Ottinger v. Gilley

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 MICHAEL OTTINGER, Case No.: 22cv633-JLS(MSB) 12 Petitioner, REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION FOR 13 v. ORDER GRANTING RESPONDENTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS [ECF NO. 5] 14 GILLEY, Warden, et al., 15 Respondents. [17] 18 This Report and Recommendation is submitted to the Honorable Janis L. 19 Sammartino, United States District Judge, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1) and Civil 20 Local Rule 72.1(c) of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 21 California. On May 3, 2022, Petitioner Michael Ottinger, a state prisoner proceeding pro 22 se and in forma pauperis, filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (“the Petition”) 23 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 , collaterally challenging his conviction of voluntary 24 manslaughter, attempted murder, and first-degree robbery for various constitutional 25 violations. (ECF No. 1.) 26 / / / 27 / / / 2 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (“Motion to Dismiss”). (ECF No. 5.) Petitioner filed 3 an Opposition to Respondents’ Motion to Dismiss on August 10, 2022. (ECF No. 9.) For 4 the reasons set forth below, the Court RECOMMENDS that Respondents’ Motion to 5 Dismiss be GRANTED and that the Petition be DISMISSED with prejudice as untimely. 6 I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 7 The facts of Petitioner’s underlying offense are not material to the Court’s 8 evaluation of Respondents’ Motion to Dismiss and as such are not recounted here. The 9 Court describes below Petitioner’s criminal conviction and state habeas corpus petitions 10 relevant to the instant Motion. 11 A. Petitioner’s Criminal Conviction 12 On June 25, 2015, an amended information filed by San Diego County prosecutors 13 charged Petitioner with nine crimes in Case No. SCD235808. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 1 at 14 2–3.) On June 29, 2015, Petitioner pled guilty in San Diego County Superior Court to 15 voluntary manslaughter ( Cal. Penal Code § 192 ), attempted murder ( Cal. Penal Code §§ 16 187, 664), and first-degree robbery ( Cal. Penal Code §§ 211 , 212.5). (See ECF No. 6, 17 Lodg. 2 at 2.) For each count, Petitioner also admitted to the sentencing enhancements 18 of gang affiliation ( Cal. Penal Code § 186.22 (b)(1)) and personal use of a weapon (Cal. 19 Penal Code § 12022(b)(1)). (Id. at 6.) On March 18, 2016, Petitioner was sentenced to 20 thirty-three years in prison.1 (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 4 at 3; Lodg. 5 at 2.) Petitioner did 21 not appeal his guilty plea and sentence. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 19 at 3.) [23] 24 1 The Court notes that in 2012, Petitioner pled guilty in the United States District Court for the 25 Southern District of California to conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine and was sentenced to a prison term of twenty-one years and ten months in Case No. 10cr5016-H. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 2 at 6; 26 Lodg. 17 at 2.) The 2012 drug judgment (federal court) runs concurrently with the March 2016 manslaughter judgment (state court). (Id.) Petitioner is currently in custody in federal prison; when 27 Petitioner completes his federal court sentence, he will serve the remainder of his state court sentence 2 More than four years after the March 2016 manslaughter judgment, Petitioner 3 filed a series of state habeas corpus petitions challenging his conviction. First, on May 4 20, 2020,2 Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in San Diego County 5 Superior Court (“First State Habeas Petition”) alleging ineffective assistance of trial 6 counsel, involuntary guilty plea, prosecutorial misconduct, judicial misconduct, and 7 actual innocence.3 (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 13 at 4–9; Lodg. 14 at 5–27.) On July 30, 2020, 8 the Superior Court denied the First State Habeas Petition, concluding that Petitioner did [11] 2 Under the “mailbox rule,” a pro se prisoner’s state or federal habeas petition is deemed filed when [12] the prisoner delivers it to prison authorities for mailing to the court. See Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266 , 13 276 (1988); Smith v. Duncan, 297 F.3d 809, 815 (9th Cir. 2002) (using a signed declaration of mailing to determine the filing date of a petition); Anthony v. Cambra, 236 F.3d 568, 575 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding 14 that the mailbox rule applies to both state and federal habeas corpus petitions). Here, it is unclear when Petitioner turned the First State Habeas Petition over to prison authorities, as he signed it on 15 May 20, 2020, and certified service on July 2, 2020. