Sanchez v. McDowell

— 1 — — 2 — — 3 — — 4 — — 5 — — 6 — — 7 — 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA — 10 — 11 ORLANDO SANCHEZ, Case No.: 22-cv-0192-GPC-KSC 12 Petitioner, REPORT AND 13 v. RECOMMENDATION FOR AN ORDER DENYING PETITION FOR 14 NEIL MCDOWELL, Warden, A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS [Doc. 15 Respondent. No. 1] — 16 — — 17 — 18 Petitioner Orlando Sanchez (“Sanchez”) seeks a writ of habeas corpus challenging 19 his conviction in the Superior Court for the County of San Diego for first degree murder 20 with a firearm enhancement and possession of a firearm by a felon, for which Sanchez 21 received a sentence of 53 years to life. See Doc. No. 1. Sanchez raises five separate grounds 22 for relief: (1) the trial court failed to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter based on 23 imperfect self-defense; (2) the trial court failed to instruct the jury on voluntary 24 intoxication; (3) the trial court’s manslaughter instructions on self-defense, provocation, 25 and “sudden quarrel/hit [sic] of passion” were incomplete and misleading; (4) the three 26 claimed instructional errors amounted to cumulative error sufficient to deprive petitioner 27 of his due process right to a fair trial; and (5) the trial court violated his due process rights 28 by imposing restitution without holding an “ability-to-pay hearing or finding there was an 1 ability to pay.” Doc. No. 1 at 6-10; Doc. No. 1-2 at 9. 2 Respondent filed an Answer and an Opposition, and it lodged the appropriate state 3 court records. Doc. Nos. 14, 15, 17. Petitioner filed a Traverse. Doc. No. 21. This Court, 4 having reviewed the record, submits this Report and Recommendation to United States 5 District Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b) and Civil Local Rule 6 72(d). Based on this Court’s review of the record the Court RECOMMENDS the District 7 Court DENY the Petition as set forth in this Report and Recommendation. 8 I. STATE COURT TRIAL PROCEEDINGS 9 This Court will defer to state court findings of fact and presume them to be correct 10 unless petitioner rebuts that presumption with clear and convincing evidence. See 28 11 U.S.C. § 2254 (e)(1); Parke v. Raley, 506 U.S. 20, 35-36 (1992); Tilcock v. Budge, 538 F.3d 12 1138, 1141 (9th Cir. 2008). Sanchez makes no effort to rebut the presumption of 13 correctness. Accordingly, this Court will briefly recite the facts pertinent to this Petition as 14 set forth in the reasoned opinion of the California Court of Appeal, which describes the 15 substance of the evidence introduced at trial in detail. See Doc. No. 17-21 at 2-13. 16 Jordy Lopez died during surgery in a San Diego hospital after being shot in the back 17 on October 15, 2016. Id. at 2, 5-6. Lopez’s friend, N.D., was with him the night of the 18 shooting. Id. at 2. N.D.’s version of events was that he and Lopez were walking to N.D.’s 19 cousin’s house in Linda Vista when two men in a small, white SUV passed them by. Id. at 20 2-3. The SUV’s passenger was staring at them aggressively. Id. at 3. N.D. then saw the 21 SUV park across the street from N.D.’s cousin’s house, and the two passengers went into 22 the courtyard of an apartment complex. Id. at 4. The SUV passengers came outside with 23 three or four other men—some of whom were holding beer bottles—and the passenger who 24 had been staring at N.D. and Lopez began taunting N.D. and Lopez in Spanish. Id. The 25 group of men then started an unprovoked fight with N.D. and Lopez, during which N.D. 26 was knocked to the ground shortly before he heard multiple gunshots. Id. N.D. saw some 27 of the men flee from the shooting in the white SUV before he discovered Lopez lying on 28 the ground. Id. at 4-5. 1 The police arrived on the scene and interviewed a dying Lopez who told them there 2 was no reason why anybody would want to shoot him, but that he had seen “suspicious” 3 people in a car, specifically two men in a small, white SUV that had been driving slowly 4 on the street. Id. at 5. Two other percipient witnesses who lived near the scene of the 5 shooting testified they heard gunshots immediately before seeing a small, white SUV 6 (which one of the witnesses identified as a Scion XB) speed away from the scene. Id. 7 Another witness, Luis N., testified he had been Sanchez’s roommate and Sanchez 8 had at one point in the past driven a white Scion. Id. at 7-8. Sanchez admitted his 9 involvement in shooting Lopez to Luis N. sometime in November or December 2016. Id. 10 at 8. Sanchez later explained the shooting to Luis N. in more detail, saying a group of 11 “Cholos” had been “bothering” or “bugging” Sanchez for a beer; that Sanchez had seen 12 “something chrome” flashing under one of the “Cholo’s” shirts; and that Sanchez then left 13 the street, went to the apartment complex where he lived at the time, retrieved a gun from 14 his room, came back to the street, and shot one of the men. Id. at 9. Sanchez told Luis N. 15 he had been with his friend Alfredo, who also went by the name of “Billy,” on the night of 16 the shooting. Id. 17 San Diego Sheriff Department detective Manuel Heredia testified about an 18 undercover operation in San Diego jail during which deputies solicited information from 19 Alfredo. Id. at 11. Alfredo told deputies he had been with Sanchez on the night of the 20 shooting, both of them were drunk and high, and there had been a “brawl” during which 21 Sanchez had shot somebody. Id. at 11-12. Alfredo’s wife, Patricia C., also testified at trial 22 about Alfredo’s version of events on the night of the shooting. See id. at 13. According to 23 Patricia C., Alfredo told her he and Sanchez had been drinking the night of the shooting; 24 some guys “wanted to start a fight” with them while Sanchez was asleep in the car; and 25 Sanchez responded by going back to his apartment, getting a gun, and shooting one of the 26 men. Id. In her version of events as recalled by Alfredo, Alfredo never mentioned anything 27 about one of the men potentially being armed prior to the shooting. Id. After hearing this 28 and other evidence not germane to this Petition, the jury convicted Sanchez of first-degree 1 murder with a firearm enhancement, and the Superior Court consequently sentenced 2 Sanchez to “three years plus 50 years to life in prison.” Id. at 2. 3 II. POST-TRIAL PROCEDURES 4 Sanchez appealed his conviction directly to the California Court of Appeal. Doc. No. 5 1 at 2; Doc. No. 17-21. Sanchez’s direct appeal raised and exhausted the same five grounds 6 for relief he asserts in this Petition. See generally Doc. No. 17-21. The Court of Appeal 7 unanimously affirmed the judgment against Sanchez. See id. at 33. Sanchez then petitioned 8 the California Supreme Court for review. Doc. No. 1-2. The Supreme Court rejected his 9 Petition without comment on February 10, 2021. See Doc. Nos. 1-3, 17-23. Sanchez timely 10 filed this Petition on February 9, 2022. See Doc. No. 1. 