Alter v. County of San Diego

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 ALAN ALTER, by and through his Case No.: 21-cv-01709-LL-KSC brother and guardian ad litem, MARK [12] ALTER, ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S 13 MOTION TO DISMISS Plaintiff, [14] v. [ECF No. 13] [15] COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO and DOES 116 10, 17 Defendant. [20] 21 Pending before the Court is Defendant County of San Diego’s (“County”) Motion 22 to Dismiss Plaintiff Alan Alter’s (“Alter”) Complaint. ECF No. 13. The Motion has been 23 fully briefed and is suitable for submission without oral argument. For the reasons set forth 24 below, the Motion is DENIED. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 a. Procedural History 27 On September 30, 2021, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against the County of San Diego 28 alleging two causes of action. ECF No. 1. The first cause of action is “Municipal Liability 1 – Unlawful Policies and Practices (42 U.S.C § 1983)” and the second cause of action is 2 “Professional Negligence.” Id. On October 25, 2021, the Honorable Gonzalo P. Curiel 3 granted Plaintiff’s Ex Parte Petition for Appointment of a Guardian Ad Litem for Plaintiff 4 in this action. ECF No. 6. Plaintiff’s brother, Mark Alter, was appointed to serve as his 5 guardian ad litem in this action. Id. On January 12, 2022, this case was transferred from 6 Judge Curiel to the undersigned District Judge. ECF No. 9. On July 8, 2022, Defendant 7 filed a Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. ECF No. 13. On July 29, 2022, 8 Plaintiff filed an Opposition, and on August 5, 2022, Defendant filed a Reply in support of 9 the Motion to Dismiss. ECF Nos. 14, 15. 10 b. Allegations in Plaintiff’s Complaint 11 Plaintiff alleges that: 12 [He] spent approximately 20 years involuntarily confined as a ‘mentally disordered offender,’ also known as an ‘MDO,’ as a result of mistakes made [13] by the County of San Diego, through its public defender offices. Although 14 Alter suffers from significant mental illness, he never should have been classified for ‘MDO’ status. Specifically, Alter was convicted of a crime that [15] did not qualify under the controlling statutory framework for involuntary 16 MDO commitment. In other words, if his appointed counsel had reviewed the statutory list of qualifying offenses (and raised that with the court), Alter [17] would have been released in early 2000 – at the conclusion of his parole. 18 Alternatively, if one of Alter’s attorneys had raised this issue at any of his MDO hearings over the ensuing eighteen years, Alter would have been [19] released years before he was released, on January 7, 2021. [20] 21 Complaint ¶ 1. 22 Plaintiff further alleges that: 23 [He] is a 71 year-old Viet Nam Veteran who has a severe mental illness that dates back to 1975 when he was discharged from the Marine Corps after [24] serving in combat in Viet Nam. . . In 1987, Alter pleaded guilty to one count 25 of a felony violation of Penal Code section 452, subdivision (c), which is the crime of recklessly causing a fire of structure or forest land. He was placed on [26] probation, violated probation, and, in 1996, was sentenced to two years in 27 state prison. With credit for time already served, he was soon eligible for parole. At the end of his prison term, Alter was erroneously committed to [28] 1 Atascadero State Hospital, as a ‘mentally disordered offender’ (MDO”) under Penal Code section 2962. As a result, he served his parole in a locked facility, [2] Atascadero State Hospital. 3 Id. ¶¶ 10, 11. 4 On January 13, 2000, a “hospital extension hearing” was held after the District 5 Attorney filed a petition under Penal Code § 2970 to extend Plaintiff’s involuntary 6 commitment for one year past the termination of his parole. Id. ¶ 13. At the hearing, 7 Plaintiff was represented by a deputy public defender employed by Defendant County. Id. 8 Plaintiff alleges that the court was not informed that he was not eligible for extended 9 involuntary commitment under the MDO statute. Id. Consequently, Plaintiff’s commitment 10 was extended for one year. Id. Thereafter, Plaintiff received annual “hospital extension 11 hearings” from 2000-2018 on whether to extend his involuntary commitment for another 12 year, pursuant to the MDO statute. Id. ¶ 14. Plaintiff alleges that “Alter’s assigned public 13 defenders1 did not review the relevant statute, and thus were unaware that Alter’s criminal 14 offense did not make him eligible for involuntary commitment under the MDO statute,” 15 and as a result, Plaintiff spent approximately twenty years erroneously confined in a locked 16 state hospital. Id. 17 Plaintiff alleges that it was not until 2018 that a newly-assigned alternate public 18 defender realized that Plaintiff’s criminal conviction did not make him eligible for 19 involuntary commitment under the MDO statute. Id. ¶ 16. