-00034-JO-RBB (“Sekerke I”) 10 In his original Complaint in Sekerke I, filed on January 7, 2019, Sekerke claimed a 11 SDCJ doctor (Leon) and two nurse practitioners (Avelino and Gatan) refused him access 12 to prescription medications on three separate occasions in May, August, and October 2018. 13 See Sekerke I, Compl., ECF No. 1 at 2‒3. After his Complaint was dismissed for failing to 14 state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2) and § 1915A, Sekerke filed an Amended 15 Complaint, omitting his previous claims against Avelino and Gatan, renaming Dr. Leon, 16 and adding San Diego County Sheriff William Gore, and SDCJ Chief Medical Officer 17 Mark O’Brien as Defendants. See id, Amend. Compl., ECF No. 7 at 1‒2. In this pleading, 18 Sekerke expanded his previous medical care claims and alleged Leon, Gore, and O’Brien 19 refused to prescribe him necessary medication pursuant to a “blanket” County policy 20 prohibiting narcotics, and failed to treat a MRSA infection. Id. at 3‒17. Upon initial review, 21 the Court found Sekerke’s Amended Complaint sufficient to survive the screening 22 threshold required by 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915 (e)(2) and 1915A(b), and directed the U.S. Marshal 23 to effect service upon Leon, Gore, and O’Brien. See id., ECF No. 8 at 3‒5 (citing Wilhelm 24 v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1123 (9th Cir. 2012)). After Sekerke served his Amended 25 Complaint on Defendants Leon, O’Brien, and Gore, he was granted leave to file a Second 26 Amended Complaint realleging his “individualized inadequate medical treatment [claims] 27 against [] Dr. Leon and Deputy O’Brien between October and November 2018; [his] 28 individualized claim against [Dr. Jon] Montgomery for his enforcement of the ‘no narcotic’ 1 policy; [his] personal injury claim against Dr. Leon; [his] related claim against San Diego 2 County[,]” and an additional claim for retaliation against San Diego Sheriff Deputy D. 3 Olsen, related to his placement in Administrative Segregation (“Ad-Seg”) on or about July 4 7, 2019. See id., ECF No. 53 at 9‒11; 13‒14. 5 On February 10, 2020, Sekerke filed his Second Amended Complaint against Leon, 6 Montgomery, O’Brien, Olsen, and the County of San Diego. See id., ECF No. 54. In it, 7 Sekerke alleged that in addition to his inadequate medical care claims, Deputy Olsen “came 8 to [his] cell” on July 7, 2019, “one week following the service of [his] original complaint” 9 against Defendants Leon, Gore, and O’Brien, handcuffed him, and “took him to the hole 10 (administrative segregation) without any rule violation.” See id. at 10. Sekerke alleged 11 Olsen “filed some fabricated accusations to hold [him] in administrative segregation” in 12 order to retaliate against him for having filed suit. Id. After considerable delay and 13 difficulty in effecting proper service upon the newly added Defendants, the Court 14 eventually granted Defendants’ motions to dismiss portions of Sekerke’s Second Amended 15 Complaint. See Sekerke I, ECF Nos. 53, 68, 126. Specifically, as related to this case, on 16 March 25, 2021, the Court dismissed Sekerke’s First Amendment retaliation claims against 17 Deputy Olsen as alleged in Count 6 because they failed to state a plausible claim for relief. 18 See id., ECF No. 126 at 14‒16. The currently pending claims in Sekerke I, comprised only 19 of inadequate medical care and state law claims against the County of San Diego and Dr. 20 Leon, remain before the Court, but subject to a pending motion for summary judgment 21 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 which will be addressed in a separate Order. See id., ECF 22 No. 146. 23 B. Sekerke v. Olsen, et al., 3:20-cv-01045-JO-RBB (“Sekerke II”) 24 On June 5, 2020, and while Sekerke I remained in its pleading stages, Sekerke filed 25 this case—a new and separate civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . See Compl., 26 ECF No. 1. Sekerke named Lt. Arkwright, as well as San Diego County Sheriff’s [28] 1 Department Deputies Dane Olsen and Mike Lawson as parties. See id. at 1‒2. Sekerke 2 expressly made clear, however, that he was “not seeking relief for a retaliation claim v. 3 Dane Olsen,” and was instead seeking to challenge his “placement in Ad-Seg” on July 7, 4 2019, and the “conditions [he] suffered through” while housed there from July 7, 2019, 5 through February 12, 2020, on grounds that they violated his right to be free from “cruel 6 and unusual punishment.” See id. at 1, 9 . Sekerke maintained that he sought to pursue the 7 “the same [Eighth Amendment] claims” against both Defendants Olsen and Lt. Adam 8 Arkwright. Id. at 9 . 9 On September 20, 2020, the Court granted Sekerke’s request to proceed IFP, but 10 dismissed his Complaint against Arkwright, Olsen, and Lawson sua sponte for failing to 11 state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2) and § 1915A(b), and granted him leave to 12 amend. See ECF No. 4 at 11‒12. Sekerke’s Amended Complaint, filed on October 21, 13 2020, and now the operative pleading, renames Lt. Arkwright and adds Sheriff’s Deputies 14 Aguirre and Cross as parties; but it does not rename or reallege any claims for relief against 15 Olsen or Lawson. See Amend. Compl. at 1‒3.4 16 / / / [18] 19 3 Because Sekerke’s original Complaint included claims related to the same initial incident—his placement in Administrative Segregation on July 7, 2019—and he named Deputy Olsen, who was at the [20] time still a named Defendant in Sekerke I, the two cases were identified as sufficiently related to justify a 21 “Low Number Rule” transfer. See ECF No. 3; S.D. CivLR 40.1.i (“In order to avoid unnecessary duplication of judicial effort, all pending civil actions and proceedings, which are determined to be related 22 to any other pending civil action or proceeding pursuant to the criteria set forth in Civil Local Rule 40.1.e will be assigned to the district and magistrate judge to whom the lowest numbered case was assigned….”). 23 Local Rule 40.1.e does not require that cases or claims be identical. But in Sekerke’s cases, transfer was found appropriate because Sekerke I and his original Complaint in Sekerke II “(1) ar[o]se form the same [24] or substantially identical transactions, happenings, or events; (2) involve[d] the same or substantially the 25 same parties or property,” and potentially “(4) call[ed] for determination of the same or substantially identical questions of law.” See ECF No. 3. [26] 4 Claims dismissed with leave to amend not realleged in an amended pleading are considered waived if 27 not repled. See Lacey v. Maricopa, 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012); Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the [28] 1 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 2 A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the sufficiency of the complaint. See 3 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Rule 12 (b)(6) is read in conjunction with Rule 4 8(a), which requires only “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader 5 is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). While Rule 8 does not require detailed factual 6 allegations, at a minimum, a complaint must allege enough facts to provide “fair notice” of 7 both the particular claims being asserted and “the grounds upon which [those claims] rest[ 8 ].” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 , 555 & n.3 (2007) (citations omitted). 