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 13 at 10–11; Lodg. 14 at 29.) The court stamped it “filed” on July 13, 2020. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 13 at 2; Lodg. 14 at 2.) Applying [16] the mailbox rule, the Court assumes Petitioner delivered the First State Habeas Petition to prison 17 authorities on the earliest date he signed— May 20, 2020. However, the Court notes that none of these dates would impact the timeliness of his federal Petition. [18] 3 Notably, in the instant Motion to Dismiss, Respondents reference two petitions that Petitioner filed 19 before his First State Habeas Petition and contend these earlier petitions concerned a separate 2002 drug conviction, Case No. SCD167359. (See ECF No. 5-1 at 2–3.) The record before the Court supports [20] this. On August 2, 2002, Petitioner pled guilty to manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of 21 California Health & Safety Code § 11379.6 and was sentenced to a stipulated prison term of four years. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 8 at 3.) Fifteen years later, in August 2017, Petitioner filed a document in the San 22 Diego County Superior Court arguing, among other things, that his 2002 drug conviction should be vacated because the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter a conviction. (Id. at 3–4; see also ECF No. 6, 23 Lodg. 6 at 4.) The court construed this filing as a habeas corpus petition, which it denied on September 11, 2017. (See ECF. No. 6, Lodg. 8 at 3–5.) In October 2017, Petitioner filed a second document in the [24] San Diego County Superior Court referencing his 2002 drug conviction and raising similar claims to 25 those raised in his August 2017 petition. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 9 at 9–22; Lodg. 6 at 3–15.) The court once again construed this filing as a habeas corpus petition, denying it on October 25, 2017. (See ECF 26 No. 6, Lodg. 10 at 2–3.) In October 2018, Petitioner filed a notice of appeal from the denial of his October 2017 petition in the San Diego County Superior Court, which the court denied on November 8, 27 2018. (See generally ECF No. 6, Lodgs. 11 & 12.) Thus, the record shows that no state habeas petitions 2 each claim. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 15 at 2, 4–11.) 3 On September 10, 2020,4 Petitioner filed a second petition for writ of habeas 4 corpus in the California Court of Appeal (“Second State Habeas Petition”), alleging that 5 the state court lacked jurisdiction to proceed against him while he was in federal 6 custody and that his counsel was ineffective for failing to make this jurisdictional 7 objection. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 16 at 10–18.) The state appellate court denied 8 Petitioner’s Second State Habeas Petition on October 5, 2020, reasoning that “federal 9 officials cooperated with state officials and voluntarily released Ottinger so he could be 10 prosecuted in state court.” (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 17 at 3.) Finally, on November 29, 11 2020,5 Petitioner sought relief in the Supreme Court of California (“Third State Habeas 12 Petition”), arguing similar claims to those raised in his Second State Habeas Petition. 13 (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 18 at 10–18.) The California Supreme Court summarily denied the 14 Third State Habeas Petition on May 26, 2021. (ECF No. 6, Lodg. 21.) 15 C. Petitioner’s Federal Habeas Petition 16 Petitioner filed the instant federal Petition in the Southern District of California on 17 May 3, 2022.6 (ECF No. 1.) He alleges various constitutional challenges to his March 18 2016 conviction for involuntary manslaughter, attempted murder, and first-degree [21] 4 Applying the mailbox rule, the Court assumes Petitioner turned the Second State Habeas Petition 22 over to prison authorities when he signed it on September 10, 2020. (ECF 6, Lodg. 16 at 7, 25, 179; see also supra note 2 (discussing application of the mailbox rule for pro se prisoners).) 