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s attorney 20 filed a motion to dismiss the 2018 MDO extension petition, which was denied on January 21 4, 2019. Id. After the Office of the Alternate Public Defender conflicted off the case, on 22 July 19, 2019, the court appointed a criminal defense attorney in private practice to 23 represent Plaintiff at his upcoming MDO hearing. Id. [26] 27 1 From 2000 – 2009, Alter was represented by deputy public defenders from the Office of the Public Defender. ECF No. 1 ¶ 15. Beginning in 2010, Alter was represented by attorneys from Defendant [28] 1 On October 1, 2020, Plaintiff’s new attorney filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus 2 asserting ineffective assistance of counsel by the County’s attorneys. Id. ¶ 17. Thereafter, 3 on November 16, 2020, the Superior Court issued an Order to Show Cause finding that the 4 habeas petition established a prima facie case for relief because Plaintiff’s conviction did 5 not qualify for MDO status or involuntary confinement. Id. Instead of filing a response, on 6 January 7, 2021, the District Attorney moved to dismiss the pending petitions for extension 7 of Plaintiff’s involuntary commitment. Id. After the court granted the motion, Plaintiff was 8 released from custody. Id. 9 II. LEGAL STANDARD 10 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the 11 defense that the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” 12 generally referred to as a motion to dismiss. The Court evaluates whether a complaint states 13 a cognizable legal theory and sufficient facts pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 14 8(a), which requires a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 15 entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’” it does 16 require “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” 17 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, [18] 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” is 19 insufficient. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 ). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it 20 tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (alteration in 21 original) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557 ). 22 “When ruling on the motion to dismiss, the court may consider the facts alleged in 23 the complaint, documents attached to the complaint, documents relied upon but not 24 attached to the complaint when authenticity is not contested, and matters of which the court 25 takes judicial notice.” Joseph v. Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 495 F. Supp. 3d 953 , 958 26 (S.D. Cal. 2020) (citing Lee v. L.A., 250 F.3d 668 , 688–89 (9th Cir. 2001)), aff’d, No. 2027 56213, 2021 WL 3754613 (9th Cir. Aug. 25, 2021), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 2711 (2022). 28 In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint, courts “accept factual allegations in the 1 complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 2 party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025 , 1031 3 (9th Cir. 2008). Nonetheless, courts do not “accept as true allegations that are merely 4 conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. 5 Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State 6 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001)). The Court also need not accept as true 7 allegations that contradict matter properly subject to judicial notice or allegations 8 contradicting the exhibits attached to the complaint. Sprewell, 266 F.3d at 988 . 9 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 10 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 11 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 ). A claim is facially plausible when the facts 12 pleaded “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for 13 the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556 ). That is not to say that the 14 claim must be probable, but there must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 15 has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556 ). Additionally, a court “will 16 dismiss any claim that, even when construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, fails 17 to plead sufficiently all required elements of a cause of action.” Student Loan Mktg. Ass’n 18 v. Hanes, 181 F.R.D. 629, 634 (S.D. Cal. 1998). 