9 In deciding a motion to dismiss, all material factual allegations of the complaint are 10 accepted as true, as well as all reasonable inferences to be drawn from them. Cahill v. 11 Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 338 (9th Cir. 1996). A court, however, need not accept 12 all conclusory allegations as true. Rather it must “examine whether conclusory allegations 13 follow from the description of facts as alleged by the plaintiff.” Holden v. Hagopian, 978 14 F.2d 115, 1121 (9th Cir. 1992). A motion to dismiss should be granted if a plaintiff’s 15 complaint fails to contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 16 face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 . “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads 17 factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 18 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 19 556). 20 Pro se complaints are “held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted 21 by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). A pro 22 se plaintiff’s complaint must be construed liberally to determine whether a claim has been 23 stated. See Zichko v. Idaho, 247 F.3d 1015, 1020 (9th Cir. 2001). However, a pro se 24 litigant’s pleading still must meet some minimum threshold in providing the defendants 25 with notice of what it is that they allegedly did wrong. See Brazil v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy, 66 26 F.3d 193, 199 (9th Cir. 1995). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 IV. DISCUSSION 2 Defendants advance several arguments in seeking to dismiss and strike portions of 3 Sekerke’s Amended Complaint. They argue: (A) he has not met Rule 8’s pleading 4 standards; see Defs’ P&As at 13; (B) he has not validly alleged official capacity claims 5 against any Defendant; id. at 15; (C) he has not sufficiently alleged Sgt. Arkwright was 6 personally involved; id. at 20‒21; (D) he has not sufficiently alleged Arkwright violated 7 his constitutional rights with respect to the conditions of his confinement; id. at 21‒23; (E) 8 his disciplinary diet claims against Deputies Cross and Aguirre fail to state a plausible 9 Eighth Amendment claim for relief; id. at 17‒19; (F) his failure to protect claim against 10 Arkwright also fails to state a viable Eighth Amendment violation; id. at 23‒24; (G) his 11 claims in Serkerke I and this case are duplicative; id. at 24‒28; (H) he is proceeding in IFP 12 in violation of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g); id. at 28‒30; and (I) his prayer for punitive damages 13 is immaterial, impertinent, and scandalous. Id. at 30‒31. The Court will address each of 14 these arguments in turn. 15 A. Sekerke Has Satisfied Rule 8’s Pleading Requirements 16 Defendants first seek to dismiss Sekerke’s Amended Complaint pursuant to Rule 8 17 because “it is not clear what legal theories [Sekerke] intends to pursue,” and they are left 18 to “guess” as to whether “this is a due process, failure to protect, conditions of confinement, 19 or some other type of case.” See Defs.’ P&As at 13. 20 “To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) 21 that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) 22 that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of State law.” 23 Benavidez v. Cty. of San Diego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1144 (9th Cir. 2021) (citing West v. Atkins, [24] 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988)). “Notice pleading requires the plaintiff to set forth in his complaint 25 claims for relief, not causes of action, statutes or legal theories.” Alvarez v. Hill, 518 F.3d 26 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). “A dismissal for a violation 27 under Rule 8(a)(2), is usually confined to instances in which the complaint is so ‘verbose, 28 confused and redundant that its true substance, if any, is well disguised.” Hearns v. San 1 Bernardino Police Dept., 530 F.3d 1124 , 1131‒32 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal citations 2 omitted)). 3 Here, while Sekerke’s pleading is not a model of clarity, it is also not necessarily 4 unintelligible or incoherent. See id. at 1132 . For example, Sekerke identifies statutory and 5 constitutional sources for his claims by specifically citing 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and invoking 6 his right to be free from “cruel and unusual punishment.” See Amend. Compl. at 2, 4, 6, 7. 7 He clearly identifies Lt. Arkwright and Deputies Aguirre and Cross as the persons who 8 violated these rights and further enumerates the various ways these Defendants did so: (1) 9 by exposing him to “deplorable conditions inside Ad-Seg” from July 2019 through July 10 2020; (2) by failing to prevent him from being gassed by a mentally ill inmate after he was 11 released to a “regular” housing unit; and (3) by serving him inedible food for three days in 12 February 2020. See id. at 2‒3, 4‒7. 13 Thus, because Sekerke’s Amended Complaint is sufficient to provide the minimal 14 “fair notice” required by Rule 8, the Court denies Defendants’ motion to dismiss on this 15 ground. The Court turns instead to consider whether Sekerke’s allegations are sufficient to 16 meet Rule 12(b)(6) standards. 17 B. Sekerke’s Official Capacity Claims Fail 18 To the extent that Sekerke is seeking to sue the Defendants in their official capacities, 19 Defendants argue his claims fail because he has not alleged that the County of San Diego 20 or its Sheriff’s Department, as opposed to the individually-named officers, violated his 21 rights. See Defs.’ P&As at 15; Amend. Compl. at 2‒3. 22 “[A] municipality cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor—or, 23 in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior 24 theory.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978); see 25 also Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60 (2011). In order to plead an official capacity 26 claim against Defendants, Sekerke must allege that the “municipality’s policy or custom 27 caused a violation of [his] constitutional rights.” Ass’n for L.A. Deputy Sheriffs v. Cnty. of 28 Los Angeles, 648 F.3d 986 , 992–93 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 690‒91). In 1 other words, his pleading must contain “factual content” sufficient to plausibly show “(1) 2 [he] was deprived of a constitutional right; (2) the municipality had a policy; (3) the policy 3 amounted to deliberate indifference to [his] constitutional right; and (4) the policy was the 4 moving force behind the constitutional violation.” Lockett v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 977 F.3d 5 737, 741 (9th Cir. 2020); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 . 6 The Court will therefore examine whether Sekerke has alleged that the actions he 7 complains of were implemented pursuant to a policy or custom of the San Diego Sherriff’s 8 Department. In his Amended Complaint, Sekerke alleges Defendants violated his 9 constitutional right to be free from “cruel and unusual punishment” with respect to various 10 conditions of his confinement while he was housed in Ad-Seg and after. See Amend. 11 Compl. at 4, 6, 7. He also contends Lt. Arkwright is “in charge of classification and the jail 12 population management unit (JPMU) as well as Ad-Seg,” and broadly claims the 13 conditions under which he was housed there together with “severely mentally ill inmates” 14 violate “the rights of both groups.” Id. at 4, 7. However, nothing in Sekerke’s operative 15 pleading plausibly suggests Arkwright, Aguirre, or Cross acted pursuant to any identified 16 municipal policy, custom, or practice. Monell, 436 U.S. at 690‒91; Lockett, 977 F.3d at 17 740. Because he has not pled any such official policy or custom on the part of the County 18 of San Diego Sheriff’s Department, Sekerke’s official capacity claims against the 19 Defendants fail. The Court, therefore, grants Defendants’ motion to dismiss Sekerke’s 20 official capacity claims pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). 