23 5 Applying the mailbox rule, the Court assumes Petitioner turned the Third State Habeas Petition over to prison authorities when he signed it on November 29, 2020. (ECF No. 6, Lodg. 18 at 7, 45; see also [24] supra note 2.) [25] 6 Here, it is unclear when Petitioner turned the federal Petition over to prison authorities, as he signed the Petition on April 26, 2022, and signed an accompanying letter on April 30, 2022. (ECF No. 1 at 11– 26 12.) However, Petitioner did not sign the “Memorandum in Support of Habeas Corpus” until May 3, 2022, and the Court stamped the Petition “filed” on May 5, 2022. (ECF No. 1 at 13, ECF No. 1-2 at 1, 27 21.) Applying the mailbox rule, the Court assumes Petitioner delivered the federal Petition to prison 2 following claims: 3 GROUND ONE: Sixth Amendment violation, in an unfair Trial Court, and Plea agreement, due to toggling without writ, between State & federal [4] prosecutions, as creating undue burden; ineffective counsel. 5 . . . [6] GROUND TWO: Fifth Amendment violation, when toggling pre-trial as no 7 Writ of Ad Prosequendum is evidenced, Pre-trial in the MCC San Diego detention Center of federal custody, before being convicted in Federal [8] Court, and undue burden resulted upon defense. 9 . . . [10] GROUND THREE: Fourth Amendment violation existed when the [11] respond[e]nts seized the Petitioner Ottinger to shuttle from Federal to 12 State Custody for Court Pre-trial, without Due process. 13 (ECF No. 1 at 6–8.) 14 II. DISCUSSION 15 Respondents now move to dismiss the Petition, claiming that it is time-barred 16 under the one-year statute of limitations set forth in the Antiterrorism and Effective 17 Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). (See ECF No. 5 at 1; ECF No. 5-1 at 1–2, 4–8.) 18 Specifically, Respondents allege that Petitioner “did not begin to seek state-court relief” 19 until July 2020, more than four years after his March 2016 manslaughter judgment 20 became final and well after the statute of limitations expired. (See ECF No. 5-1 at 5–8.) 21 Respondents further contend that Petitioner is not entitled to statutory or equitable 22 tolling because his state habeas petitions were filed after the limitations period expired 23 and he failed to establish a “causal connection” between his difficulty obtaining records 24 and the untimeliness of the Petition. (Id. at 6–8.) 25 Petitioner filed an Opposition asserting numerous arguments and legal theories, 26 only a few of which are applicable to the instant Motion. (ECF No. 9.) Regarding the 27 timeliness issue, Petitioner alleges he “was never out of time, and the State Court ruled 2 Petitioner does not specifically argue he is entitled to statutory or equitable tolling; 3 however, he argues that he was denied access to legal materials and officials interfered 4 with his access to the courts. (See ECF No. 9-1 at 5–10.) In his federal Petition, 5 Petitioner also claims that he is “actually innocent” as to the March 2016 manslaughter 6 judgment. (See ECF No. 1 at 6). In support, Petitioner alleges there is eyewitness, 7 testimonial, and forensic evidence showing he was not a participant in the crime. (See 8 ECF No. 1-2 at 9–10.) 9 A. Legal Standard 10 The AEDPA imposes a one-year statute of limitations on all federal habeas 11 petitions filed by persons in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court. See 28 12 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(1). The limitations period begins to run from the latest of four 13 statutory triggering events: 14 (A) The date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review; (B) the [15] date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State 16 action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action; [17] (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially 18 recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral [19] review; or (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims 20 presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. [22] Id. 23 The AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations period is subject to both statutory 24 and equitable tolling. First, the statutory tolling provision suspends the limitations 25 period for the “time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction 26 or other collateral review” is pending. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(2). Additionally, even 27 where a petitioner is not entitled to statutory tolling, an otherwise untimely federal 2 v. Yates, 795 F.3d 935, 938 (9th Cir. 2015) (internal citations omitted). Regardless of 3 which subsection of § 2244(d)(1) applies, once a petitioner is notified that his petition is 4 subject to dismissal based on the AEDPA’s one-year limitations period, he bears the 5 burden of demonstrating that the limitations period is sufficiently tolled under statutory 6 or equitable principles. See Valdez v. Montgomery, 918 F.3d 687, 691 (9th Cir. 2019) 7 (quoting Banjo v. Ayers, 614 F.3d 964, 967 (9th Cir. 2010)). 