19 When a motion to dismiss is granted, “leave to amend should be granted ‘unless the 20 court determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading 21 could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655 , 22 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., [23] 806 F.2d 1393 , 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). The Court may deny leave to amend where an 24 amendment would be futile. DeSoto, 957 F.2d at 658 (citation omitted). 25 III. DISCUSSION 26 A. Doe Defendants 27 Defendants argue that “Plaintiff’s allegations involving ‘Doe Defendants’ do not [28] 1 come anywhere near approaching the requisite specificity of pleading specific individual 2 conduct by an identified (albeit unknown) individual.” Motion at 11. Plaintiff responds that 3 he “has no objection to the dismissal of ‘DOES’ from the Complaint.” Oppo. at 11. 4 Accordingly, the Doe Defendants are hereby DISMISSED. 5 B. Plaintiff’s First Cause of Action for Municipal Liability – Unlawful Policies and Practices ( 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ) [6] 7 i. Monell Liability - Generally 8 “Section 1983 provides a cause of action for ‘the deprivation of any rights, 9 privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws’ of the United States.” 10 Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. Ass’n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ). 11 Section 1983 “‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely provides ‘a method 12 for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 , 13 393–94, (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137 , 144 n.3 (1979)). A government 14 entity, like the County, cannot be held vicariously liable for the action of its employees 15 under § 1983 unless a plaintiff can show that the entity’s policy, practice, or custom was 16 the moving force behind the constitutional violation. Monell v. New York City Dep’t of 17 Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Pursuant to Monell, municipalities may be liable under 18 § 1983 when: (1) “the acts in question were undertaken pursuant to official policy or 19 custom,” Hopper v. City of Pasco, 241 F.3d 1067, 1082 (9th Cir. 2001); (2) a municipality 20 has a “policy of inaction and such inaction amounts to a failure to protect constitutional 21 rights,” Oviatt v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470 , 1474 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing City of Canton v. 22 Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 , 109 S. Ct. 1197 (1989), or (3) when a municipality’s failure to 23 train its employees “amounts to deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom 24 those employees are likely to come into contact,” Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668 , 681 25 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 388-89 ) (quotation marks omitted). 26 A custom for purposes of municipal liability is “a widespread practice that, although 27 not authorized by written law or express municipal policy, is so permanent and well-settled 28 as to constitute a custom or usage with the force of law.” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, [1] 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988) (internal quotation omitted). “Liability for improper custom may 2 not be predicated on isolated or sporadic incidents; it must be founded upon practices of 3 sufficient duration, frequency and consistency that the conduct has become a traditional 4 method of carrying out policy.” Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3.d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996). 5 “Allegations of Monell liability will be sufficient for purposes of Rule 12(b)(6) 6 where they: (1) identify the challenged policy/custom; (2) explain how the policy/custom 7 is deficient; (3) explain how the policy/custom caused the plaintiff harm; and (4) reflect 8 how the policy/custom amounted to deliberate indifference, i.e. show how the deficiency 9 involved was obvious and the constitutional injury was likely to occur.” Young v. City of 10 Visalia, 687 F. Supp. 2d 1155, 1163 (E.D. Cal. 2010). 11 Historically, in order to plead a Monell claim in the Ninth Circuit, a plaintiff need 12 only plead a “bare allegation that government officials’ [unconstitutional] conduct 13 conformed to some unidentified” policy or custom.” AE ex rel. Hernandez v. Cnty. of 14 Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012). Following Iqbal/Twombly, the Ninth Circuit 15 held that Monell claims must also contain sufficient allegations to give fair notice to the 16 opposing party and “must plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair 17 to require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued 18 litigation.” Id. (quoting Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011)). 