11 Sanchez has also filed a Petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the California Superior 12 Court alleging ineffective assistance of counsel and insufficient evidence to support the 13 conviction against him. See Doc. No. 1 at 3. These claims have not been exhausted in the 14 state court system because Sanchez did not raise them during his direct appeal. See Doc. 15 17-23. Thus, Sanchez may not raise them in this Petition. See King v. Ryan, 546 F.3d 1133 , 16 1138 (9th Cir. 2009). Any subsequent federal habeas petition based on his ineffective 17 assistance of counsel or sufficiency of the evidence claims will be barred unless Sanchez 18 shows either an intervening, retroactive change in the Supreme Court’s constitutional 19 doctrine, or new facts that could not have been discovered with reasonable diligence and 20 which “if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to 21 establish by clear and convincing evidence that, but for constitutional error, no reasonable 22 factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.” 28 U.S.C. 23 § 2244(b)(2). 24 If Sanchez had filed a so-called “mixed” petition alleging both exhausted and 25 unexhausted claims, he would have had the opportunity to request a stay and abeyance 26 pending the exhaustion of his unexhausted claims. Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 , 275-76 27 (2005). Sanchez initially suggested he would seek a stay and abeyance. See Doc. No. 1 at 28 5. He subsequently elected to exclude his unexhausted claims from this Petition because 1 they would cause “delay.” See Doc. No. 4. Accordingly, this Court will address the merits 2 of the fully exhausted claims. 3 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 4 Federal habeas relief is available to an individual “in custody pursuant to the 5 judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the 6 Constitution or the laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (a). This Court 7 may not issue a writ of habeas corpus based solely on alleged error of state law. Estelle v. 8 McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67 (1991). A court will only entertain a writ of habeas corpus on 9 behalf of a state court prisoner if the federal claims have been adjudicated on the merits in 10 state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (b)-(c). A state court adjudication may be overturned if it 11 “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, 12 clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” — 13 — Id. § 2254(d)(1). This “standard is intentionally difficult to meet,” and it incorporates “a 14 presumption that state courts know and follow the law,” which makes federal habeas 15 review “a guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems, not a 16 substitute for ordinary error correction through appeal.” Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S. 312 , 17 316 (2015) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 18 Petitioner must first identify the “clearly established” federal law at issue. Marshall 19 v. Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 61 (2013); Robertson v. Pichon, 849 F.3d 1173, 1182 (9th Cir. 20 2017). Only the direct holdings of the Supreme Court, not its dicta, are “clearly established” 21 for purposes of the statute. Woods, 575 U.S. at 315; Robertson, 849 F.3d at 1182 . The 22 holdings of circuit courts cannot constitute “clearly established” federal law if the Supreme 23 Court has not itself announced a clear rule. See Lopez v. Smith, 574 U.S. 1 , 6 (2014); — 24 — — 25 — — 26 — 1 This Court has no obligation to advise Sanchez on the wisdom or folly of his decision to 27 gamble a procedural bar to habeas relief for his unexhausted claims against the expedience of proceeding only on his exhausted claims. Cf. Pliler v. Ford, 542 U.S. 225 , — 28 — 1 Robertson, 849 F.3d at 1182 . If there is no directly controlling Supreme Court precedent, 2 habeas relief will be unavailable to the petitioner because the law is not “clearly 3 established.” Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 126 (2008); Robertson, 849 F.3d at 1182 . 4 If Petitioner can identify “clearly established” law, he must also demonstrate the 5 state court made “an unreasonable application” of federal doctrine, “not merely [a] wrong” 6 application, and “even clear error will not suffice.” Woods, 575 U.S. at 316 (citations and 7 internal quotation marks omitted). To justify habeas relief “a state prisoner must show that 8 the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in 9 justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law 10 beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86 , 11 103 (2011); accord Robertson, 849 F.3d at 1182 . 12 Should Petitioner cross the high hurdles of both identifying a “clearly established” 13 law and showing the state court’s ruling is sufficiently outré as to constitute error 14 susceptible to habeas review, Petitioner must further demonstrate any error was prejudicial 15 under the standard announced by the Supreme Court in Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 16 619, 637-38 (1993). See Fry v. Pliler, 551 U.S. 112, 121-22 (2007); Merolillo v. Yates, 663 17 F.3d 444, 454-55 (9th Cir. 2011). Under that standard, “[h]abeas relief is warranted only if 18 the error had a ‘substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s 19 verdict.’” Merolillo, 663 F.3d at 454 (citing Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637-38 ). This Court’s 20 review is limited “to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim 21 on the merits.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 180-81 (2011). This Court will “look 22 through” any summary denials to the “last reasoned opinion” issuing from the state 23 judiciary. See Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1194 (2018) (citing Ylst v. Nunnemaker, — 24 — 501 U.S. 797 (1991)). Because the California Supreme Court denied Sanchez’s Petition for 25 review without comment, this Court will “look through” to the decision of the California 26 Court of Appeal. Doc. No. 17-21. 27 /// 28 /// 1 IV. SANCHEZ HAS SHOWN NO DEPRIVATION OF HIS FEDERAL 2 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 3 Sanchez raises five separate grounds for relief: (1) the trial court failed to instruct 4 the jury on voluntary manslaughter based on imperfect self-defense; (2) the trial court 5 failed to instruct the jury on voluntary intoxication; (3) the trial court’s manslaughter 6 instructions on self-defense, provocation, and “sudden quarrel/hit [sic] of passion” were 7 incomplete and misleading; (4) the three claimed instructional errors amounted to 8 cumulative error sufficient to deprive Petitioner of his due process right to a fair trial; and 9 (5) the trial court violated his due process rights by imposing restitution without holding 10 an “ability-to-pay hearing or finding there was an ability to pay.” Doc. No. 1 at 6-10; Doc. 11 No. 1-2 at 9. This Court will address each argument in turn. 12 (1) The Trial Court Did Not Err When It Refused to Give an Imperfect Self13 Defense Instruction 14 Sanchez alleges the trial court violated his due process rights by failing to give an 15 instruction on the lesser included offense (“LIO”) of imperfect self-defense. Doc. No. 1. 