21 C. Sekerke Sufficiently Alleges Arkwright’s Personal Liability 22 In Count 1 of his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges Sgt. Arkwright “is 23 responsible for his placement and retention of each inmate in Ad-Seg,” and that his refusal 24 to “make any changes” constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. See Amend. Compl. at 25 4‒5. Arkwright seeks dismissal of Count 1 on the ground that Plaintiff fails to plausibly 26 show Arkwright was personally involved in the alleged unconstitutional activity. See Defs’ 27 P&As at 20‒21. 28 / / / 1 “An official is liable under § 1983 only if ‘culpable action, or inaction, is directly 2 attributed to them.’” Hines v. Youseff, 914 F.3d 1218, 1228 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Starr 3 v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205 (9th Cir. 2011)). Thus, to establish individual liability, 4 Sekerke must plead factual content sufficient to plausibly show direct, personal 5 participation of the official in the harm he alleges to have suffered or some sufficient causal 6 connection between the Defendant’s conduct and the alleged constitutional violation. Starr, 7 652 F.3d at 1205‒07; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 . “‘A supervisor can be liable in his 8 individual capacity for his own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or 9 control of his subordinates; for his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivation; or for 10 conduct that showed a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of others.’” Starr, 652 11 F.3d at 1207 (quoting Watkins v. City of Oakland, 145 F.3d 1087, 1093 (9th Cir. 1998) 12 (internal alteration and quotation marks omitted)). 13 The Court disagrees with Defendants’ contention that Sekerke’s claims against 14 Arkwright are premised only on his role as a supervisor. Sekerke alleges he was placed in 15 Ad-Seg on July 7, 2019, and “subsequently filed jail grievances to appeal [his] placement 16 … and [to] complain about the deplorable conditions” there. See Amend. Compl. at 4. He 17 claims Lt. Arkwright is “in charge of classification[,] the jail population management unit 18 (JPMU) as well as Ad-Seg,” and that Arkwright interviewed him “about 2 weeks later.” Id. 19 at 4, 5. Sekerke further contends that when he complained “to Lt. Arkwright[,] [he] said 20 that he is not going to make any changes.” Id. at 4. Thus, While Defendants are correct to 21 note that Sekerke “must allege facts, not simply conclusions, that show an individual was 22 personally involved in the deprivation of his civil rights,” see Defs.’ P&As at 20 (quoting 23 Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998)); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 24 676, the Court finds Sekerke’s allegations sufficient to plausibly show that Arkwright was 25 made personally aware of the general conditions in Ad-Seg, and yet failed or affirmatively 26 refused to take any action with respect to Sekerke’s complaints. See Starr, 652 F.3d at 27 1207. Because Sekerke’s claims are premised on Lt. Arkwright’s own “culpable action or 28 inaction” with respect to the conditions under which Sekerke was confined, the Court 1 denies the request to dismiss them for lack of personal involvement. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 2 676; Starr, 652 F.3d at 1207 . 3 D. Sekerke Sufficiently Alleges Unconstitutional Conditions of Ad-Seg Confinement Claims against Arkwright [4] 5 Defendants next seek dismissal of Sekerke’s Ad-Seg conditions of confinement 6 claims on grounds that they do not rise to the level of an Eighth Amendment violation. See 7 Defs.’ P&As at 21‒23. 8 For persons “convicted and awaiting sentence,” the Eighth Amendment’s 9 prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment governs. See Norbert v. City & Cnty. of San 10 Francisco, 10 F.4th 918 , 927 (9th Cir. 2021). Conditions claims raised by pretrial 11 detainees, on the other hand, are analyzed under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process 12 Clause, rather than the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 928 . Because it appears Sekerke may 13 have been a pretrial detainee at least during the first month of his stay in Ad-Seg,5 the Court 14 will analyze his claims under both Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment principles depending 15 upon the time those violations are alleged to have occurred. 16 The Constitution “does not mandate comfortable prisons[.]” Rhodes v. Chapman, [17] 452 U.S. 337, 349 (1981). Conditions of confinement “may be, and often are, restrictive 18 and harsh[.]” Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Rhodes, [19] 452 U.S. at 347 ). And “[n]ot every disability imposed during pretrial detention constitutes 20 ‘punishment’ in the constitutional sense.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 537 (1979). 21 However, both the Eighth and the Fourteenth Amendments impose duties on prison or jail 22 officials to “provide humane conditions of confinement[,] ... ensure that inmates receive [25] 5 Sekerke claims Arkwright violated his right to be free from “cruel and unusual punishment” by subjecting him to “deplorable conditions” from July 7, 2019, through March 2020, see Amend. Compl. at 26 4, but he appears to have been a pretrial detainee until sometime in August 2019 when he was convicted on four counts of robbery, vehicle theft, attempted extortion, and burglary in San Diego Superior Court 27 Case Nos. SCS304221 and SCS305297. See Sekerke v. Gore, S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:20-cv-01998JLS-MSB, ECF No. 1 at 1; Sekerke I, S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:19-cv-00034-JO-RBB, ECF No. 146-2 [28] 1 adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care, and . . . ‘take reasonable measures to 2 guarantee the[ir] safety.’” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) (citations 3 omitted); see also Alvarez-Machain v. United States, 107 F.3d 696, 701 (9th Cir. 1996) 4 (“Pretrial detainees are entitled to ‘adequate food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical 5 care, and personal safety.’”) (quoting Hoptowit v. Ray, 682, F.2d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir. 6 1982)), overruled on other grounds as noted in Marley v. United States, 548 F.3d 1286 7 (9th Cir. 2008). 8 Deprivation of these “life[] necessities” must be “sufficiently grave” in order to form 9 the objective basis for either an Eighth or a Fourteenth Amendment violation. See Farmer, [10] 511 U.S. at 834 ; Vasquez v. Cnty of Kern, 949 F.3d 1153, 1163 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting that 11 the harm or disability suffered by a pretrial detainee “must either significantly exceed, or 12 be independent of, the inherent discomforts of confinement.”) (citing Demery v. Arpaio, [13] 378 F.3d 1020, 1030 (9th Cir. 2004)). Both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments also 14 require a plaintiff to show the defendant acted with “deliberate indifference,” but the 15 standards for pleading that indifference vary under the respective Amendments. Castro v. 16 Cty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1068 (9th Cir. 2016). 