19 ii. Whether Heck Bars Plaintiff’s Monell Claims 20 In Heck v. Humphrey, the Supreme Court held that when a state prisoner seeks 21 damages in a § 1983 suit, the district court must consider whether a judgment in favor of 22 the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence; if it 23 would, the complaint must be dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the 24 conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994). Although 25 Heck involved a criminal judgment, it has been applied to civil commitment proceedings. 26 See, e.g., Huftile v. Miccio-Fonseca, 410 F.3d 1136, 1139-40 (9th Cir. 2005); Swinger v. 27 Harris, No. CV 16-05694-JS, 2016 WL 4374941 , at *2 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2016). [28] 1 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s constitutional claim should be dismissed because 2 the claims are barred by Heck v. Humphrey. Motion at 17. Specifically, Defendant argues 3 that “Heck’s ‘favorable termination rule’ requires Plaintiff to ‘prove’ invalidation of his or 4 her conviction or civil commitment by any of the specific methods: (1) reversal on direct 5 appeal; (2) expungement by executive order; (3) declaration or invalidity by a state tribunal 6 authorized to make such a determination; or (4) issuance of a writ of habeas corpus by a 7 federal court.” Id. at 17-18 (internal quotations omitted) (citing Heck, 512 U.S. at 477 ; see 8 also Huftile, 410 F.3d at 1139 ). Defendant argues that in this case, the District Attorney’s 9 “agreement to dismiss the MDO proceedings in the face of an unadjudicated state – not 10 federal – habeas petition does not fit within any of the four recognized methods for 11 favorable termination under Heck.” Motion at 18 (internal quotations omitted). 12 Plaintiff argues that Heck does not bar Plaintiff’s Monell Claim because “under 13 Thompson, the dismissal of Plaintiff’s underlying MDO case satisfied the favorable 14 termination requirement.” Oppo. at 17. In Thompson v. Clark, the Supreme Court held: 15 [] [A] plaintiff could maintain a malicious prosecution claim when, for example, the prosecutor abandoned the criminal case or the court dismissed [16] the case without providing a reason. . . . In sum, we hold that a Fourth 17 Amendment claim under § 1983 for malicious prosecution does not require the plaintiff to show that the criminal prosecution ended with some affirmative [18] indication of innocence. A plaintiff need only show that the criminal 19 prosecution ended without a conviction. [20] 142 S. Ct. 1332, 1339, 1341 (2022) (internal citations omitted). [21] In this case, the Court agrees that the dismissal of Plaintiff’s underlying MDO case [22] satisfies the “favorable termination” requirement. Even though the Supreme Court’s [23] holding in Thompson involved a Fourth Amendment Claim under § 1983 for malicious [24] prosecution, the circumstances and fundamental reasoning in that case still apply here. [25] Specifically, in Thompson, charges against the plaintiff “were dismissed before trial [26] without any explanation by the prosecutor or judge.” Thompson, 142 S. Ct. at 1333 . The [27] court in Thompson reasoned that “[q]uestions concerning whether a criminal defendant was [28] 1 wrongly charged, or whether an individual may seek redress for a wrongful prosecution, 2 cannot reasonably depend on whether the prosecutor or court happened to explain why 3 charges were dismissed.” Id. 4 Similarly, here, the District Attorney dismissed the pending petitions for an 5 extension of Plaintiff’s involuntary commitment without explaining the basis for the 6 decision. ECF No. 1 ¶ 17. The Court finds that this is sufficient to satisfy the “favorable 7 termination” requirement under Heck. 512 U.S. at 477 ; see also Thompson, 142 S. Ct. at 8 1341. Accordingly, Heck does not bar Plaintiff’s Monell claim, and the Court will consider 9 the merits of this claim below. 10 iii. Whether Plaintiff’s Allegations Against Defendant County of San Diego Constitute State Action Under Polk County v. Dodson, [11] 454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981) [12] In Polk County, the United States Supreme Court held that “a public defender does [13] not act under color of state law when performing a lawyer’s traditional functions as counsel [14] to a defendant in a criminal proceeding.” 