8 B. Analysis of the Petition under § 2244(d)(1) 9 Respondents move to dismiss the Petition on the grounds that it is barred by the 10 one-year statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(1). (See ECF No. 5-1 at 11 4.) Respondents contend Petitioner’s judgment became final on May 17, 2016, and 12 that the limitations period expired one year later in May 2017; therefore, because 13 Petitioner did not file his federal Petition until 2022, Respondents argue it is untimely. 14 (Id. at 5.) Although Petitioner does not address the statute of limitations issue directly, 15 Petitioner alleges he did not run out of time to file a federal petition. (See ECF No. 9 at 16 1.) Petitioner also claims, “the State had ample opportunity to raise a jurisdictional 17 defense of statute of limitations [in state court], but did not.” (Id.) 18 Ordinarily, under subparagraph (A) of 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(1), the AEDPA’s one19 year statute of limitations begins running on “the date on which the judgment became 20 final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for such review.” 21 See 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(1)(A). Subparagraphs (B) through (D) of 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(1) 22 allow for adjustments to the start of the limitations period in cases where state 23 impediments prevent a petitioner from seeking further relief, where claims rely on a 24 new constitutional right, or where the factual predicate for a claim was unknown at the 25 time the conviction became final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(1)(B)–(D). Because Petitioner 26 has provided no argument or evidence that any of these conditions affected the filing of 27 his federal Petition, subparagraphs (B) through (D) are not applicable. Accordingly, 2 States Supreme Court has held that if a petitioner “does not seek review in a State’s 3 highest court, the judgment becomes ‘final’ . . . when the time for seeking such review 4 expires.” Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134, 154 (2012). Petitioner then has one year 5 from the date the conviction becomes final to file a petition for writ of habeas corpus in 6 federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(1)(A). 7 Here, Petitioner did not appeal his March 18, 2016, judgment to the California 8 Court of Appeal. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 19 at 3.) Thus, his judgment became final sixty 9 days later on May 17, 2016, when the time for seeking review from California’s highest 10 court expired. See Gonzalez, 565 U.S. at 150 (noting that for petitioners who are not 11 pursuing direct review all the way to the United States Supreme Court, the judgment 12 becomes final “when the time for pursuing direct review in [the United States Supreme] 13 Court, or in state court, expires”); Cal. R. Ct. 8.308(a) (providing that a notice of appeal 14 must be filed within sixty days after the issuance of the judgment or order being 15 appealed). Petitioner’s statute of limitations for filing a habeas corpus petition in 16 federal court began to run the day after judgment became final on May 18, 2016. See 17 Patterson v. Stewart, 251 F.3d 1243, 1246 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting the limitations period 18 begins to run the day after a judgment becomes final); see also 28 U.S.C. 19 § 2244(d)(1)(A). Accordingly, Petitioner had 365 days from the finality of judgment— 20 until May 18, 2017—to file a federal habeas petition. Petitioner, however, filed the 21 instant Petition on May 3, 2022, which was 1,812 days or 4 years, 11 months, and 16 22 days after the expiration of the one-year statute of limitations. (ECF No. 1.) Because 23 Petitioner did not file his federal Petition within the limitations period, it is untimely 24 absent statutory or equitable tolling. 25 C. Statutory Tolling 26 Respondents argue that Petitioner is not entitled to statutory tolling because 27 Petitioner did not begin seeking collateral state court relief on the March 2016 2 Lodgs. 6 & 9] concerned an “unrelated and already served judgment from 2002” and 3 therefore were not “properly filed.” (Id.) Thus, Respondents argue those filings did not 4 seek “collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim,” under § 5 2244(d)(2). (Id.) Even assuming Petitioner’s first two state court petitions properly 6 challenged the March 2016 manslaughter judgment, Respondents note they were both 7 denied as untimely under state law and thus were not “properly filed.” (Id. at 6–7.) 