17 Under the Eighth Amendment, deliberate indifference includes a subjective 18 component: a prisoner must allege facts sufficient to plausibly show the defendant actually 19 knew and consciously disregarded an “excessive risk to [his] health or safety.” Farmer, [20] 511 U.S. at 834, 837 ; Norbert, 10 F.4th at 934. Under the Fourteenth, however, a detainee 21 need not allege the defendant harbored a subjective intent to punish. See Castro, 833 F.3d 22 at 1070 . Instead, deliberate indifference is measured by an “objective framework” and 23 plaintiff need only allege “more than negligence but less than subjective intent—something 24 akin to reckless disregard.” Id. at 1071; Norbert, 10 F.4th at 928. 25 Sekerke has alleged facts in Count 1 sufficient to state a plausible claim for relief 26 against Lt. Arkwright regardless of whether his conditions claim arise under the Eighth or 27 the Fourteenth Amendment. Specifically, Sekerke contends he was confined to Ad-Seg 28 from July 7, 2019 through March 2020, and during those nine months was exposed to a 1 host of “deplorable conditions” that pervaded throughout the entire Ad-Seg Unit and within 2 his individual cell. See Amend. Compl. at 4. Sekerke claims that throughout the unit, feces 3 were “spread among the tiers, walls[,] and showers,” and never adequately or fully cleaned. 4 See Amend. Compl. at 4. Sekerke further alleges the odor was “horrible,” and that other 5 “severely mentally ill inmates” who were also housed within the unit “bang[ed] on metal 6 sinks, desks, and bunks,” “for hours on end,” made noise so loud it could “be heard from 7 other floors,” and that he could not “sleep, think, read [or] concentrate,” except for the one 8 hour he was permitted outside his cell each day. Id. at 4‒5. Inside his own cell and under 9 his bunk, Sekerke contends “there was dried feces covering the air vent,” and “dried feces 10 on the ceiling which [he] was never able to reach. Id. Sekerke further claims that dried 11 feces once fell off the wall and hit him in the head, and that from February 15 through 18, 12 2020, an inmate in the cell next to him refused anti-psychotic medication, became manic, 13 banged his bunk and door, and prevented Sekerke from sleeping for “four days straight.” 14 Id. at 5. The same inmate “placed feces onto a newspaper and slid it under [Sekerke’s] door 15 during his ‘hour out.’” Id. 16 These conditions claims are sufficient to plausibly show both that Sekerke suffered 17 some harm with respect to the lack of proper sanitation and noise in Ad-Seg that exceeded 18 the “inherent discomforts of confinement” required by the Fourteenth Amendment, see 19 Vasquez, 949 F.3d at 1163 ; Demery, 378 F.3d at 1030 , and that the deprivations he alleges 20 to have suffered as a result of those conditions were objectively and “sufficiently serious” 21 as required by the Eighth Amendment. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834 ; Anderson v. Cnty of 22 Kern, 45 F.3d 1310, 1314 (9th Cir. 1995) (“[S]ubjection of a prisoner to lack of sanitation 23 that is severe or prolonged can constitute an infliction of pain within the meaning of the 24 Eighth Amendment.”); Keenan v. Hall, 83 F.3d 1083, 1090 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[P]ublic 25 conception of decency inherent in the Eighth Amendment require that [inmates] be housed 26 in an environment that, if not quiet, is at least reasonably free of excessive noise.”); Rico 27 v. Ducart, 980 F.3d 1292, 1298 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting that “[e]xisting [Eighth 28 Amendment] precedent does recognize general rights against excess noise and prison 1 conditions that deprive inmates of ‘identifiable human need[s],’ such as sleep.”) (emphasis 2 and citation omitted). 3 Sekerke’s allegations against Lt. Arkwright with respect to the conditions of his 4 confinement as alleged in Count 1 are also sufficient to satisfy both the objective and 5 subjective deliberate indifference standards required to support a plausible Eighth or 6 Fourteenth Amendment claim for relief. See Norbert, 10 F.4th at 928 (citing Farmer, 511 7 U.S. at 834, 837); Castro, 833 F.3d at 1071 . 8 As noted previously, Sekerke alleges Arkwright “is responsible for the placement 9 and retention of each inmate in Ad-Seg and other housing,” and that he “filed jail 10 grievances to appeal [his] placement in Ad-Seg, and [to] complain about the deplorable 11 conditions inside.” See Amend. Compl. at 4. Sekerke claims Arkwright was actually aware 12 of his plight because he personally interviewed him approximately two weeks after he was 13 placed in Ad-Seg on July 7, 2019. Id. Sekerke further contends Arkwright remained aware 14 of the conditions in Ad-Seg “for at least 2 years,” and yet affirmatively “refuse[d] to make 15 any changes.” See Amend. Compl. at 5. These allegations plausibly show Arkwright’s 16 subjective deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of serious harm and his failure to 17 take “reasonable measures to abate the risk” in contravention of the Eighth Amendment. 18 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 847 ; Thomas v. Ponder, 611 F.3d 1144, 1150 (9th Cir. 2010) (prison 19 officials’ awareness of serious risk of harm “may be satisfied if the inmate shows that the 20 risk posed by the deprivation is obvious”); Starr, 652 F.3d at 1208 (“‘[A]cquiescence or 21 culpable indifference’ may suffice to show that a supervisor ‘personally played a role in 22 the alleged constitutional violations.’”) (quoting Menotti v. City of Seattle, 409 F.3d 1113 , 23 1149 (9th Cir. 2005)); see also Bhimji v. Bowman, No. 2:19-CV-04502-GW-JC, 2020 WL 24 8258386, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 29, 2020) (finding allegations that supervisor failed to 25 address prisoner’s reports of bird defecation on dining seats, tables, walls, food service line 26 and dining hall furnishings sufficient to state a claim of deliberate indifference under the 27 Eighth Amendment), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 230037 (C.D. Cal. 28 Jan. 14, 2021); cf. Venegas v. Cnty. of Riverside, No. 5:20-CV-01359-JLS-SHK, 2021 WL 1 6102503, at *13 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 7, 2021) (finding no subjective deliberate indifference 2 under Eighth Amendment where inmate complained about unsanitary cell conditions, but 3 Defendant responded by “submitting a work order to remedy the issues.”); and Nowlin v. 4 Carvajal, No. 5:21-CV-01411-JGB-JDE, 2021 WL 5911665 , at *6 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 15, 5 2021), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 5908842 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2021) 6 (finding no deliberate indifference to serious risk of infection where Plaintiff sufficiently 7 alleged Defendants were aware of and understood the potential risk of serious harm posed 8 to inmates but also “took numerous steps to reduce the serious risks posed by COVID-19, 9 including lockdowns; limiting inmate transfers and inmate movement; implementing 10 screening, quarantine, and isolation procedures; modifying operations to maximize social 11 distancing; limiting group gatherings; providing masks; and increasing sanitation 12 efforts.”). 13 Sekerke’s allegations also plausibly suggest Arkwright’s “decision to bring about 14 (or allow)” his 23-hour a day exposure to excessive noise and human waste in Ad-Seg 15 while housed together with “severely mentally ill inmates,” see Amend. Compl. at 4‒5, 16 “was objectively unreasonable in light of the risk those conditions posed,” Herrera v. Los 17 Angeles Unified Sch. Dist., 18 F.4th 1156 , 1160 (9th Cir. 2021), and thus, sufficient to 18 plausibly show Arkwright’s “reckless disregard” under the Fourteenth Amendment. See 19 Castro, 833 F.3d at 1071; Norbert, 10 F.4th at 928; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 . 