454 U.S. at 325 . However, the Supreme Court [15] left open the possibility that “a public defender…would act under color of state law while [16] performing certain administrative and possibly investigative functions.” Polk, 454 U.S. at 17 325. “Administrative functions” may include decisions related to hiring and firing and the [18] allocation of resources. Id.; see also Miranda v. Clark Cnty., 319 F.3d 465, 468 (9th Cir. [19] 2003). In Miranda, the Ninth Circuit held the plaintiff’s complaint stated a valid claim [20] against a public defender’s office based on two alleged policies: (1) “a policy of assigning [21] the least experienced attorneys to capital cases without providing any training”; and (2) a [22] “policy that allocated resources to capital defendants based on whether they passed a [23] polygraph test, providing defendants who passed the polygraph test with more experienced [24] attorneys.” 319 F.3d at 469-71 . The Ninth Circuit explained that, in determining how office [25] resources were to be spent, the public defender’s office was performing an administrative [26] role that “materially differ[ed] from the relationship inherent in a public defender’s [27] representation of an individual client.” Id. at 469 . In sum, the plaintiff in Miranda was able [28] 1 to point to specific and concrete administrative policies by the public defender's office that 2 allegedly caused the constitutional violations. Id. at 469-71 . 3 Defendant argues that “when public defenders represent individuals for civil 4 commitment hearings (like here), they [] do not act under color of state law.” Motion at 16 5 (citing Allen v. Reilly, 2008 WL 131359 , at *3 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 11, 2008) (“Attorneys 6 appointed to represent a criminal defendant or civil committee during trial, do not generally 7 act under color of state law because representing a client is essentially a private 8 function…for which state office and authority are not needed.”). Defendant further argues 9 that “[r]eviewing statutes and making legal arguments are, however, at the heart of ‘a 10 lawyer’s traditional functions,’ and state action therefore does not attach for purposes of a 11 Section 1983 claim.” Motion at 17 (citing Robertson v. Solomon, 2020 WL 2322997 , at *1 12 (N.D. Cal. May 11, 2020)). 13 Plaintiff acknowledges that the general rule is that 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against 14 individual public defenders are not actionable under Polk, but argues that exceptions exist, 15 especially where the claim is not against the individual public defender. Oppo. at 14. 16 Plaintiff argues that here, “Plaintiff’s federal claim is a Monell claim against the County of 17 San Diego, for longstanding customs and practices existing in the County’s public defender 18 office that caused Plaintiff to be deprived of his due process rights at each of his MDO 19 hearings from 2000-2017.” Id. at 15. Plaintiff argues that the alleged “omissions of failing 20 to ensure that attorneys read the relevant statute so that clients are not erroneously 21 incarcerated for years; of failing to provide adequate training so that MDO clients would 22 not be erroneously incarcerated for years; of deciding whether (or not) to provide proper 23 training and/or supervision of MDO attorneys; of deciding whether to devote any resources 24 at all to training and supervision of MDO attorneys, are administrative acts that can 25 constitute ‘state action.’” Id. at 16 (citing Miranda, 319 F.3d at 470-71 ). Plaintiff further 26 argues that “these types of administrative functions ‘materially differ from the relationship 27 inherent in a public defender’s representation of an individual client.’” Oppo. at 16 (citing 28 Miranda, 319 F.3d at 469 ). 1 Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff’s allegations against public defenders do not 2 constitute state action under Polk fails. Plaintiff has not named any individual public 3 defenders as defendants, and the Court has dismissed the Doe Defendants as set forth 4 above. Indeed, Plaintiff alleges a Monell claim against the County of San Diego for alleged 5 “practice[s] and custom[s]” and “fail[ure] to properly train and/or supervise the attorneys.” 6 Complaint ¶¶ 7-11, 23, 28. The relevant inquiry is whether Plaintiff has adequately 7 specified administrative practices and customs and/or training (or lack thereof) by the 8 public defender’s office that allegedly caused Plaintiff’s constitutional violations. The 9 Court will address these issues below. 