Langer v. Euclid Avenue, LLC

[6] 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [9] 10 CHRIS LANGER, Case No.: 19-CV-2384 DMS (DDL) 11 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR 12 v. DEFAULT JUDGMENT 13 EUCLID AVENUE, LLC, a California Limited Liability Company, and PHILLIP’S [14] APPLIANCES INC, a California 15 Corporation, and Does 1-10, 16 Defendants. [17] 18 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment against 19 Defendants Euclid Avenue, LLC and Phillip’s Appliances Inc. The motion is unopposed. 20 Upon consideration of the pleadings, the motion, and the Defendants’ lack of appearance 21 in this case or opposition to the motion, the Court grants the motion. 22 I. 23 BACKGROUND 24 On December 11, 2019, Plaintiff filed the present case against Defendants alleging 25 violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., and 26 California Civil Code § 51 (the “Unruh Act”). Plaintiff is a paraplegic who cannot walk 27 and who uses a wheelchair for mobility. (ECF No. 13-4 at 2.) Plaintiff has a disabled 28 persons parking placard issued by the State of California and drives a specially equipped 1 and modified van that deploys a ramp so that he can wheel in and out of his vehicle. (Id.) 2 He needs a reserved parking space with a dedicated access aisle to safely transfer to and 3 from his van. (Id.) Due to terrible experiences that Plaintiff has previously suffered, he no 4 longer attempts to park in and use non-marked, non-reserved, non-accessible parking 5 spaces. (Id.) In the past, he has parked in regular stalls and found himself trapped outside 6 of his vehicle because someone else parked lawfully next to him. (Id. at 3.) 7 Plaintiff’s claims arise from his alleged attempt to patronize the Phillip’s Maytag 8 Home Appliance Center store located at 8495 La Mesa Blvd., La Mesa, California. (Id.) 9 There, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to provide accessible parking in conformance 10 with the ADA standards. (Id.) An independent investigator hired by the Plaintiff went to 11 the Phillip’s Maytag Home Appliance store and confirmed Plaintiff’s allegations that the 12 Defendant’s failed to provide van-accessible parking in conformance with the ADA 13 standards. (ECF No. 13-5 at 3.) 14 Plaintiff alleges this establishment is owned by the Defendants. (ECF No. 1 at 2.) 15 The proofs of service for Euclid Avenue, LLC, and Phillip’s Appliances Inc., were filed on 16 January 22, 2020. (ECF Nos. 3-4.) Defendants did respond to Plaintiff’s complaint after 17 defaults were entered against them. (See ECF Nos. 7, 8, 15.) However, Defendants’ 18 counsel lost contact with the Defendants and failed to appear for a settlement conference 19 ordered by the Court. (ECF No. 27.) Plaintiff has filed proof of service of the defaults, his 20 motion for default judgment, and notice of the hearing on Defendants and their counsel. 21 (ECF No. 41.) Neither Defendants nor their counsel filed an opposition to the motion, or 22 any other response. 23 II. 24 DISCUSSION 25 Plaintiff requests entry of default judgment against the Defendants, seeking 26 injunctive relief under the ADA and the Unruh Act, actual damages of $4,000 assessed 27 against each Defendant, and attorney’s fees and costs of $4,664 imposed jointly and 28 severally. (ECF Nos. 13-1 at 3; 13-3 at 8.) 1 A. Default Judgment 2 The Clerk of the Court is required to enter default “when a party against whom a 3 judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that 4 failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). Federal Rule of Civil 5 Procedure 55(b)(2) allows for entry of default judgment by the court. However, “[a] 6 plaintiff does not receive default judgment as a matter of right; rather, a court has discretion 7 as to whether it should be granted.” United States v. Boyce, 148 F.Supp.2d. 1069, 1093 8 (S.D. Cal. 2001) (citations omitted). 