20 For these reasons, the Court denies Defendants’ motion to dismiss Sekerke’s cruel 21 and unusual conditions of confinement claims as alleged in Count 1 against Lt. Arkwright. 22 E. Sekerke’s Disciplinary Diet Claims Fail 23 Defendants further seek dismissal of Sekerke’s disciplinary diet claims against 24 Deputies Aguirre and Cross as alleged in Count 2 on grounds that they fail to plausibly 25 allege any Eighth Amendment violation. See Defs. P&As at 16‒20. 26 Eighth Amendment principles govern this claim because Sekerke alleges to have 27 been placed on a “disciplinary separation diet” only for three days beginning on February 28 11, 2020, six months after he was convicted. See Amend. Compl. at 6; Sekerke v. Gore, 1 S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:20-cv-01998-JLS-MSB, ECF No. 1 at 1; Sekerke I, ECF No. 2 146-2 at 137, 164. 3 The Eighth Amendment “‘requires only that prisoners receive food that is adequate 4 to maintain health.’” Foster v. Runnels, 554 F.3d 807 , 813 n.2 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting 5 LeMaire v. Maass, 12 F.3d 1444, 1456 (9th Cir. 1993)); Mendiola-Martinez v. Arpaio, 836 6 F.3d 1239 , 1259‒60 (9th Cir. 2016) (affirming district court’s grant of summary judgment 7 on plaintiff’s nutrition claim where plaintiff presented no evidence that the food she 8 received was moldy, inedible, or inadequate under the United States Department of 9 Agriculture’s recommended caloric intake and failed to show or even allege that the food 10 she received left her or her baby in poor health). A prisoner’s diet need not be “tasty or 11 aesthetically pleasing.” LeMaire, 12 F.3d at 1456 (citations omitted). However, the 12 “repeated and unjustified failure” to provide adequate sustenance can “‘amount[] to a 13 serious depr[i]vation’” in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Mendiola-Martinez, 836 14 F.3d at 1259 (quoting Foster, 554 F.3d at 814 ). “The sustained deprivation of food can be 15 cruel and unusual punishment when it results in pain without any penological purpose.” 16 Foster, 554 F.3d at 814 (citation omitted). 17 Sekerke alleges Deputy Cross “took all his food and even [his] coffee” on February 18 11, 2020, at Sgt. Lawson’s instruction, “because [he] was being placed on [a] ‘Disciplinary 19 Separation Diet.’” See Amend. Compl. at 6.6 Sekerke does not explain why this 20 disciplinary sanction was imposed, and thus does not allege it lacked any penological [22] 6 Defendants argue “to the extent [Sekerke] is alleging that removing … items from his cell was itself a 23 constitutional violation, … [he] fails to state a claim against [Deputy] Cross.” See Defs.’s P&As at 20. Prisoners have a protected interest in their personal property. Hansen v. May, 502 F.2d 728, 730 (9th Cir. [24] 1974). However, due process is not violated by a random, unauthorized deprivation of property if the state 25 provides an adequate post-deprivation remedy. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984). California’s tort claim process “provides an adequate post-deprivation remedy for any property deprivations.” Barnett 26 v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816-17 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam) (citing Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 810–95). Therefore, the Court agrees Sekerke has no plausible claim for relief based on the deprivation of personal 27 items he alleges Deputy Cross removed from his cell on February 11, 2019, separate and apart from the Eighth Amendment violation he alleges against Cross and Aguirre related to his disciplinary diet in Count [28] 1 purpose. See Foster, 554 F.3d at 814 . He contends only that as a result, Deputy Aguirre 2 also “refused to provide [him] a lunch” on February 11, 2020, and instead served him a 3 diet of “inedible” “black charred egg roll sized objects” for a 3-day period. Id. 4 The Court agrees these allegations are insufficient to support a plausible Eighth 5 Amendment claim. See LeMaire, 12 F.3d at 1456 (concluding the use of a “Nutraloaf” in 6 Oregon prison did not “rise to the threshold level of deprivation” of being sufficiently 7 serious to state a claim under the Eighth Amendment). Similarly, Sekerke’s claims that the 8 food he was provided for a few days in February 2020 was “charred” and inedible, see 9 Amend. Compl. at 6, without any further allegation to suggest it was inadequate to provide 10 him necessary nutrition and/or to “maintain his health,” does not rise to the level of a 11 constitutional violation. See LeMaire, 12 F.3d at 1456 (prisoner’s diet “need not be tasty 12 or aesthetically pleasing”); Mendiola-Martinez, 836 F.3d at 1259; Foster, 554 F.3d at 814 ; 13 see also Venegas v. Bianco, No. 5:19-CV-01557-JLS-SHK, 2020 WL 4334118 , at *22 14 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2020) (finding prisoner’s allegations of having been served a 15 “substandard,” “soggy,” cold, and “inedible” disciplinary diet for 6 days failed state an 16 Eighth Amendment claim). 17 Therefore, the Court grants Defendants’ motion to dismiss Sekerke’s claims against 18 Deputies Cross and Aguirre as alleged in Count 2 because they fail to state a plausible 19 claim for relief under the Eighth Amendment.7 20 F. Sekerke’s Failure to Protect Claims Fail 21 Defendants also argue Sekerke has failed to plead a plausible claim for relief against 22 Lt. Arkwright with respect to the “gassing” incident he describes in Count 3. See Defs.’s 23 P&As at 23‒24. 24 / / / [26] 7 Defendants summarily argue that Sekerke “does not allege that Lieutenant Arkwright ha[d] knowledge 27 or involvement in the disciplinary diet.” See Defs.’ P&As at 24. The Court agrees; however, Sekerke does not mention Arkwright and does not seek to hold Arkwright liable under Count 2 at all. See Amend. [28] 1 In addition to ensuring that prisoners like Sekerke receive “adequate food, clothing, 2 shelter, and medical care,” the Eighth Amendment requires prison officials to “take 3 reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of [] inmates,” and to “protect [them] from 4 violence at the hands of other prisoners.’” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832, 833 (citations omitted); 5 Labatad v. Corrections Corp. of America, 714 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2013) (noting that 6 Eighth Amendment “has been interpreted to include a duty to protect prisoners.”); Hearns 7 v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir. 2005); Hoptowit, 682 F.2d at 1237 (“Prison 8 officials have a duty to take reasonable steps to protect inmates from physical abuse.”), 9 overruled on other grounds by Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472 (1995). But like Sekerke’s 10 Ad-Seg conditions of confinement claim as alleged in Count 1, his Eighth Amendment 11 failure to protect claim as alleged in Count 3 also require him to allege facts sufficient to 12 show Lt. Arkwright acted with deliberate indifference to a serious risk of attack. Farmer, [13] 511 U.S. at 837 . Farmer defines this “deliberate indifference” standard as equal to 14 “recklessness,” in which “a person disregards a risk of harm of which he is aware.” Id. at 15 836‒37. 