16 Sanchez acknowledges “failure to instruct on a lesser included offense is ordinarily only 17 state law error,” which places the matter beyond the scope of this Court’s review. See Doc. 18 No. 17-18 at 48 (citing People v. Breverman, 19 Cal. 4th 142, 149 (1998)). At the same 19 time, he identifies two putative federal claims this Court may review. Sanchez first claims 20 the failure to instruct on imperfect self-defense improperly absolved the prosecution of 21 proving “malice” beyond a reasonable doubt. See Doc. 17-18 at 48-49. He also claims the 22 failure to instruct deprived him of his due process right to present a defense Id. at 49-50. 23 The California Court of Appeal did not directly address either federal constitutional 24 issue in its opinion. See Doc. No. 17-18 at 48-50; Doc. No. 17-21 at 13-21. “When a state 25 court rejects a federal claim without expressly addressing the claim, a federal habeas court 26 must presume that the federal claim was adjudicated on the merits. . . .” See Johnson v. 27 Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 300-01 (2013). Here, the Court of Appeal assumed, without 28 deciding, any claimed federal constitutional error would have been harmless. See Doc. 171 21 at 20. Because nothing in the record suggests this Court should question the presumption 2 of on-the-merits adjudication, the Court will herein below address both constitutional 3 issues. 4 (a) Due Process Did Not Require an Instruction on Imperfect Self-Defense 5 Sanchez argues instructional errors can raise constitutional issues in the specific 6 context of voluntary manslaughter because erroneous instructions can impermissibly 7 absolve the prosecution of its burden to prove every element of a murder charge beyond a 8 reasonable doubt. Doc. No. 17-18 at 48-49. Following the close of evidence, Sanchez 9 requested an imperfect self-defense instruction, which the trial court declined to give. Doc. 10 No. 17-11 at 114-116, 129-32 (8 RT 1164:15-1166:2, 1179:5-1182:12). As this Court will 11 endeavor to explain, Sanchez’s argument as to the appropriate rule of decision here has 12 merit, but respondent has the better argument as to the appropriate result. 13 Due process requires the government prove every element of a charged crime 14 beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970). As a corollary to that 15 rule, any time a state makes “malice” an element of murder, and the absence of malice 16 commutes murder to voluntary manslaughter under state law, constitutional due process 17 requires the prosecution prove the absence of the commuting factors beyond a reasonable 18 doubt; but only if the evidence raises triable issues of voluntary manslaughter for the jury. 19 See Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 697-98, 703-04 (1975); see also United States v. 20 Begay, 33 F.4th 1081, 1088 (9th Cir. 2022) (noting under Mullaney the prosecution bears 21 the burden of disproving the mitigating factor and the trial court must so instruct the jury, 22 but “such an instruction is only required if the defense is fairly raised”); accord United 23 States v. Roston, 986 F.2d 1287, 1290 (9th Cir. 1993); Walker v. Endell, 850 F.2d 470 , 472 24 (9th Cir. 1987). Under California law, “imperfect self-defense” commutes murder to 25 manslaughter because it negates the element of malice. See People v. Breverman, 19 Cal. 26 4th 142, 153-54 (1998); see also id. at 189 (Kennard., J., dissenting) (“[T]he complete 27 definition of malice is the intent to kill . . . plus the absence of both heat of passion and 28 unreasonable self-defense.”). Thus, this Court must resolve whether, on the facts of this 1 case and given how California treats the “malice” element of a murder charge, due process 2 required the trial court to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter by way of imperfect 3 self-defense in this case, including the prosecution’s obligation to prove beyond a 4 reasonable doubt that Sanchez had not engaged in imperfect self-defense. 5 Respondent contends there is no federal issue here because “the failure . . . to instruct 6 on lesser-included offenses in a non-capital case does not present a federal constitutional 7 claim.” Doc. No. 14-1 at 15:21-25. Respondent is partly correct: while the Supreme Court 8 has expressly held a trial court must instruct on lesser included offenses in capital cases 9 [Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 635-38 (1980)], it has reserved judgment on whether due 10 process requires the giving of a lesser-included offense in all criminal cases, [Keeble v. 11 United States, 412 U.S. 205, 213 (1973); Bashor v. Risley, 730 F.2d 1228, 1240 (9th Cir. 12 1984)]. Respondent suggests this Court should follow Solis v. Garcia, 219 F.3d 922 , 92413 25, 928-29 (9th Cir. 2000), in which the Ninth Circuit held due process did not require a 14 voluntary manslaughter instruction in a case where the defendant had been convicted of 15 second-degree murder under an aiding and abetting theory. But, as that Court noted, Solis 16 was “not a Winship-type case . . . because the instructions did not omit any element of the 17 second degree murder charge against” the defendant, which in turn did not require proof 18 of “malice” on Solis’s part because he was liable as an aider and abettor, not a principle. 19 See 219 F.3d at 927 . Thus, the line of cases following Beck and Keeble, which address the 20 issue of lesser included offenses broadly without regard to the specific rule of Mullaney, 21 do not resolve Sanchez’s actual argument, which invokes “clearly established” Supreme 22 Court doctrine specific to murder charges where the state must prove malice, and where 23 proof of voluntary manslaughter negates the element of malice.2 — 24 — — 25 — 2 The two lines of cases are not in conflict. One analyzes the issue in terms of the — 26 — potential sentence faced by the criminal accused. The other focuses instead on the 27 prosecution’s burden to secure a conviction. A hypothetical case might be both, e.g., a murder case in which state law makes malice an element of murder and the prosecution — 28 — 1 Having determined Mullaney supplies the rule of decision here, not Beck or Keeble, 2 this Court must determine whether due process required the trial court to instruct on 3 imperfect self-defense in this case. As set forth, supra, due process would only require 4 giving the instruction if the trial record placed voluntary manslaughter properly in issue. In 5 California the lesser included offense of imperfect self-defense requires, among other 6 elements, “[t]he defendant actually believed” he was “in imminent danger of being killed 7 or suffering great bodily injury.” See CALCRIM 571 (emphasis added).3 After hearing an 8 offer of proof from Sanchez’s counsel, the trial court rejected Sanchez’s request for a lesser 9 included offense instruction. Id. at 126-32 (8 RT 1176:1-1182:12). The Court reasoned 10 that, although a modicum of circumstantial evidence suggested N.D. could have been 11 armed with a handgun, there was insufficient evidence to submit the question to the jury 12 because, at the time of the shooting, Sanchez left the group that included N.D., went to his 13 apartment to get a gun, then returned and shot Lopez. Id. at 129-32 (8 RT 1179:5-1182:12). 