8 In his Opposition, Petitioner does not specifically argue that he is entitled to 9 statutory tolling. (ECF No. 9.) However, Petitioner contends that he “was never out of 10 time, and the State Court ruled on [the] merits.” (Id.) Additionally, Petitioner alleges 11 that “the State had ample opportunity to raise a jurisdictional defense of statute of 12 limitations, but did not.” (Id.) He argues that the “Attorney General only now years 13 later raises this matter.” (Id. at 2.) Finally, Petitioner contends “[t]he record is 14 absolutely silent on any such issue of timeliness, now raised for the first time by 15 respondent.” (Id. at 10.) 16 The AEDPA’s statutory tolling provision suspends the one-year statute of 17 limitations period while “a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other 18 collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending” in state 19 court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244 (d)(2). Additionally, the intervals between the disposition of 20 one state petition and the filing of a further petition may be tolled. See Carey v. Saffold, [21] 536 U.S. 214, 223 (2002) (holding that “pending” includes the time between a lower 22 court’s decision and the filing of a new petition). The AEDPA’s statute of limitations is 23 not tolled, however, from the end of a state’s collateral review until the filing of a 24 federal habeas petition. See Roy v. Lampert, 465 F.3d 964, 968 (9th Cir. 2006). Finally, a 25 state habeas petition filed after the AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations has expired 26 cannot revive the federal limitations period. See Ferguson v. Palmateer, 321 F.3d 820 , 27 823 (9th Cir. 2003) (concluding that once the federal statute of limitations has run, 2 “ ‘that [is] the end of the matter’ for purposes of § 2244(d)(2).’ ” Allen v. Siebert, 552 3 U.S. 3, 7 (2007) (quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 414 (2005). 4 Here, Petitioner filed two state court petitions in August 2017 and October 2017 5 seeking relief from an unrelated 2002 drug conviction and judgment. (See ECF No. 6, 6 Lodgs. 6 & 9.) These filings did not seek “collateral review with respect to the pertinent 7 judgment” as required by § 2244(d)(2), and therefore do not have a tolling effect on his 8 federal Petition. Even if these filings challenged the pertinent judgment, they were not 9 “properly filed” because they were rejected as untimely under state law. (See ECF No. 10 6., Lodg. 8 at 4; Lodg. 10 at 4.) See also Allen, 552 U.S. at 7 (concluding state petition 11 was not “properly filed” under the AEDPA because state court rejected it on timeliness 12 grounds). Furthermore, these petitions were both filed after the one-year statute of 13 limitations expired on May 18, 2017, so they cannot restart the federal limitations 14 period. See Ferguson, 321 F.3d at 823 (“section 2244(d) does not permit the reinitiation 15 of the limitations period that has ended before the state petition was filed”). 16 With respect to the relevant March 2016 manslaughter judgment, Petitioner filed 17 his First State Habeas Petition on May 20, 2020, his Second State Habeas Petition on 18 September 10, 2020, and his Third State Habeas Petition on November 29, 2020. (See 19 ECF No. 6, Lodgs. 13, 16, 18.) All three state petitions were filed more than three years 20 after the one-year statute of limitations period expired on May 18, 2017. (See supra 21 Section II.B (discussing when the one-year limitations period expired). Consequently, 22 the state petitions cannot operate to statutorily toll the statute of limitations.7 [25] 7 Even if the Court were to factor in all three state habeas petitions, Petitioner would only receive an additional 376 days of statutory tolling after the end of the AEDPA statute of limitations period. 26 Petitioner filed his First State Habeas Petition on May 20, 2020, and the Superior Court denied it seventy-two days later on July 30, 2020 [ECF No. 6, Lodgs. 13 & 15]; Petitioner filed his Second State 27 Habeas Petition on September 10, 2020, and the California Court of Appeal denied it twenty-six days 2 habeas petition filed after the AEDPA statute of limitations expires results in an 3 “absolute time bar”). The federal Petition is time-barred unless Petitioner can establish 4 that he is entitled to equitable tolling. 