16 In Count 3, Sekerke alleges that on July 24, 2020, after he was released from Ad17 Seg and assigned to a cell in the 7B module of the SDCJ, a “mentally ill inmate accessed 18 [his] cell through the door’s food port, opened it, and then gassed [sprayed] [him] with 19 urine” he had saved in a shampoo bottle. See Amend. Compl. at 7. Sekerke alleges this too 20 violates his right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment, and that Lt. Arkwright is 21 “responsible” because he “houses severely mentally ill inmates with mentally healthy 22 inmates in [the] 7A and 7B modules.” Id. 23 Again, while Sekerke claims Lt. Arkwright personally interviewed him in response 24 to his grievances regarding the “deplorable conditions” in Ad-Seg from July 7, 2019 25 through March 2020, and yet “refuse[d] to make any changes” in Count 1, see Amend. 26 Compl. at 5, he fails to similarly allege Arkwright was actually aware of any specific or 27 obvious risk that he would be “gassed” by a fellow inmate once released from Ad-Seg and 28 re-housed in “regular housing” more than four months later in July 2020. See Amend. 1 Compl. at 7. Sekerke contends generally that he filed “dozens of grievances and talked to 2 [Arkwright] and other staff” regarding the “hous[ing] [of] severely mentally ill inmates 3 together with mentally healthy,” id., but he does not claim Arkwright actually knew or 4 failed to act in the face of any obvious risk that he would be physically assaulted by any 5 fellow inmate in the 7B housing module after he was released from Ad-Seg. See Farmer, [6] 511 U.S. at 837, 844 (“[P]rison officials who lack[] knowledge of a risk cannot be said to 7 have inflicted punishment” under the Eighth Amendment); see also Labatad, 714 F.3d at 8 1161 (finding no awareness of substantial risk of harm where prisoner alleged to have “told 9 an … officer that he should not be housed with [another inmate], [b]ut … provided no 10 specifics about this conversation[.]”); Wood v. Beauclair, 692 F.3d 1041, 1051 (9th Cir. 11 2012) (concluding that prison supervisors lacked knowledge of risk that plaintiff would be 12 sexually assaulted in part because the prisoner “never disclosed [the sexual abuser’s] 13 actions to prison officials until long after the incidents at issue in this case occurred”); Berg 14 v. Kincheloe, 794 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir. 1986) (while a prison official need not “believe 15 to a moral certainty that one inmate intends to attack another at a given place at a time 16 certain before that officer is obligated to take steps to prevent such an assault[,]” to be 17 deliberately indifferent, the official must “have more than a mere suspicion that an attack 18 will occur.”). 19 For these reasons, the Court grants Defendants’ motion to dismiss Sekerke’s Eighth 20 Amendment failure to protect claims against Lt. Arkwright as alleged in Count 3. 21 G. Sekerke’s Claims are not Duplicative 22 Defendants next argue Sekerke’s “allegations of improper placement and retention 23 in Ad-Seg, the damages flowing from those events, and the requested injunction regarding 24 retaliation are barred by the doctrine prohibiting claim splitting,” and as a result “those 25 allegations … should be dismissed or stricken.” See Defs.’ P&As at 24. 26 The doctrine against claim splitting provides that a party is “not at liberty to split up 27 his demand, and prosecute it by piecemeal, or present only a portion of the grounds upon 28 which special relief is sought, and leave the rest to be presented in a second suit, if the first 1 fail. There would be no end to litigation if such a practice were permissible.” United States 2 v. Haytian Republic, 154 U.S. 118, 125 (1894) (quoting Stark v. Starr, 94 U.S. 477 , 482 3 (1876)). The “main purpose behind the rule preventing claim splitting is ‘to protect the 4 defendant from being harassed by repetitive actions based on the same claim.’” Clements 5 v. Airport Auth. of Washoe Cty., 69 F.3d 321 , 328 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). 6 Plaintiffs “generally have ‘no right to maintain two separate actions involving the same 7 subject matter at the same time in the same court and against the same defendant.’” 8 Mendoza v. Amalgamated Transit Union Int’l, 30 F.4th 879, 886 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting 9 Adams v. Cal. Dep’t of Health Servs., 487 F.3d 684 , 688 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted), 10 abrogated on other grounds by Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880 (2008)). Therefore, courts 11 have “broad discretion to control their dockets” and may exercise their discretion “to 12 dismiss a duplicative later-filed action, to stay that action pending resolution of the 13 previously filed action, to enjoin the parties from proceeding with it, or to consolidate both 14 actions.” Adams, 487 F.3d at 688. 15 To determine whether a suit is duplicative, the Ninth Circuit borrows claim 16 preclusion principles. Id.; see also Adobe Sys. Inc. v. Wowza Media Sys., LLC, 72 F. Supp. 17 3d 989, 994 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (describing claim splitting as “a sub-species of the doctrine 18 of claim preclusion.”). Courts “examine whether the causes of action and relief sought, as 19 well as the parties or privies to the action, are the same.” Adams, 487 F.3d at 689. “To 20 ascertain whether successive causes of action are the same, [courts] use the transaction 21 test[.]” Id. “Whether two events are part of the same transaction or series depends on 22 whether they are related to the same set of facts and whether they could conveniently be 23 tried together.” Id. Four criteria apply: 24 (1) whether rights or interests established in the prior judgment would be destroyed or impaired by prosecution of the second action; (2) whether [25] substantially the same evidence is presented in the two actions; (3) whether 26 the two suits involve infringement of the same right; and (4) whether the two suits arise out of the same transactional nucleus of facts. [28] 1 Id. (quoting Costantini v. Trans World Airlines, 681 F.2d 1199 , 1201‒02 (9th Cir. 1982)). 2 “The ‘most important’ factor is ‘whether the two suits arise out of the same transactional 3 nucleus of facts.’” Mendoza, 2022 WL 1041182 , at *5 (quoting Adams, 487 F.3d at 689); 4 Costantini, 681 F.2d at 1202 ; see also Hayes v. Rojas, No. 1:20-CV-01820-NONE-JLT, [5] 2021 WL 5356471 , at *5 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2021) (analyzing claim splitting in context 6 of pro se prisoner § 1983 case). 7 The Court disagrees with Defendants’ contention that Sekerke’s claims are 8 duplicative of those previously alleged and dismissed in Sekerke I. In this case, Sekerke 9 alleges Defendants Arkwright, Cross, and Aguirre violated his Eighth Amendment rights 10 by exposing him to harsh Ad-Seg conditions from July 2019 through March 2020. See 11 Amend. Compl. at 4‒6. While somewhat related to his retaliation allegations in Sekerke I, 12 the claims Sekerke seeks to pursue in this action are not the same. 13 For example, the First Amendment retaliation claims alleged against Olsen in Count 14 6 of Sekerke’s Second Amended Complaint in Sekerke I are brief, conclusory, and do not 15 include any challenge whatsoever regarding the conditions of his confinement in Ad-Seg 16 during the year he alleges to have spent there in this case. Compare Amend. Compl. at 4‒ 17 7 with Sekerke I, ECF No. 54 at 10. Nor does the retaliatory Ad-Seg placement claim 18 alleged Sekerke I identify or involve any alleged misconduct on the part of Lt. Arkwright 19 or Deputy Sheriffs Aguirre or Cross—the only Defendants currently named as parties in 20 this case. See Amend. Compl. at 2‒3. Thus, while Sekerke did originally include Deputy 21 Olsen as a party in both cases, his claims against Olsen have already been dismissed during 22 initial screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2) and § 1915A. See ECF No. 4 at 8‒9. 