14 Accordingly, the Court agreed with the prosecution there could never be an actual belief, 15 however unreasonable, of imminent harm because harm cannot be “imminent” when the 16 accused retreats from any potential threats and then later returns of his own accord. Id. at 17 127-28, 129, 132 (8 RT 1177:2-1178:16, 11798:5-9, 11982:8-12). 18 The Court of Appeal rejected Sanchez’s claim of trial error. See Doc. No. 17-21 at 19 17-20. Based on its independent review of the record, that Court agreed with the trial court, — 20 — — 21 — — 22 — accused faces no more than several years in prison. This case is one (because Sanchez was 23 tried for murder in California, where “malice” is an element of murder) but not the other (because Sanchez did not face the death penalty). The Court also notes not every murder — 24 — charge will implicate Mullaney because other states treat the mens rea of murder 25 differently, and not all state laws will implicate due process in the same fashion. See, e.g., People v. Patterson, 39 N.Y.2d 288, 302-04 (1976). — 26 — 3 California’s pattern jury instructions are, when given, compliant with Mullaney 27 because they accurately instruct the jury on the prosecutions’ burden to prove malice beyond a reasonable doubt, including proof the defendant did not act in imperfect self28 1 holding “there was insufficient evidence to support a finding that defendant actually feared 2 that N.D. or Jordy posed” a sufficiently “imminent” danger to warrant giving the requested 3 instruction. Id. at 19. If the record were so limited, this Court could easily conclude the 4 Court of Appeal’s decision was not “beyond any possibility of fair-minded disagreement” 5 about the requirements of due process, and thus beyond the reach of habeas review. 6 But this case involves a twist. The trial judge agreed, upon Sanchez’s request, to 7 give CALCRIM 505 (Justifiable Homicide: Self-Defense or Defense of Another). See Doc. 8 No. 17-11 at 132, 135 (8 RT 1132:8-16, 1185:14-19). In so doing, the Court overruled an 9 objection from the prosecution that, based on the evidence in the case, there was no 10 imminent threat that could justify self-defense or the defense of another. Id. at 133-34 (8 11 RT 1183:8-1184:2). Under California law, the requirement of “imminent” harm is identical 12 for so-called “perfect” self-defense, which is a complete defense to a homicide charge, and 13 “imperfect” self-defense, which merely commutes murder to voluntary manslaughter. 14 Compare CALCRIM 505 with CALCRIM 571. The trial court’s ruling thus presents, at 15 least on the surface, a material inconsistency because it ruled the evidence was 16 simultaneously insufficient and sufficient to present the factual issue of “imminent” harm 17 to the jury. 18 Sanchez argued to the Court of Appeal that any time the evidence warrants a 19 requested instruction on perfect self-defense, the evidence is per se sufficient to require a 20 mandatory instruction on imperfect self-defense. See Doc. 17-18 at 45 (citing People v. 21 Ceja, 26 Cal. App. 4th 78, 85-86 (1994), overruled on other grounds, People v. Blakeley — 22 — 23 Cal. 4th 82, 91 (2000)). The Court of Appeal rejected that contention, noting a split of 23 authority in California appellate courts, and declining to adopt the bright line rule 24 formulated in the concurrence to the Ceja case. Doc. No. 17-21 at 19-20. This Court’s 25 review does not encompass the state-law issue of whether the concurrence in Ceja correctly 26 states California law. If, however, the inconsistency in the trial court’s reasoning is 27 fundamentally irreconcilable—that is to say, if the evidence required the trial court to make 28 a binary choice between instructing on both or neither theories—then the state court’s 1 application of constitutional law might rise to the level of legal error about which there 2 could not be fair-minded disagreement, and which could warrant habeas relief, because it 3 could prove logically irreconcilable. 4 Based on this Court’s independent review of the record, however, any perceived 5 inconsistencies in the trial court’s reasoning evaporate in light of its justifications for 6 denying the request for a lesser included offense instruction while simultaneously 7 instructing on perfect self-defense. In addition to the due process requirement of lesser 8 included offense instructions imposed by Mullaney, “a trial court must instruct on the 9 defendant’s theory of the case.” See United States v. Seymour, 576 F.2d 1345, 1348 (9th 10 Cir. 1978). It has been repeatedly noted this standard is essentially mandatory, although 11 the exact language proposed by a criminal defendant need not be followed so long as the 12 jury instructions as a whole accurately convey the defense theory. See, e.g., United States 13 v. Lopez, 885 F.2d 1428, 1434 (9th Cir. 1989); United States v. Kenny, 645 F.2d 1323 , 14 1337 (9th Cir. 1981); United States v. Sibley, 595 F.2d 1162, 1164-65 (9th Cir. 1979); 15 United States v. Kaplan, 554 F.2d 958, 968 (9th Cir. 1977). Instructions that accurately 16 reflect the “defense theory of the case” must be given so long as there is “some foundation 17 in the evidence.” See United States v. Echeverry, 759 F.2d 1451, 1455 (9th Cir. 1985). 18 Sanchez justified the request for a perfect self-defense instruction not because due 19 process required it, but because, at least at the time his counsel argued the issue to the trial 20 court, that was his theory of the case. See Doc. No. 17-11 at 134 (8 RT 1134:3-24). In 21 contrast, Sanchez’s counsel expressly indicated imperfect self-defense was not the 22 defendant’s theory of the case. Id. at 126-27 (8 RT 1176:14-1177:1). Thus, two different 23 legal standards governed the trial court’s rulings on giving the two instructions. Under the 24 “defense theory of the case” rule, the trial court was virtually required to give the 25 instruction upon request so long as there was “some foundation in the evidence” supporting 26 Sanchez’s theory. To give the lesser included offense instruction, on the other hand, the 27 trial court had to conclude there was sufficient evidence that, even if not requested, and 28 even if over objection, there was sufficient evidence on all the elements to present the lesser 1 included offense to the jury as a fundamental requirement of due process. 