5 D. Equitable Tolling 6 Even though Petitioner is not entitled to statutory tolling, the Petition may survive 7 this Motion to Dismiss if Petitioner is entitled to equitable tolling. Respondents argue 8 that Petitioner has not met his burden to establish equitable tolling. (See ECF No. 5-1 at 9 7–8.) Respondents assert that Petitioner does not explain when he first started seeking 10 records concerning the March 2016 manslaughter judgment, nor does he explain when 11 the records arrived. (Id. at 7.) Further, Respondents contend that Petitioner waited 12 eleven months after he received his records and after the state courts denied him relief 13 on the merits to file his federal Petition, which does not establish grounds entitling him 14 to equitable tolling. (Id.) 15 Petitioner has made no argument that equitable tolling applies. (See generally 16 ECF No. 1; ECF No. 9.) However, courts are directed to be more lenient when 17 interpreting the pleadings of pro se litigants like Petitioner. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 18 U.S. 519 , 520 (1972) (the pleadings of pro se litigants are held to “less stringent 19 standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers”); see also Allen v. Calderon, 408 20 F.3d 1150, 1153 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[T]he district court must construe pro se habeas filings 21 liberally”); Bernhardt v. Los Angeles County, 339 F.3d 920, 925 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Courts 22 have a duty to construe pro se pleadings liberally, including pro se motions as well as 23 complaints.”). Having reviewed Petitioner’s pleadings carefully, the Court now [25] 26 [Lodgs. 18 & 21]. With respect to interval tolling, there was a forty-three-day interval between Petitioner’s First Petition denial and his filing of the Second Petition [Lodgs. 15 & 16] and a fifty-six-day 27 interval between Petitioner’s Second Petition denial and his filing of the Third Petition [Lodgs. 17 & 18]. 2 equitable tolling. (See ECF No. 9-1 at 3–4.) 3 Specifically, Petitioner contends that: (1) during his incarceration at Atwater 4 Federal Penitentiary, the prison was on security diversion lockdown between October 6, 5 2010, to October 6, 2018; (2) Petitioner was separated from his property during his 6 placement in the Atwater Special Housing Unit (“SHU”) and following his transfer to 7 United States Penitentiary (“USP”) McCreary between February 10, 2018, to March 8 2018; (3) USP McCreary had numerous emergency security lockdowns between March 9 1, 2018, and August 2019; (4) Petitioner’s property was delayed in transit and delivery 10 for an “inordinate amount of time, impeding access”; (5) USP McCreary officials rejected 11 Petitioner’s mail, including legal cases and documents, between January 2019 to August 12 2019, claiming that Petitioner was no longer a resident of the prison; and (6) USP 13 McCreary officials ran the law library outside of normal federal system operations, 14 making it “almost impossible” to research legal cases. (Id.) 15 A habeas petitioner may be entitled to equitable tolling if he can establish the 16 following elements: (1) “he has been pursuing his rights diligently,” and (2) “some 17 extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.” Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631 , 649 18 (2010) (citing Pace, 544 U.S. at 418 ); see also Lawrence v. Florida, 549 U.S. 327 , 336 19 (2007). The failure to file a timely petition must be the result of external forces, not the 20 result of the petitioner’s lack of diligence. See Miles v. Prunty, 187 F.3d 1104, 1107 (9th 21 Cir. 1999) (discussing how circumstances must be beyond a prisoner’s control to qualify 22 as “extraordinary”). The threshold to trigger equitable tolling is high, and therefore is 23 not available in most cases. See Bills v. Clark, 628 F.3d 1092, 1097 (9th Cir. 2010) 24 (quoting Miranda v. Castro, 292 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir. 2002)). 25 Here, Petitioner fails to carry his burden of showing diligence in pursuing his legal 26 interests in the more than six years between his conviction (March 18, 2016) and the 27 date he filed his federal Petition (May 3, 2022). Nor does he demonstrate extraordinary 2 equitable tolling argument is the Atwater security lockdown from October 6, 2010, to 3 October 6, 2018, as the other alleged events occurred after the statute of limitations 4 period elapsed on May 18, 2017. (See ECF No. 9-1 at 3–4.; see also supra Section II.B). 