9 In exercising that discretion, courts consider the following factors: 10 “(1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at stake [11] in the action[,] (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts[,] (6) whether 12 the default was due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits.” [13] 14 Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986). Consistent with the last factor 15 of the strong public policy in favor of decision on the merits, “any doubts as to the propriety 16 of a default are usually resolved against the party seeking a default judgment.” VonGrabe 17 v. Spring PCS, 312 F.Supp.2d 1313, 1318 (S.D. Cal. 2004) (citing Pena v. Seguros La 18 Comercial, S.A., 220 F.2d 811, 814 (9th Cir. 1985)). In general, however, “upon default[,] 19 the factual allegations of the complaint, except those relating to the amount of damages, 20 will be taken as true.” TeleVideo Systems, Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th 21 Cir. 1987); Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 8(b)(6); see also, e.g., Geddes v. United Fin. Group, 559 22 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977). 23 1. Possibility of Prejudice to the Plaintiff 24 The first Eitel factor considers the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff if a default 25 judgment is not entered. See 782 F.2d at 1471-72 . Plaintiff contends that the lack of van26 and wheelchair-accessible parking at Defendants’ property does not comply with the ADA 27 and the Unruh Act, and thus constitutes discrimination and denial of equal access. Here, 28 Defendants have failed to appear and have not remedied these barriers to access. If a 1 default judgment is not entered, Plaintiff will likely have no recourse against Defendants. 2 See, e.g., Vogel v. Rite Aid Corp., 992 F.Supp.2d 998 (C.D. Cal. 2014) (granting a default 3 judgment for a disabled plaintiff suing under the ADA and Unruh, relying upon this 4 rationale). This factor therefore weighs in favor of entering default judgment. 5 2. Merits of Plaintiff’s Substantive Claims and Sufficiency of the Complaint 6 The second and third Eitel factors are the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim and 7 the sufficiency of the complaint. See 782 F.2d at 1471-72 . These factors “require that a 8 plaintiff state a claim on which it may recover.” Vogel, 992 F.Supp.2d at 1007 (internal 9 citations and quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff seeks relief under the ADA and the Unruh 10 Act, each of which is addressed in turn. 11 a. Discrimination under the ADA 12 To prevail on a claim for discrimination under Title III of the ADA, the Plaintiff 13 must show (1) he is disabled under the definitions provided by the ADA, (2) the Defendants 14 are “a private entity that owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation,” and 15 (3) the Plaintiff “was denied public accommodations . . . because of [his] disability.” 16 Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 730 (9th Cir. 2007). Further, in the context of 17 discrimination based on architectural barriers, Plaintiff must show (1) the Phillips’ Maytag 18 Home Appliance Center store contains architectural barriers prohibited by the ADA; and 19 (2) “that the removal of those barriers is readily achievable.” Hubbard v. Rite Aid Corp., [20] 433 F.Supp.2d 1150, 1158 (S.D. Cal. 2006) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (a)). 21 Here, Plaintiff established he is disabled within the meaning of the ADA as a 22 paraplegic who cannot walk and who uses a wheelchair for mobility. (ECF No. 13-4 at 2). 23 See 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (1)(A) (defining a physical impairment substantially affecting a 24 major life activity as qualifying as a disability). Plaintiff also alleges Defendants own the 25 real property where the Phillip’s Maytag Home Appliance Center store is located and 26 Defendants have not contested this assertion. (ECF No. 1 at 1-2.) Finally, the Phillip’s 27 Maytag Home Appliance Center store is a public accommodation because it is a sales 28 establishment that is open to the public. See Vogel, 992 F.Supp.2d at 1009 (citing 42 U.S.C. 1 § 12102(2); § 12181(7)(E)) (“A sales establishment is a place of public accommodation.”). 2 Thus, Plaintiff has sufficiently stated a claim for a violation of the ADA, if he suffered 3 discrimination on Defendants’ property due to his disability. 4 Discrimination “on the basis of disability includes a failure to remove architectural 5 barriers where such removal is readily achievable.” Doran v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 524 F.3d 6 1034, 1043 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12182 ). Under the ADA, the term “readily 7 achievable” is defined as “easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much 8 difficulty or expense.” 42 U.S.C. § 12181 (9)(A)-(D). 9 Here, Plaintiff alleges the architectural barrier at Defendants’ establishment is the 10 lack of van-accessible parking and compliant standard wheelchair-accessible parking. 