10 iv. Whether Plaintiff Alleges Liability by Practice or Custom 11 The parties dispute whether Plaintiff’s Monell custom and practice and failure to 12 train claim are factually supported. Defendant argues that “Plaintiff’s Monell claim fails 13 based on the lack of a specific constitutional violation.” Motion at 14. Defendant states that 14 “Plaintiff relies solely on broad, general statements that would, at most, inculpate 15 unspecified conduct by insufficiently-identified and improperly-named ‘Doe’ 16 Defendants.” Id. at 15. Defendant also argues that “looking past the issues involving the 17 specific constitutional violation to which Plaintiff seeks to attach his Monell claims, his 18 cause of action still fails” because he “fails to sufficiently allege a pattern or practice that 19 supports his claim.” Motion at 19. 20 Plaintiff opposes on the grounds that “the individual public defenders do not need to 21 be named as defendants” because a “Monell claim is brought only against a public entity 22 (here, the County).” Oppo. at 11. Plaintiff further opposes on the grounds that “the 23 constitutional violations alleged are violations of Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment right 24 not to be deprived of his liberty without due process of law, as clearly stated in paragraphs 25 26 and 29 of the Complaint.” Oppo. at 12-13. Plaintiff also argues that the Complaint 26 “describes how and when Plaintiff’s due process rights were violated” including “at each 27 of his MDO hearings from 2000-2017.” Oppo. at 12-14 (citing various paragraphs from 28 the Complaint). Plaintiff acknowledges that “proof of a single incident of unconstitutional 1 activity is generally insufficient to impose liability under Monell,” but argues that 2 Plaintiff’s Complaint “alleges 18 separate incidents, by numerous County employees, over 3 18 years.” Id. at 19. Finally, Plaintiff argues that the Complaint “also alleges that other 4 public defender MDO clients have suffered similar violations under similar circumstances, 5 including one man who was erroneously incarcerated for over 10 years for the same non6 qualifying offense as Alter.” Id. (citing Complaint ¶ 27). 7 As an initial matter, the Court finds that Plaintiff has adequately pled a constitutional 8 violation including but not limited to in Paragraphs 26 and 29 of the Complaint. For 9 example, Plaintiff alleges “[a]s a proximate result of these pervasive practices, customs, 10 and/or policies, Plaintiff suffered repeated violation of his right to due process of law as 11 guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. . . . These constitutional 12 violations caused Plaintiff to suffer loss of his liberty for approximately 20 years.” 13 Complaint ¶¶ 26, 29. Plaintiff also adequately describes the “how and when” of when these 14 alleged constitutional violations occurred.” Complaint ¶¶ 13-14, 25. 15 The pervasiveness of the practice and custom described above is vividly illustrated in this case. Beginning in January, 2000, Plaintiff was scheduled [16] for a ‘hospital extension hearing’ every year for 17 years. At each hearing 17 Plaintiff was entitled to contest his continued incarceration under the MDO statute. At each hearing from 2000-2017, Plaintiff was represented by a [18] County public defender or alternative public defender. Plaintiff is informed 19 and believes that over 10 different County attorneys represented Plaintiff at these hearings. None of these attorneys checked the statute to determine [20] whether Plaintiff’s conviction fit within the MDO statute. Indeed, it was the 21 pervasive practice and custom not do so. 22 Complaint ¶¶ 13-14, 25. 23 In sum, at this procedural posture, the totality of Plaintiff’s allegations provides 24 sufficient detail of the specific constitutional violations to which Plaintiff seeks to attach 25 his Monell claims. The Court will next consider whether Plaintiff adequately alleged a 26 custom, policy or practice to support his claim. 27 Plaintiff brings his Monell claim on the basis that “Defendant County of San Diego, 28 through its public defender and alternative public defender offices had a pervasive practice 1 and custom of failing to ensure that [Defendant County’s] attorneys who were assigned to 2 represent MDO clients review the requisite MDO statutes . . . to determine whether their 3 clients were eligible for involuntary commitment under the MDO law.” ECF No. 1 ¶ 23. 4 Plaintiff’s allegations go beyond Alter’s own experience. ECF No. 1 ¶ 27. Plaintiff alleges: 5 Plaintiff is informed and believes that numerous other MDO clients went through repeated hearings over many years without their public defenders [6] checking the MDO statute to determine whether their conviction fit within the 7 MDO criteria. Plaintiff is informed and believes that at least one other man who was convicted of the same crime as Plaintiff (P.C. § 452(c)), was [8] erroneously incarcerated for over 10 years under the MDO statute, specifically 9 because his various attorneys over many years failed to check to determine whether the MDO statute applied to him. As in the instant case, this was [10] pursuant to the practice and custom of not checking the statute prior to 11 conducting the MDO hospital extension hearing. 