5 Petitioner has not made any specific allegations or presented evidence regarding how 6 the alleged lockdown from 2010 to 2018 prevented him from filing his petition on time. 7 See United States v. Van Poyck, 980 F. Supp. 1108, 1111 (C.D. Cal. 1997) (concluding 8 brief prison lockdowns did not qualify as “extraordinary circumstances” because 9 Petitioner did not demonstrate how they made it impossible to timely file his petition); 10 Higgins v. Garcia, 32 F. App’x 974 (9th Cir. 2002) (finding no extraordinary circumstances 11 when Petitioner’s legal materials were not available to him for a limited period and he 12 had “occasional” difficulty accessing prison library due to lockdowns, but Petitioner did 13 not explain why these instances prevented him from timely filing). 14 Additionally, Petitioner does not specify how long he was without access to his 15 legal materials, when he gained access to his materials, or whether he requested his 16 materials during that time. See Lott v. Mueller, 304 F.3d 918, 925 (9th Cir. 2002) 17 (quoting Vigliotto v. Terry, 873 F.2d 1201 , 1202–03 (9th Cir. 1989)) (“[T]emporary 18 deprivation of an inmate’s legal materials does not, in all cases, rise to a constitutional 19 deprivation.”); Hartley v. Hall, 335 F. App’x 686, 687 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[T]here must be a 20 causal link between lateness and the extraordinary circumstances.”). Further, the 21 record before the Court shows that Petitioner actively pursued two state habeas 22 petitions in 2017 and appealed the denial of the second such petition in 2018.8 (See ECF 23 No. 6, Lodgs. 6, 9, 11.) Petitioner’s filings between 2017 and 2018 demonstrate that he 24 had access to legal materials during the alleged security lockdown. Therefore, it does 25 not appear there was any extraordinary impediment to Petitioner’s ability to timely [2] 594 F. App’x 345, 346 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding no extraordinary circumstances where 3 Petitioner was able to file “numerous state pleadings and one federal petition” during 4 alleged restriction on access to legal materials); Brown v. Montgomery, No. 19-CV-20215 CAB(WVG), 2020 WL 4697979 , at *4 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2020) (holding that there were 6 no external forces preventing Petitioner from timely filing because he actively pursued 7 other state and federal actions before filing his federal habeas petition), adopted by [8] 2020 WL 6825586 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2020); Estrada v. Chrones, No. CV 06-52789 JSL(FFM), 2011 WL 4940716 , at *6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2011) (holding lack of access to a 10 law library and legal materials due to prison transfers did not render timely filing 11 impossible), adopted by 2011 WL 4914708 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 17, 2011). Thus, Petitioner 12 falls short of showing the “extraordinary circumstances” necessary to support equitable 13 tolling of his otherwise untimely Petition. 14 1. Actual Innocence Gateway 15 In rare circumstances, a plea of actual innocence can overcome the AEDPA’s one16 year statute of limitations. Petitioner raises “actual innocence” as a ground for relief in 17 his federal Petition. (See ECF No. 1 at 6.) Specifically, Petitioner claims, “[t]here existed 18 an ‘ACTUAL INNOCENCE’ defense, to the Voluntary Manslaughter” conviction because 19 his attorney failed to adequately investigate, and Petitioner was not fully informed of 20 the facts due to his “shuttling or toggling” between state and federal prison. (ECF No. 1 21 at 6.) Petitioner further alleges: 22 [H]e was innocent of each charge brought against him, as he was not a member of the Hell’s Angels [sic] Motorcycle Organization at the time of the offenses alleged, [23] because he was never present during the murder or attempted murders claimed 24 by the State as movant shows Mr. Ottinger was at home, nor is there fingerprints, (‘DNA’) or eyewitness evidences available to substantiate his involvement . . . and [25] no weapons have been discovered within Mr. Ottinger’s possession or dwelling 26 related to these crimes. 27 (ECF No. 1-2 at 9–10.) 2 “ONLY ONE GUY USED A WEAPON ON THIS VICTIM [sic],” and an individual resembling 3 Petitioner had a weapon and pushed the victim down. (Id. at 10.) Further, Petitioner 4 alleges that his co-defendant admitted to stabbing the victim. (Id.) Based on this 5 information, Petitioner argues he would not have entered a guilty plea if his counsel had 6 properly investigated the case. (Id.) Respondents do not acknowledge Petitioner’s 7 actual-innocence claim in their Motion to Dismiss. (See ECF No. 5.) 