2 Based on this Court’s review of the trial record, only one witness, Sanchez’s former 3 roommate Luis N., presented a version of the facts in which there was even slight 4 evidentiary support for an inference—however weakly drawn—that one of Jordy Lopez’s 5 friends might have been armed at the time of Lopez’s murder. Doc. No. 17-10 at 31-34 (7 6 RT 881:8-884:6). Specifically, that witness testified to Sanchez’s statement he had seen 7 “something chrome” underneath the shirt of a man in Lopez’s crew shortly before the 8 shooting. At the same time, that same witness testified Sanchez retreated to a place of 9 safety, got his own gun, and then returned before shooting Lopez. Id.4 He also testified 10 Sanchez shot Lopez because some “cholos” had been “bugging” Sanchez for a beer, not 11 because of any violence or threats of violence. Id. It was well within the bounds of reason 12 for the Court of Appeal to conclude, based on the only version of events in which N.D. or 13 another of Lopez’s friends might have been armed, Sanchez could not have feared 14 “imminent” harm. At the same time, the Court of Appeal could reasonably conclude this 15 de minimis evidentiary showing satisfied the burden to justify an instruction on the 16 defendant’s theory of the case. 17 By silently affirming the trial court’s ruling and rejecting Sanchez’s due process 18 arguments, the Court of Appeal implicitly ruled the evidence satisfied the threshold for a 19 “defense theory of the case” instruction yet did not rise to the level where due process 20 required a lesser included offense instruction under Mullaney. This Court is satisfied the 21 Court of Appeal ruled well within the bounds of reason when it rejected Sanchez’s claims 22 of error on appeal. Accordingly, this Court finds there was no constitutional error. 23 /// — 24 — — 25 — — 26 — 4 Sanchez’s other friend, Alfredo Nuno, also relayed a version of the facts in which 27 Sanchez retreated to a place of safety before returning to shoot Lopez, but he did not state that anybody in the victim’s cohort was armed at the time of the shooting. See Doc. No. — 28 — 1 (b) Sanchez Was Not Deprived of His Right to Present a Defense 2 As set forth, supra, the due process right to present a defense requires the jury be 3 instructed on the defendant’s “theory of the case.” See United States v. Seymour, 576 F.2d 4 1345, 1348 (9th Cir. 1978). Sanchez argues the trial court’s refusal to instruct on imperfect 5 self-defense deprived him of this right. Doc. No. 17-118 at 49-40. Neither the Court of 6 Appeal’s Opinion nor respondent’s Opposition addresses this claim. See Doc. No. 17-21 7 at 17-21; Doc. No. 14-1 at 29-30. As this Court has already noted, Sanchez’s theory of the 8 case was perfect self-defense, at least at the time his counsel argued jury instructions to the 9 trial court, and he expressly declined to make imperfect self-defense his theory of the case. 10 See Doc. No. 17-11 at 126-27, 134 (8 RT 1134:3-24, 1176:14-1177:1).5 Sanchez has not 11 identified any authority suggesting a trial court must instruct on a theory of the case the 12 defendant later argues he could have advanced. This Court can therefore easily conclude 13 Sanchez was not entitled to the omitted instruction under the “theory of the case” doctrine 14 because imperfect self-defense was not in fact his theory of the case. The Court of Appeal’s 15 implicit rejection of Sanchez’s argument to the contrary was therefore well within the 16 bounds of reason, and it warrants no intervention by this Court. 17 (2) The Voluntary Intoxication Instruction Raises No Constitutional Issues 18 Sanchez charges the trial court with erroneously refusing to give an instruction on 19 “voluntary intoxication.” Doc. No. 1 at 7; Doc. No. 17-18 at 55. He asserted two different 20 grounds for federal constitutional error before the California Court of Appeal, claiming the 21 failure to instruct on intoxication (a) absolved the prosecution of its burden to prove “the — 22 — — 23 — 5 As the Court of Appeal noted, Sanchez’s counsel appears to have changed course — 24 — from treating this as a “self-defense” case, choosing instead to argue during closing that 25 Sanchez was “not the shooter.” See Doc. No. 17-21 at 28-29. This Court is not concerned with how, why, or even if counsel made the decision to change course. This tactical trial — 26 — decision does not impact this Court’s analysis of Sanchez’s Petition because, as far as the 27 trial court’s duty to determine the appropriate jury instructions was concerned, the trial court’s reasoning satisfied due process at the time counsel made the representations about — 28 — 1 required mental state” for the crime of murder “beyond a reasonable doubt”; and (b) 2 “affected Sanchez’s constitutional right to have the jury determine every material issue 3 presented by the evidence.” Doc. No. 17-18 at 59. 4 (a) Due Process Did Not Require a Voluntary Intoxication Instruction as a 5 Lesser Included Offense 6 Sanchez claimed on appeal that failing to instruct on voluntary intoxication “violated 7 the due process guarantee that requires the prosecution in a first-degree murder prosecution 8 to prove [the applicable mens rea for that crime] beyond a reasonable doubt.” Doc. No. 179 18 at 59 (citing People v. Koontz, 27 Cal. 4th 1041, 1080 (2002)). To begin with, Koontz 10 does not stand for that point of law, as the cited portion of the California Supreme Court’s 11 opinion merely sets forth the legal standard for deliberation and premeditation; it does not 12 link them to any due process guarantee. See 27 Cal. 4th at 1080 . Although Sanchez 13 provided no further substantive analysis other than a single sentence and a citation to 14 Koontz, this Court understands the gravamen of his argument to be that he believes Winship 15 and Mullaney require lesser included offense instructions in cases of voluntary intoxication 16 as they do in cases of imperfect self-defense, at least when the record supports submission 17 of the issue to the jury. Respondent does not accurately address this argument because it 18 construes the issue as whether due process required the voluntary intoxication instruction 19 as Sanchez’s theory of the case. See Doc. No. 14-1 at 32-33. Sanchez raises no such 20 argument. See Doc. No. 17-18 at 59. Respondent nonetheless inadvertently reaches the 21 correct conclusion because Sanchez presents no federal issue. 22 As set forth, supra, when state law distinguishes between murder and manslaughter 23 based on mitigating factors that negate the element of “malice” necessary to a charge of 24 murder, the prosecution must prove the absence of the mitigating factors beyond a 25 reasonable doubt if, but only if, the evidence could support a finding of the mitigating 26 factors. See Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 697-98, 703-04 (1975); People v. 27 Breverman, 19 Cal. 4th. 142, 189 (1998) (Kennard., J., dissenting). The California Supreme 28 Court has expressly held state law does not recognize voluntary intoxication as a factor that 1 would commute a murder charge to voluntary manslaughter, which is a sharp distinction 2 from the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter by way of imperfect self3 defense. See People v. Saille, 54 Cal. 3d 1103, 1113-17 (1991). Thus, because intoxication 4 does not commute murder to manslaughter by negating the malice element, due process 5 never imposes a requirement upon the prosecution to prove the accused was not intoxicated 6 at the time of a killing. 