23 Olsen is not renamed as a Defendant in Sekerke’s operative Amended Complaint, and 24 Sekerke realleges no conditions of confinement claim against Olsen whatsoever. 25 Accordingly, because Sekerke does not seek to challenge the infringement of the 26 same right or seek relief against the same parties in Sekerke I as he does in this case, see 27 Adams, 487 F.3d at 689, the Court denies Defendants’ motion to dismiss on “claim 28 splitting” grounds. 1 H. Sekerke’s Claims are not Barred by 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g) 2 Defendants next claim “dismissal is warranted because [Sekerke] is proceeding IFP 3 in violation of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g).” See Defs.’ P&As at 28‒30. Specifically, they ask the 4 Court to take judicial notice of five prior complaints Sekerke filed in the Southern District 5 of California and the Court’s orders disposing of them before he filed his original 6 Complaint and motion to proceed IFP on June 5, 2020, and dismiss this case “because he 7 is not eligible for IFP status.” Id. Essentially, Defendants seek to revoke this Court’s 8 September 4, 2020 Order granting Sekerke leave to proceed IFP.8 See ECF No. 4. 9 “The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) instituted a ‘three-strikes’ rule in an 10 effort to disincentivize frivolous prisoner litigation.” Hoffman v. Pulido, 928 F.3d 1147 , 11 1148-49 (9th Cir. 2019). “Once a prisoner has had three actions dismissed as frivolous or 12 malicious, or for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, that prisoner is 13 no longer permitted to file an action in forma pauperis unless the prisoner is in imminent 14 danger of serious physical injury.” Id. at 1149 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g). The objective 15 is to further “the congressional goal of reducing frivolous prisoner litigation in federal 16 court.” Tierney v. Kupers, 128 F.3d 1310, 1312 (9th Cir. 1997); see also Jones v. Bock, 549 17 U.S. 199 , 203‒04 (2007) (noting that Congress passed the PLRA to “reduce the quantity 18 and improve the quality of prisoner suits.”) (citation omitted). 19 “Strikes are prior cases or appeals, brought while the plaintiff was a prisoner, which 20 were dismissed on the ground that they were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim.” 21 Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113 , 1116 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal quotations omitted). 22 “[T]he statutory language is clear—if a case was not dismissed on one of the specific [24] 25 8 The district court “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 26 1212, 1225 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (granting request to take judicial notice in § 1983 action of five prior cases in which plaintiff was pro se litigant). Therefore, 27 Defendants’ request that the Court take judicial notice of Sekerke’s pleadings in five prior civil actions as well as the Court’s dockets and orders of dismissal in those cases pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 201(b) is [28] 1 enumerated grounds, it does not count as a strike under § 1915(g).” Harris v. Harris, 935 2 F.3d 670 , 673 (9th Cir. 2019); see also Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 692, 697 (9th Cir. 2022). 3 Thus, when determining whether prior dismissals count, courts must “look to the 4 substance of the dismissed lawsuit,” and ask whether the dismissal ‘rang the PLRA bells 5 of frivolous, malicious, or failure to state a claim.’” El-Shaddai v. Zamora, 833 F.3d 1036 , 6 1042 (9th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). The focus is not on “how the district court labelled 7 or styled the dismissal.” Harris, 935 F.3d at 673 (citing El-Shaddai, 833 F.3d at 1047 ); see 8 also Knapp v. Hogan, 738 F.3d 1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2013) (noting that courts look to “the 9 dismissing court’s action and the reasons underlying it .... [T]he procedural mechanism or 10 Rule by which the dismissal is accomplished, while informative, is not dispositive.” 11 (internal citation omitted)). Rather, the Court must evaluate whether “all the claims in a 12 given suit satisfy the enumerated grounds for strikes,” because “partial dismissals of even 13 one claim for a non-qualifying reason will save an entire case from constituting a strike.” 14 Harris, 935 F.3d at 674 (citing Washington v. Los Angeles Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 833 F.3d 15 1048, 1057 (9th Cir. 2016)). “A defendant challenging a plaintiff’s IFP status bears the 16 initial burden of showing through documentary evidence that a plaintiff had three prior 17 strikes.” Id. at 673 (citing Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1118–20). “If a defendant presents a prima 18 facie case, then ‘the burden shifts to the plaintiff to persuade the court that § 1915(g) does 19 not apply.’” Id. (citing Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1116 ). 20 Here, Defendants claim the following civil actions, all filed by Sekerke while 21 incarcerated and prior to the filing of this case, constitute “strikes” under § 1915(g): (1) 22 Sekerke v. Morris, et al., S. D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:11-cv-01912-JAH-BGS (“Morris”); 23 (2) Sekerke v. Glynn, et al., S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:11-cv-01914-WQH-JMA (“Glynn”); 24 (3) Sekerke v. Kemp, et al., S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:11-cv-02688-BTM-JMA (“Kemp”); 25 (4) Sekerke v. Gonzalez, et al., S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:15-cv-00573-JLS-WVG 26 (“Gonzalez”); and (5) Sekerke v. Hernandez (Silva), et al., S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:0927 / / / 28 / / / 1 cv-00360-JAH-JMA (“Silva”). Sekerke opposes claiming he has “not had 3 strikes for 2 1983 complaints that have been dismissed for failure to state a claim,” and argues that in 3 fact, two of the cases Defendants claim qualify as “strikes” were instead “settled.” See 4 Opp’n at 2. 5 This Court takes judicial notice of the cases and court records proffered by 6 Defendants which show that while Morris and Glynn were both dismissed based on 7 Sekerke’s failure to state a claim upon which § 1983 relief could be granted, see Defs.’ List 8 of Evidence (“LOE”) in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 14-2, Ex. H at 103‒113 & Ex. 9 I at 118, I-3 at 131; neither Kemp, Gonzalez, or Silva were dismissed on grounds that they 10 were “frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g); Andrews, 398 11 F.3d at 1116 n.1; Harris, 935 F.3d at 674. 12 Specifically, while Defendants point to a June 21, 2013 partial judgment of dismissal 13 in Kemp based on Sekerke’s failure to prosecute after certain claims against several 14 Defendants were found insufficient as alleged to state a claim upon which § 1983 relief 15 could be granted, see Defs.’ LOE, Ex. K-2 at 229, the full docket of the proceedings in 16 Kemp further shows that the three remaining Defendants filed an Answer, id., Ex. K at 144, 17 and the case later settled before trial. Id. at 147. Because the “case as a whole” was not 18 dismissed for a “qualifying reason under the [PLRA]” as set forth in the statutory language 19 / / / [21] 9 In their Reply, Defendants point to a sixth case, Sekerke v. Hoodenpyle, S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 3:1922 cv-00035-WQH-JLB, filed on January 7, 2019, and dismissed for failing to state a claim pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). See Defs.’ Reply at 4. The Court finds that while this case does qualify as a strike as 23 defined by 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g), it was not dismissed until March 16, 2021—more than a year after Sekerke initiated this action and moved to proceed IFP. See id., ECF Nos. 36, 42, 43; Sekerke v. [24] Hoodenpyle, No. 19-CV-35-WQH-JLB, 2021 WL 973565 , at *6 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2021) (adopting 25 Report & Recommendation to grant Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) as barred by the statute of limitations); Belanus v. Clark, 796 F.3d 1021, 1053 (9th Cir. 2015) (dismissals 26 for failure to state a claim because the claims were time-barred may be counted as strikes pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g). Thus, while Sekerke now has three strikes and may not file any further civil actions or 27 appeals IFP unless he is danger of serious physical injury as the time of filing, he did not yet have three “prior civil actions or appeals” dismissed strikes when he first sought leave to proceed IFP in this case [28] 1 of § 1915(g) itself, Kemp does not count as a strike. Harris, 935 F.3d at 674; Washington, 2 833 F.3d at 1057. 3 The full docket of the proceedings in both Gonzalez and Silva demonstrate those 4 cases do not count as strikes under Section 1915(g) either. See Defs.’ LOE, Ex. M at 234‒ 5 247, Ex. F at 21‒30, Ex. F-2 at 58‒62. In Gonzalez, the Court granted Defendants’ motion 6 for summary judgment pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, finding Sekerke “failed to show any 7 genuine issue of material fact which would allow a trier of fact to conclude that Defendant 8 used excessive force in violation of his rights under the Eighth Amendment.” Sekerke v. 9 Gonzalez, No. 3:15-CV-00573-JLS-WVG, 2018 WL 1156426 , at *1 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 10 2018); see also El-Shaddai, 833 F.3d at 1044 (concluding that district court’s entry of 11 summary judgment did not qualify as a strike under § 1915(g) because it “considered 12 evidence submitted by the parties in reaching its decision,” and did not “dispose[] of [the 13 case] because the complaint was frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim.”). The same 14 is true for Silva. See Sekerke v. Silva, No. 3:09-CV-0360-JAH-JMA, 2010 WL 4922523 , 15 at *7 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 29, 2010) (concluding that “no genuine issue of material fact exists 16 with respect to whether Defendant Silva was ‘deliberately indifferent’ to Plaintiff’s serious 17 medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment” and granting summary judgment 18 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56). 19 Thus, because the Court finds Sekerke had only two prior civil actions or appeals 20 dismissed on grounds that they were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim before 21 he filed suit and sought to proceed IFP in this case on June 8, 2020, and “[a] strike-call 22 under Section 1915(g) [] hinges exclusively on the basis for the dismissal,” Lomax v. Ortiz23 Marquez, 140 S. Ct. 1721 , 1724‒25 (2020), the Court declines to revoke his IFP status 24 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (g) and denies Defendants’ motion to dismiss this civil action 25 based on Sekerke’s history as an “unsuccessful serial litigant.” See Defs.’ P&As at 11. 26 I. Sekerke’s Prayer for Punitive Damages Need Not be Stricken 27 Finally, Defendants contend Sekerke’s Amended Complaint “includes allegations 28 that are immaterial, impertinent, and scandalous,” and that to the extent he fails to allege 1 “adequate facts to support malicious, oppressive or reckless disregard of [his] rights,” his 2 prayer for $100,000 in punitive damages must be stricken. See Defs.’ P&As at 30‒31. 3 “The Court may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, 4 immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). The purpose of a 5 motion to strike is to avoid the expenditure of time and money that will arise from litigating 6 “spurious issues.” Whittlestone, Inc. v. Handi-Craft Co., 618 F.3d 970, 973 (9th Cir. 2010); 7 Taylor v. Quall, 471 F. Supp. 2d 1053 , 1058–59 (C.D. Cal. 2007). “Rule 12(f) ... does not 8 authorize a district court to strike a claim for damages on the ground that such damages are 9 precluded as a matter of law.” Whittlestone, 618 F.3d at 971 . Moreover, punitive damages 10 are available in a Section 1983 action if “the defendant’s conduct is shown to be motivated 11 by evil motive or intent, or when it involves reckless or callous indifference to the federally 12 protected rights of others.” Dang v. Cross, 422 F.3d 800, 807 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Smith 13 v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56 (1983)). 14 Here, the Court rejects Defendants’ request to strike Sekerke’s prayer for punitive 15 damages on grounds that his Amended Complaint includes “immaterial, impertinent, and 16 scandalous” allegations, see Defs.’ P&As at 30, because they fail to identify which of his 17 claims qualify. The Court further rejects Defendants argument that Sekerke is not entitled 18 to punitive damages with respect to any of his causes of action because his allegations do 19 not rise to the level of malicious or oppressive conduct, or reckless disregard. Id. 20 The Court has found that at least with respect to Sekerke’s Ad-Seg conditions of 21 confinement claims as alleged in Count 1 against Lt. Arkwright, he has alleged facts 22 sufficient to plead both a plausible claim for relief under both the Eighth and Fourteenth 23 Amendments, both which require allegations of deliberate indifference. See supra, 24 §§ IV.C, IV.D; see also Jackson v. Blain, No. CV 20-1932-SVW (KS), 2020 WL 7379139 , 25 at *9 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 12, 2020) (denying Rule 12(f) motion where pro se prisoner’s factual 26 allegations, when taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to him, were 27 “sufficient to raise a reasonable inference that Defendants acted with reckless or callous 28 indifference to [his] Eighth Amendment rights.”). l Therefore, the Court denies Defendants’ motion to strike Sekerke’s prayer for 2 || punitive damages pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). 3 Vv. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 4 For all the reasons discussed, the Court grants in part and denies in part Defendants’ 5 ||motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 8, 12(b)(6), and 12(f) (ECF No. 14). 6 || Specifically, the Court dismisses all claims for damages alleged against Defendants in their 7 || official capacities, all claims for injunctive relief as moot, Sekerke’s Eighth Amendment 8 || disciplinary diet claims as alleged against Defendants Cross and Aguirre in Count 2, and 9 || his Eighth Amendment failure to protect claims as alleged against Defendant Arkwright in 10 Count 3. However, the Court Orders Defendant Arkwright to serve and file an Answer to 11 ||Sekerke’s Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment conditions of confinement claims as alleged 12 Count 1 within the time provided by Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a)(4)(A). 13 The Court further directs the Clerk of the Court to terminate Defendants Olsen, 14 || Lawson, Cross, and Aguirre as parties to this action based on Sekerke’s failure to state any 15 || plausible claim for relief against them, and to modify the docket to reflect Sekerke’s current 16 address as follows: 17 || Keith Wayne Sekerke 18 BP-1899 . Valley State Prison 19 || P.O. Box 92 0 Chowchilla, CA 93610. 21 IT IS SO ORDERED. 22 || Dated: May 12 , 2022 C | 23 6net Site Tinsook Ohta A United States District Judge [28] 27 ee