11 Plaintiff simply requests the Court issue an injunction requiring Defendants to provide van12 and wheelchair-accessible parking. Although determining what is “readily achievable” 13 requires analyzing context-specific facts such as the nature and cost of the repair and the 14 overall financial resources of the facilities and covered entity, Plaintiff did not have the 15 opportunity to acquire this information from Defendants because Defendants failed to 16 appear. (See ECF Nos. 27, 34.) In addition, some courts have found “the creation of a 17 handicap accessible parking space is per se readily achievable.” See, e.g., Johnson v. San, 18 No. 2:15-CV-162-JAM-EFB, 2015 WL 7188245 , at *3 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 16, 2015). The 19 creation of designated accessible parking spaces is also listed as an example of a readily 20 achievable step in ADA guidelines. See 28 C.F.R. § 36.304 (b). This makes good sense. 21 Further, Plaintiff’s allegation that removal of such barriers is readily achievable “is 22 sufficient to satisfy his burden of production” because his allegations are taken as true upon 23 default. See Vogel, 992 F.Supp.2d at 1011 (citing Johnson v. Beahm, 2011 WL 5508893 , 24 *3 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2011)). Under the 2010 Standards, one in every six accessible 25 parking spaces must be van accessible. 2010 Standards § 208.2.4. Parking spaces and 26 access aisles serving them shall comply with 302. Access aisles shall be at the same level 27 as the parking spaces they serve. Changes in level are not permitted. 2010 Standards § [28] 1 502.4. Therefore, the second and third Eitel factors weigh in favor of entry of default 2 judgment. 3 b. Unruh Act Claim 4 Plaintiff’s second claim for relief is based on a violation of the Unruh Act. (ECF 5 No. 1 at 6.) The Unruh Act provides for “full and equal accommodations, advantages, 6 facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments” for “all persons . . . no 7 matter what their . . . disability.” Cal. Civ. Code § 51 (b). Unlike the ADA, the Unruh Act 8 provides for monetary damages, including actual damages, treble damages, or independent 9 statutory damages of $4,000. Molski, 491 F.3d at 731. The Unruh Act also provides for 10 attorney’s fees and costs. Id.; Cal. Civ. Code § 52 (a). 11 “[A] violation of the ADA is, per se, a violation of the Unruh Act.” See Lentini v. 12 Cal. Ctr. for the Arts, Escondido, 370 F.3d 837, 847 (9th Cir. 2004); Cal. Civ. Code § 51 (f). 13 Moreover, “no showing of intentional discrimination is required when the Unruh Act 14 violation is premised on an ADA violation.” Id. Plaintiff seeks a single award against both 15 Defendants of the statutory minimum. Because Plaintiff’s claim for relief under the ADA 16 meets the second and third Eitel factors, these factors are also met with respect to his Unruh 17 Act claim. 18 3. Sum of Money at Stake in the Action 19 The fourth factor to be considered is the sum of money at stake in relation to the 20 seriousness of the defendant’s conduct. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471-72 ; PepsiCo, Inc. v. 21 California Sec. Cans, 238 F.Supp.2d 1172, 1176 (C.D. Cal. 2002). Courts disfavor default 22 judgment when “the sum of money at stake is too large or unreasonable in relation to the 23 defendant’s conduct.” Vogel, 992 F.Supp.2d at 1012 . 24 Here, Plaintiff is requesting a total of $12,664 – consisting of $8,000.00 in actual 25 damages, and $4,664 in attorney’s fees and costs. Plaintiff also seeks an injunction 26 ordering Defendants to provide van- and wheelchair-accessible parking in compliance with 27 the ADA guidelines. Though the scope of injunctive relief will add to Defendants’ 28 financial burden, the ADA “limits this liability to removal of barriers that is readily 1 achievable, and in this way caps a defendant’s liability.” See Vogel, 992 F.Supp.2d at 1012 . 