7 Even if there were a constitutional guarantee of an instruction on voluntary 8 intoxication, the state court’s application of such a precept would have been well within 9 the bounds of reason here. Due process only requires a lesser included offense instruction 10 in a murder case when the evidence is sufficiently substantial that it must be submitted to 11 the jury. See Mullaney, 421 U.S. at 697-98, 703-04 . As noted by the California Court of 12 Appeal in this matter, voluntary intoxication instructions are only proper when there is 13 evidence from which the jury could conclude the defendant was in fact intoxicated and his 14 intoxication in fact affected his ability to form the specific intent to commit the charged 15 crime. See Doc. No. 17-21 at 22-23 (citing People v. Williams, 16 Cal. 4th 635, 677 (1997)). 16 Here, Sanchez requested the trial court instruct on voluntary intoxication because 17 circumstantial evidence might arguably have supported a conclusion that Sanchez was 18 intoxicated at the time of the shooting. See Doc. No. 17-11at 116, 117 (8 RT 1166:4-21, 19 1167:9-18). The Court ultimately denied the requested instruction because there was no 20 evidence suggesting Sanchez’s intoxication affected his ability to form the specific intent 21 to kill. See id. at 135-39 (8 RT 1185:14-1189:16). 22 This Court has found no evidence in the record from which a jury could conclude 23 Sanchez was so affected. Thus, even if due process required the prosecution to disprove 24 intoxication in an appropriate case, this would not be a such a case because there was no 25 evidence to submit to the jury on an essential element of voluntary intoxication. Based on 26 the record before this Court, the California courts would have reached the only reasonable 27 application of Mullaney on these facts, which would come nowhere near the standard for 28 error prescribed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d). 1 (b) Sanchez’s “Materiality” Argument Does Not Raise a Constitutional Issue 2 Sanchez claims the trial court’s refusal to instruct on voluntary intoxication “affected 3 [his] constitutional right to have the jury determine every material issue presented by the 4 evidence, to resolve disputed factual issues, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable 5 inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Doc. 17-18 at 59 (internal citations omitted). 6 Sanchez does not identify a United States Supreme Court case that sets forth “clearly 7 established” case law that might be implicated here. He cites one case addressing the 8 standard for reviewing so-called Jackson claims in which a convicted prisoner challenges 9 the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction. See id. (citing Wright v. West, 505 10 U.S. 277 , 296-97 (1992)). Another case addresses the pleading burden placed upon the 11 prosecution by the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. See id. (citing Mathews v. United 12 States, 485 U.S. 58, 64-65 (1988)). Sanchez also identifies a state court case which stands 13 for the proposition that a jury must determine the ultimate facts on each element of a 14 charged crime, and a court can neither direct the jury to reach a conviction nor direct the 15 jury that an element of a crime has been established as a matter of law. See id. (citing 16 People v. Hedgecock, 51 Cal. 3d 395, 407-09 (1990)); accord Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 17 U.S. 73, 84 (1983); People v. Figueroa, 41 Cal. 3d 714, 733 (1986). This case presents 18 none of these issues. 19 The pleadings of a pro se litigant are entitled to the benefit of liberal construction. 20 See Rickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). At the same time, this Court is not obliged 21 to craft a tenable legal argument based on a single sentence in a brief that supplies neither 22 legal nor factual authority for a litigant’s position. See Jones v. Gomez, 66 F.3d 199 , 20423 05 (9th Cir. 1995); James v. Borg, 24 F.3d 20, 26 (9th Cir. 1994). The most charitable 24 interpretation this Court can give Sanchez’s Petition is that he claims the failure to instruct 25 on voluntary intoxication somehow equated to the trial judge removing the ultimate factual 26 question of Sanchez’s guilt from the jury, which might violate due process consistent with 27 Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. at 84. Sanchez’s conclusory briefing to the California 28 Court of Appeal and Supreme Court fails to supply pertinent legal authority or explain how 1 or why the trial judge’s refusal to give the requested instruction violated due process as he 2 claims. His Petition adds nothing to the analysis because he simply incorporates his state 3 court arguments by reference in their entirety. See Doc. No. 1 at 7. Thus, not only has 4 Sanchez failed to identify “clearly established” Supreme Court law that could guide this 5 Court’s analysis, he has also failed to explain how any law, clearly established or otherwise, 6 was misapplied by the courts of California in his case. 7 Even so, this Court has independently reviewed the instructions given to the jury in 8 this matter, and they reveal the trial court accurately instructed the jury both on its duty to 9 find the facts, and its obligation to decide whether the prosecution had proven the murder 10 charge beyond a reasonable doubt. See Doc. No. 17-1 at 106-07, 110, 135-37. Although 11 the Court of Appeal’s Opinion does not explore the due process sufficiency of these 12 instructions, its implicit rejection of Sanchez’s due process claim is a textbook application 13 of Connecticut v. Johnson, and therefore Sanchez could not meet the high burden under 28 14 U.S.C. § 2254 (d) to prove the state court applied federal law in a manner that is 15 unreasonably erroneous. This Court has accordingly found no error on this ground. 16 (3) Sanchez’s Challenge to the Jury Instructions on Self-Defense and 17 Provocation are Procedurally Defaulted, and They Are Meritless Because 18 They Do Not Raise Federal Questions 19 Sanchez claims the trial court’s instructions on “self-defense/defense of another and 20 sudden quarrel/heat of passion voluntary manslaughter were prejudicially incomplete and 21 misleading.” Doc. No. 17-18 at 61. He claims constitutional error because the instructions 22 as given absolved the prosecution of its burden to prove “the absence of self23 defense/defense of another” and “the absence of hear [sic] of passion” beyond a reasonable 24 doubt. Id. at 68 . He also claims federal constitutional error under the “materiality” standard 25 he asserted for the instruction on voluntary intoxication. See id. at 68-69 . 