8 The United States Supreme Court has held that the “actual innocence gateway” 9 may overcome the AEDPA’s limitations period. See McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383 , 10 386; see also Lee v. Lampert, 653 F.3d 929, 932 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that a “credible 11 claim of actual innocence constitutes an equitable exception to AEDPA’s limitations 12 period”.) In Schlup, the Court limited the exception to habeas petitioners who can show 13 “it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted [petitioner] in 14 the light of the new evidence.” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327 (1995). A petitioner 15 must support his constitutional claims “with new reliable evidence—whether it be 16 exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical 17 evidence—that was not presented at trial.” Id. at 324 ; see also Larsen v. Soto, 742 F.3d 18 1083, 1096 (9th Cir. 2013) (holding that evidence that is cumulative and speculative is 19 not sufficient to show actual innocence). This demanding standard “permits review only 20 in the ‘extraordinary’ case,” but it does not require absolute certainty about the 21 petitioner’s innocence.” House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 538 (2006) (quoting Schlup, 513 22 U.S. at 327) (emphasizing that claims of actual innocence are rarely successful). 23 Here, Petitioner has not presented any new, reliable evidence that suggests he is 24 actually innocent of the crimes to which he pleaded guilty. The San Diego Superior 25 Court rejected Petitioner’s actual innocence claim in their denial of his First State 26 Habeas Petition. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 15 at 10.) The court explained that Petitioner did 27 not provide “any factual assertions or evidence to support his claim” of actual 2 reliable evidence” that meets the high Schlup standard. Petitioner merely makes vague 3 allegations that he was at home during the crimes, there was no evidence of his DNA at 4 the crime scene, and an eyewitness saw one armed individual with the victim. (See ECF 5 No. 1-2 at 9–10.) See also Larsen, 742 F.3d at 1096 (denying actual innocence gateway 6 when a petitioner’s evidence is purely speculative). This information is not new because 7 it was available prior to the date Petitioner’s conviction became final. Thus, the 8 evidence Petitioner raises is not sufficient to show that more likely than not, a 9 reasonable juror would find he is not guilty. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327 . 10 In addition, Petitioner freely and voluntarily admitted to the charges and 11 allegations in his guilty plea. (See ECF No. 6, Lodg. 2.). Although Petitioner now claims 12 he would not have pleaded guilty if his attorney properly investigated the case, there is 13 no evidence to suggest his attorney acted improperly. See United States v. Ross, 511 14 F.3d 1233, 1236 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Statements made by a defendant during a guilty plea 15 hearing carry a strong presumption of veracity in subsequent proceedings attacking the 16 plea.”); McArdle v. Sniff, Case No. EDCV08-522 PSG(JC), 2009 WL 1097324 , at *5 (C.D. 17 Cal., Apr. 20, 2009) (holding a Petitioner’s statements “contrary to his sworn 18 representations to the state court during the entry of his guilty pleas” did not constitute 19 “new reliable evidence”). In conclusion, Petitioner is not entitled to any exceptions to 20 the one-year statute of limitations. 21 III. CONCLUSION 22 For the foregoing reasons, the Court RECOMMENDS that the district court issue 23 an order (1) GRANTING Respondents’ Motion to Dismiss and (2) DISMISSING the 24 Petition with prejudice as untimely. 25 IT IS ORDERED that no later than January 2, 2023, any party to this action may file 26 written objections with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. The document should 27 be captioned “Objections to Report and Recommendation.” 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that any reply to the objections shall be filed with the 2 Court and served on all parties no later than January 16, 2023. The parties are advised 3 || that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to raise those 4 || objections on appeal of the Court’s order. See Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th 5 || Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153, 1157 (9th Cir. 1991). 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 || Dated: December 1, 2022 = _ 2 SF — 9 Honorable Michael S. Berg United States Magistrate Judge