2 This amount is within the range of acceptable sums of money other courts within this 3 Circuit have awarded in similar actions. See, e.g., id. at 1012 (granting a judgment of 4 $13,739.20, including statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs); Moore v. Cisneros, 5 No. 1:12-cv-00188-LJO-SKO, 2012 WL 6523017 , at *4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2012) 6 (granting an award of $10,119.70 on default judgment and noting the amount “was not a 7 particularly large sum of money”); Johnson v. Huynh, No. Civ S-08-1189-JAM-DAD, [8] 2009 WL 2777021 , at *2 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2009) (holding $12,000 was a “relatively 9 small award of damages” in a default judgment). Therefore, the fourth Eitel factor weighs 10 in favor of entry of default judgment against Defendants here. 11 4. The Possibility of a Dispute Concerning Material Facts 12 The fifth factor asks whether there is a possibility of a dispute over material facts. 13 Eitel, 782 F2.d at 1471-72. When a court clerk enters default, “all allegations in a well14 pleaded complaint are taken as true,” and there is “no likelihood that any genuine issue of 15 material fact exists.” Elektra Ent. Grp. V. Crawford, 226 F.R.D. 388, 393 (C.D. Cal. 2005). 16 So it is here. Defendant failed to respond, and default was entered. Thus, the fifth factor 17 weighs in favor of Plaintiff. 18 5. Excusable Neglect 19 The sixth Eitel factor is excusable neglect. See 782 F.2d at 1472 . The question of 20 what conduct “constitutes excusable neglect under Rule 60(b)(1) and similar rules is at 21 bottom on equitable one, taking account of all relevant circumstances surrounding the 22 party’s omission.” Brandt v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Florida, 653 F.3d 1108, 1110 (9th 23 Cir. 2011) (quoting Pioneer Inv. Svcs. Co. v. Brunswick Assoc. Ltd., 507 U.S. 380 , 395 24 (1993)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although Rule 60(b)(1) of the Federal Rules 25 of Civil Procedure governs grounds for relief from a final judgment, Rule 55(b) constitutes 26 a similar rule because it governs the grounds for entering a default judgment. 27 There is “little possibility of excusable neglect and default judgment is favored when 28 defendants fail to respond after being properly served.” Constr. Laborers Trust Funds for 1 S. California Admin. Co. v. Anzalone Masonry, Inc., 316 F.Supp.3d 1192, 1201-02 (C.D. 2 Cal. 2018 ); see Shanghai Automation Instrument Co., Ltd. V. Kuei, 194 F.Supp.2d 995 , 3 1005 (N.D. Cal. 2001). Here, Defendant received notice of both the complaint and the 4 instant motion and did not respond. Thus, this factor weighs in favor of entry of default 5 judgment. 6 6. Strong Policy Underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Favoring 7 Decisions on the Merits 8 The final factor requires the Court to consider the strong policy favoring decisions 9 on the merits. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472 . The fact that Rule 55(b) exists demonstrates 10 that “this preference, standing alone, is not dispositive.” PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177 11 (citations omitted). Although resolving disputes on the merits is the preferred approach, 12 that is not possible where, as here, a defendant fails to respond. Nonetheless, this factor 13 does not weigh in favor of Plaintiff. 14 7. Conclusion Regarding the Eitel Factors 15 Here, all factors, aside from the seventh factor favoring decisions on the merits, 16 weigh in favor of Plaintiff. 17 B. Attorney’s Fees and Costs 18 Plaintiff further requests attorney’s fees and costs in the sum of $3,856 for 7.6 hours 19 of attorney work and $808 in costs, which is permitted under the ADA and the Unruh Act. 20 See 42 U.S.C. § 12205 ; Cal. Civ. Code § 52 (a). Plaintiff provided declarations in support 21 of his request for fees and costs. (ECF No. 13-3 at 7-8.) The requested attorney’s fees and 22 costs are reasonable. Therefore, the Court will award attorney’s fees and costs totaling 23 $4,664. 24 III. 25 CONCLUSION 26 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for default 27 judgment. Each Defendant is liable for $4,000 in statutory damages, for a total of $8,000 28 in statutory damages awarded to Plaintiff, and $4,664 in attorney’s fees and costs assessed 1 jointly and severally against both Defendants. The Court also ORDERS Defendants to 2 || provide van- and wheelchair-accessible parking at the Phillip’s Maytag Home Appliance 3 || Center store located at 8495 La Mesa Blvd., La Mesa, California, in compliance with the 4 || Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines. The Court DIRECTS the Clerk 5 || of the Court to enter judgment against Defendants and in favor of Plaintiff. 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 Dated: August 22, 2022 ~ J f 8 Yn. 9 Hon. Dana M. Sabraw, Chief Judge 10 United States District Court