26 a. This Claim is Procedurally Defaulted 27 The procedural default doctrine bars federal habeas review of a state court conviction 28 where there are “independent” and “adequate” state procedural grounds to support the 1 judgment. See Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 9-10 (2012). The state procedural rule in 2 question must not derive from federal law, and it must be “firmly established and 3 consistently followed” in state courts. See id. A prisoner may demonstrate an exception 4 should apply if there is “cause for the default” and “prejudice from a violation of federal 5 law.” See id. at 10 . When a litigant fails to object to jury instructions at trial, and a state 6 appellate court deems the argument forfeited or waived, any claimed error is procedurally 7 defaulted on habeas review and even the United States Supreme Court is “without authority 8 to address” claims of instructional error. See Sochor v. Florida, 504 U.S. 527, 534 (1992). 9 Sochor, which is indistinguishable from this case, unequivocally dictates the result 10 here. Sanchez concedes his trial counsel acceded to the trial court’s instructions on self11 defense and voluntary manslaughter without objection or request for clarification. Doc. No. 12 17-18 at 61. This Court’s independent review of the record corroborates the instructions 13 were given at counsel’s request, and in the case of self-defense over the prosecution’s 14 objection. See Doc. No. 17-11 at 114, 115, 132-34 (8 RT 1164:15-21, 1165:24-27, 1182:815 1184:2). On this basis, the Court of Appeal held Sanchez had “forfeited his claim of error” 16 by failing to seek clarification or modification from the trial court. Doc. No. 17-21 at 24. 17 California’s forfeiture doctrine is firmly established and consistently applied. See People 18 v. Livingston, 53 Cal. 4th 1145, 1165 (2012); People v. Saunders, 5 Cal. 4th 580 , 589-90 19 (1993). Although the Court of Appeal also addressed the substance of the claim on the 20 merits in dicta as an alternative holding, this does not change the result of Sanchez’s 21 procedural default. See Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255 , 264 n.10 (1989); Towery v. Shriro, — 22 — 641 F.3d 300 , 311 n.2 (9th Cir. 2010). Sanchez has made no showing there was cause to 23 excuse his forfeiture, so this Court concludes the claim is procedurally defaulted. 24 b. Notwithstanding the Procedural Default, the Claim is Meritless 25 Sanchez argues in conclusory fashion the trial court’s instructions on self-defense 26 and voluntary manslaughter violated the due process requirements of proving the absence 27 of both self-defense and provocation in a murder case. See Doc. No. 17-18 at 68. He also 28 raises his “materiality” argument without any further elaboration of its contours than he 1 did in the context of the voluntary intoxication instruction. This Court finds no error for a 2 host of reasons. 3 Sanchez directs this Court to the body of case law, already discussed at length, supra, 4 which addresses the due process implications of giving lesser included offense instructions 5 in homicide cases. See Doc. No. 17-18; Mullany v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 703 (1975); 6 People v. Martinez, 31 Cal. 4th 673, 707 (2003); People v. Rios, 23 Cal. 4th 450 , 458-59 7 (2000). But Sanchez fails to explain how those cases, which address imperfect self-defense 8 as a lesser included offense of murder, impact the ultimate burden of persuasion in a case 9 where the defendant claims perfect self-defense. Under California law, perfect self-defense 10 is a complete defense to homicide, not a lesser included offense of murder. See People v. 11 Barton, 12 Cal. 4th 186, 194-98 (1995). Although due process, as interpreted by the 12 Supreme Court in Winship and Mullaney, imposes instructional requirements in certain 13 murder cases, the Supreme Court has expressly refused to extend categorically the Winship 14 doctrine to affirmative defenses. See Gilmore v. Taylor, 508 U.S. 333, 343 (1993); see also 15 Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228, 235-36 (1987) (holding states may, consistent with due 16 process, require defendants to prove perfect self-defense by a preponderance of the 17 evidence). Thus, the constitution did not require the prosecution to disprove perfect self18 defense as a condition of obtaining a conviction, and Sanchez has therefore identified no 19 clearly established federal law of which he can claim a violation.6 20 Sanchez correctly states due process required the prosecution to prove beyond a 21 reasonable doubt that Sanchez was not provoked if the evidence warranted a jury 22 instruction on the lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter by reason of 23 provocation from a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion. Doc. No. 17-18 at 68. — 24 — — 25 — 6 Had Sanchez identified clearly established law there would nonetheless be no error. — 26 — The self-defense instruction given to the jury in this matter specifically indicated the 27 prosecution carried “the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing was not justified.” See Doc. No. 17-1 at 144. Thus, even if due process imposed the Winship — 28 — 1 However, Sanchez has failed to explain in even cursory detail how the trial court’s 2 instructions in this case violated that fundamental precept. This Court’s review of the 3 instructions given to the jury on voluntary manslaughter by reason of provocation show 4 the jury was accurately instructed “[t]he People have the burden of proving beyond a 5 reasonable doubt that the defendant did not kill as the result of a sudden quarrel or in the 6 heat of passion.” See Doc. No. 17-1 at 142. This Court can only conclude that, far from an 7 erroneous application of federal law, the Court of Appeal implicitly rejected Sanchez’s 8 argument because, in this Court’s assessment, the trial court’s voluntary manslaughter 9 instructions conformed to due process. 10 As set forth, supra, this Court will construe Sanchez’s “materiality” argument [Doc. 11 No. 17-18 at 68-69] as a charge the trial court somehow instructed the jury it could return 12 a guilty verdict without independently finding the prosecution had proven each element of 13 the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt. This Court has already concluded this is not 14 a “clearly established” matter of constitutional law as argued by Sanchez on the facts of 15 this case. Moreover, the jury was accurately instructed on its role and the obligation to find 16 the facts and not convict unless the prosecution proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt. 17 See Doc. No. 17-1 at 106-07, 110, 135-37. This Court, accordingly, finds no error on 18 Sanchez’s third claim. 