12 Id. At this procedural posture, the Court finds that Plaintiff has adequately specified the 13 customs or practices which allegedly gave rise to Plaintiff’s constitutional injuries. See 14 Monell, 436 U.S. at 694 . The Court also dismisses Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff 15 allegations are sporadic and limited to his own experience; it is undisputed that at issue are 16 the actions of numerous public defenders over the course of eighteen years in both 17 Plaintiff’s case and at least one other individual who was also allegedly involuntarily 18 committed. 19 The Complaint also adequately describes how the alleged custom caused Alter harm. 20 ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 23-26 (“Beginning in January, 2000, [Alter] was scheduled for a ‘hospital 21 extension hearing’ every year for 17 years. . . . At each hearing from 2000-2017, [Alter] 22 was represented by a County public defender or alternate public defender. . . . None of 23 these attorneys checked the statute to determine whether [Alter’s] conviction fit within the 24 MDO statute. . . . As a proximate result of these pervasive practices, customs and/or 25 policies, [Alter] suffered repeated violation of his right to due process of law as guaranteed 26 in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. These constitutional violations 27 caused [Alter] to suffer loss of his liberty for approximately 20 years.”). [28] 1 Finally, the Complaint alleges sufficient facts which demonstrate an obvious 2 deficiency, and that the constitutional injury was likely to occur. For example, Alter 3 explains that all that was required to prevent his involuntary commitment was for any one 4 of the attorneys who represented him over the years to review the MDO statute. ECF No. 5 1 ¶¶ 23-24. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges: 6 Had the attorney who represented [Alter] at his initial MDO extension hearing in January 2000 reviewed the statute, he or she would have learned that [7] [Alter’s] criminal conviction did not make him eligible for extended 8 incarceration under the MDO law. Had the attorney so advised the Court, [Alter] would have been released at that time. Similarly, had any of [Alter’s] [9] subsequent attorneys reviewed the statute and informed the Court that the 10 MDO law did not apply to [Alter], [he] would have been released years before January 7, 2022. The failure of numerous County attorneys who represented [11] Plaintiff at annual “extension hearings” over 17 years, to check the statute to 12 determine whether Plaintiff was eligible for extended incarceration under the MDO law, was the moving force and proximate cause of Plaintiff being [13] wrongfully incarcerated for approximately 20 years. [14] Id. 15 In sum, the totality of Plaintiff’s allegations provides sufficient detail of 16 circumstances to “give fair notice and to enable the [County] to defend itself effectively,” 17 particularly since the information relating the policies, customs and practices of the County 18 Defendant in preparing for MDO hearings is easily available to them. AE ex rel. Hernandez 19 v. Cnty. Of Tulare, 666 F.3d at 637 . The Court finds that that the Complaint adequately 20 identifies the challenged custom, asserts why it is deficient, explains how it caused harm 21 to Alter, and how it amounted to deliberated indifference. Young v. City of Visalia, 687 F. 22 Supp. 2d at 1163. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant County’s Motion to Dismiss 23 the Monell claim for policy, custom, or practice. 24 v. Whether Plaintiff Alter Alleges Liability by Failure to Train 25 A local government is liable for injury under § 1983 if it “fail[s] to train employees 26 in a manner that amounts to ‘deliberate indifference’ to a constitutional right, such that ‘the 27 need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in 28 the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be 1 said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.’” Rodriguez v. Cnty. of L.A., 891 F.3d 2 776, 802 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 390 ). “[W]hen city 3 policymakers are on actual or constructive notice that a particular omission in their training 4 program causes city employees to violate citizens’ constitutional rights, the city may be 5 deemed deliberately indifferent if the policymakers choose to retain that program.” 