19 (4) There Was No “Cumulative Error” Amounting to An Abridgment Of 20 Sanchez’s Due Process Rights Because There Was No Error to Cumulate 21 Sanchez asserts the trial court’s alleged errors identified in the first three grounds for 22 relief, if individually harmless, had a “cumulative effect” that “irreparably prejudice[d] 23 Sanchez’s constitutional right to a fair trial.” See Doc. No. 17-18 at 72; see also Doc. No. 24 1 at 9. Sanchez does not identify a Supreme Court case setting forth “clearly established” 25 federal law directly on point. See Doc. No. 17-18 at 72. Respondent appears to agree with 26 Sanchez that this Court should review for cumulative error, and, like Sanchez, it directs 27 this Court’s attention to Parle v. Runnels, 505 F.3d 922, 927 (9th Cir. 2007), in which the 28 Ninth Circuit, relying on Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302-03 (1973), held “[t]he 1 Supreme Court has clearly established that the combined effect of multiple trial court errors 2 violates due process where it renders the resulting criminal trial fundamentally unfair.” See 3 Doc. No. 14-1 at 46. Respondent also cites Ybarra v. McDaniel, 656 F.3d 984, 1001 (9th 4 Cir. 2011), for the proposition that a federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus on the 5 basis of cumulative error “when there is a ‘unique symmetry’ of otherwise harmless errors, 6 such that they amplify each other in relation to a key contested issue in the case.” See id. 7 The Supreme Court has neither explicitly overruled nor endorsed either Parle or 8 Ybarra, but in the years following those decisions the high court has forcefully admonished 9 the courts of appeals, including the Ninth Circuit, against framing narrow Supreme Court 10 precedents at a high level of generality to justify habeas corpus relief. See Lopez v. Smith, — 11 — 574 U.S. 1 , 6 (2014); Nevada v. Jackson, 569 U.S. 505 , 512 (2013); accord Wright v. Van 12 Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 126 (2008); Robertson v. Pichon, 849 F.3d 1173, 1182 (9th Cir. 13 2017). At the same time, the Court has also held a “general standard” may be derived from 14 Supreme Court jurisprudence in support of habeas corpus applications. See Marshall v. 15 Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 62 (2013); Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004). 16 In Chambers, the decision on which the Ninth Circuit’s cumulative error doctrine 17 rests, the Supreme Court narrowly held evidentiary exclusions, coupled with a denial of 18 the fundamental right to cross-examination, effectively deprived the criminal defendant of 19 a fair trial in violation of due process. See 410 U.S. at 302-03 . The Court explicitly stated 20 it “establish[ed] no new principles of constitutional law” and limited its holding to “the 21 facts and circumstances of” the case before it. Id. This Court’s interpretation of Chambers 22 is that, based on the high court’s language explicitly limiting the holding, Chambers should 23 be narrowly construed such that any case that may be distinguished on its facts would fall 24 outside the rule. The Supreme Court decisions in Lopez and Jackson further inform this 25 Court’s interpretation of Chambers, and lead to the conclusion that Parle and its progeny 26 erroneously treated Chambers as establishing a general principle of clearly established — 27 — — 28 — 1 federal law. Here, the claimed errors differ in kind from the errors identified by the 2 Supreme Court in Chambers. Thus, this Court concludes there is not a clearly established 3 federal law at issue in this case. 4 In an appropriate case, this Court might be forced to choose between following 5 Parle, which directs the courts of this Circuit to consider cumulative error, and the string 6 of cases that post-date Parle, which direct federal courts to follow the Supreme Court’s 7 holdings and “defer to the state court’s decision” in cases when the Supreme Court has not 8 established a controlling legal principle. This Court need not decide, at least in this case, 9 whether the cumulative error doctrine is a matter of clearly established federal law because 10 according to the Ninth Circuit there can be no cumulative error when there are no errors in 11 the trial proceeding that could cumulate. See United States v. Solorio, 669 F.3d 943 , 956 12 (9th Cir. 2012); Hayes v. Ayers, 632 F.3d 500, 524 (9th Cir. 2011). This Court has already 13 determined Sanchez has not identified a single instructional error committed by the 14 Superior Court. Assuming without deciding that habeas corpus relief may issue for 15 cumulative error, Sanchez’s Petition fails because no errors cannot be deemed cumulative. 16 (5) This Court Lacks Jurisdiction to Review the Restitution Order 17 Sanchez claims the trial court violated his due process rights by imposing fines and 18 restitution without first holding a hearing on his ability to pay. Doc. No. 1 at 10; Doc. No. 19 17-18 at 74 (citing People v. Duenas, 30 Cal. App. 5th 1157, 1168, 1172 (2019)). This 20 Court may only entertain a writ petition on grounds the petitioner is “in custody” in 21 violation of federal law. See 29 U.S.C. § 2254 (1). The “in custody” requirement limits this 22 Court’s jurisdiction to hear habeas petitions to situations where a person is “literally” 23 incarcerated or otherwise held against his will—and restitution orders do not meet that — 24 — — 25 — — 26 — 7 As further evidence the cumulative error doctrine is not a matter of clearly 27 established Supreme Court doctrine, this Court notes the Circuits are split on the matter, which suggests the law is unclear at best. Compare Parle, 505 F.3d at 927 , with Moore v. — 28 — 1 standard because they impose no significant restraint on a petitioner’s liberty. See Bailey 2 |lv. Hill, 599 F.3d 976, 977-79, 982 (9th Cir. 2010). Even here, where Sanchez is 3 indisputably “in custody” and his Petition asserts grounds for relief over which the Court 4 ||has jurisdiction, the Court nonetheless should not hear any challenge to the restitution 5 ||order. See Crawford v. Koenig, 2:21-cv-02679-FLA (AGRx), 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6 || 189617, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2021); accord Washington v. McQuiggin, 529 F. App’x 7 || 766, 773 (6th Cir. 2013); Washington v. Smith, 564 F.3d 1350, 1350-51 (7th Cir. 2009). 8 || This Court accordingly finds there is no jurisdiction to award relief on this ground.® 9 V. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION, AND ORDER 10 Sanchez assigns five grounds for error to the California judiciary. This Court has 11 |/concluded, based on its review of the record, that, to the extent his claims fall within the 12 || Court’s jurisdiction and are not procedurally defaulted, Sanchez either fails to identify 13 ||federal grounds for habeas corpus relief or fails to show how the California courts 14 erroneously applied any federal law. This Court accordingly RECOMMENDS the District 15 || Court DENY the Petition in its entirety. The Court ORDERS any objections to this Report 16 ||and Recommendation be filed by October 31, 2022, and any responses to such objections 17 filed by November 14, 2022. 18 || Dated: October 3, 2022 | Ui. ™) MYA FD 19 Uc Ge SS 20 Hori. Karen 8S. Crawford United States Magistrate Judge — 21 — — 22 — — 23 — — 24 — — 25 — 5 8 Respondent urges the Court to deny this request for relief because it is procedurally © defaulted. See Doc. No. 14-1 at 48. The Court notes Sanchez conceded the fines and 27 |\restitution at his sentencing hearing. See Doc. No. 17-15 at 3-4 (12 RT 1453:24-1454:5). 28 However, the Court does not believe it has jurisdiction to consider the issue of procedural default given the lack of jurisdiction to review the merits of the underlying claim.