6 Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51 , 62 (2011). Thus, to succeed on a failure-to-train theory, 7 a plaintiff must go further than merely “identify[ing] a custom or policy, attributable to the 8 municipality, that caused his injury.” Castro v. Cty. of L.A., 833 F.3d 1060, 1076 (9th Cir. 9 2016). “Only where a failure to train reflects a ‘deliberate’ or ‘conscious’ choice by a 10 municipality can a city be liable for such a failure under § 1983.” City of Canton, 489 U.S. 11 at 389. 12 The Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged facts to plausibly satisfy the 13 “deliberate indifference” of their Monell claim. Plaintiff asserts that as a result of his 14 attorneys’ failure to review the relevant statute, he was deprived of his constitutional right 15 to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. ECF No. 1 ¶ 26. Plaintiff alleges a 16 training policy that amounts to deliberate indifference because all that was required to 17 prevent his alleged constitutional violation was for any one of his lawyers to analyze his 18 eligibility for involuntary commitment—yet the training and supervision policies and 19 practices of Defendant County did not instruct its attorneys to do so. Id. ¶ 28-29. In other 20 words, Plaintiff alleges a continued, years-long pattern of adherence to training and 21 supervision policies and practice that Defendant County should have known failed to 22 prevent certain conduct by attorneys who represented clients in MDO hospital extension 23 hearings. See Connick, 563 U.S. at 62 (explaining that a policymaker’s “continued 24 adherence to an approach that they know or should know has failed to prevent tortious 25 conduct by employees may establish the conscious disregard for the consequences of their 26 action—the ‘deliberate indifference’—necessary to trigger municipal liability.”). Finally, 27 Plaintiff alleges that his constitutional injury would have been avoided had County 28 Defendant trained its lawyers to review the relevant statutes. ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 29, 27 (“As a 1 proximate result of these practices, customs and/or lack of training and supervision, 2 Plaintiff [and upon information and belief numerous other MDO clients] suffered repeated 3 violations of [their] right to due process of law as guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment 4 to the U.S. Constitution.”). 5 In sum, Plaintiff has plausibly pled that Defendant County’s need for more or 6 different training was obvious and the inadequacy was likely to result in the violation of 7 constitutional rights that it can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to 8 the needs of Plaintiff and other clients like himself. Rodriguez, 891 F.3d at 802. 9 Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant County’s Motion to Dismiss the Monell claim 10 for failure to train. 11 C. Plaintiff’s Second Cause of Action for Professional Negligence 12 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s “professional negligence” claim brought under 13 California law fails because “Plaintiff cannot plead favorable termination” under Heck. 14 Motion at 23-24. Defendant argues that “Plaintiff’s allegations fall short of satisfying the 15 Jones standard . . . Plaintiff has not – and cannot – plead termination of the MDO civil 16 commitment proceedings ‘in his favor.’” Id. Plaintiff opposes on the grounds that under 17 Thompson v. Clark, Plaintiff has properly pled a “favorable termination.” Oppo. at 22. 18 For the same reasons set forth above, the Court agrees that under Thompson, the 19 dismissal of Plaintiff’s MDO proceedings and his immediate release establish that Plaintiff 20 obtained a “favorable termination” of his MDO proceedings. Defendant has cited no 21 authority to the contrary and the Court is not aware of any such authority that would prevent 22 Plaintiff’s professional negligence claim to proceed at this procedural posture. 23 Accordingly, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s second claim for professional 24 negligence is DENIED. 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / l IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby DISMISSES the Doe Defendants and 3 || otherwise DENIES Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. Defendant shall answer the Complaint 4 ||no later than November 10, 2022. 5 |} IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 Dated: October 18, 2022 NO 7 CF | g Honorable Linda Lopez 9 United States District Judge