Spencer v. The City of San Diego

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 MELVIN SPENCER, Case No.: 23-cv-771-GPC-BLM 12 ORDER SUA SPONTE DISMISSING Plaintiff, COMPLAINT FOR FAILURE TO [13] v. STATE A CLAIM; ORDER 14 DENYING REQUEST TO PROCEED THE CITY OF SAN DIEGO, IN FORMA PAUPERIS [15] Defendant. 16 [ECF Nos. 8-9] [17] Pro Se Plaintiff Melvin Spencer sued Defendant the City of San Diego, his [18] employer, for racial discrimination, nepotism, favoritism, and slander on April 27, 2023. [19] ECF No. 1. In response to the Court’s order sua sponte dismissing, for the second time, [20] Plaintiff’s complaint for failure to state a claim, ECF Nos. 4, 7, Plaintiff timely filed a [21] second amended complaint (“SAC”) on August 14, 2023. ECF No. 8. Based on the [23] reasoning below, the Court sua sponte DISMISSES the SAC for failure to state a claim and grants Plaintiff leave to amend. [28] 1 Background 2 The facts alleged in Plaintiff’s SAC almost entirely mirror the allegations and facts 3 presented in his first amended complaint (“FAC”)―described in the Court’s previous 4 order, ECF No. 7 at 4-5. As such, the Court summarizes his factual allegations only 5 briefly. 6 The SAC’s case caption suggests that Plaintiff’s causes of action include racial 7 discrimination, nepotism, favoritism, and slander. ECF No. 8 at 1. Plaintiff identifies as 8 African American and has been working for both the City Heights Recreation Center 9 (“Center”) and Mid City Gymnasium (“Gym”) within the City of San Diego Department 10 of Parks and Recreation (“Parks & Recreation”) since August 2019. Id. at 2. Broadly 11 construing the SAC, Plaintiff alleges that the Area Manager and Center Director, both 12 Mexican, displayed a bias for individuals who share their nationality or heritage, hiring 13 and promoting primarily Mexicans. Id. at 2, 7-8. He states that the Center and Gym have 14 not hired an African American person since Plaintiff was hired in 2019, id. at 2, 7, though 15 he admits that an African American who had previously worked for Parks & Recreation 16 was hired as a supervisor in 2022 and later promoted, id. at 5, 7. He seems to more 17 generally assert that those responsible for hiring and promoting at Parks & Recreation 18 overlook him for promotions, favoring Mexican candidates over him. Id. at 8-9. 19 Additionally, he asserts the Area Manager committed nepotism and favoritism when he 20 helped his god son obtain a promotion at the Center and promoted his friends. Id. at 3, 5. 21 The only new facts presented in the SAC are Plaintiff’s allegations that several 22 Mexican patrons of the Center or Gym falsely accused him of verbal and physical assault 23 or of being rude but that internal investigations proved their accusations to be unfounded. 24 Id. at 8-9. The patrons are not named defendants and the SAC does not allege that they 25 are in any way connected to Defendant the City of San Diego. 26 Sua Sponte Review of the Second Amended Complaint 27 A complaint filed by any person proceeding in forma pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to [28] 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (a) is subject to mandatory sua sponte review and dismissal by the Court 1 if, inter alia, it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 28 U.S.C. 2 § 1915(e)(2)(B); Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (“Section 3 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) . . . allows a district court to dismiss, sua sponte and prior to service of 4 process, a complaint that fails to state a claim”); see also Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845 , 5 845 (9th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (“[T]he provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2)(B) are not 6 limited to prisoners.”). 7 A complaint should set forth “who is being sued, for what relief, and on what 8 theory, with enough detail to guide discovery.” See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172 , 9 1177 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Bautista v. Los Angeles County, 216 F.3d 837, 840 (9th 10 Cir. 2000). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 8(a)(2)-(3) explicitly requires that a 11 complaint include a “short and plain statement of the claim showing the pleader is 12 entitled to relief” and “a demand for the relief sought.” “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 13 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief 14 that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009) (internal 15 quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 , 16 570 (2007). 17 In determining whether to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim, the 18 factual allegations in the complaint must be accepted as true and all reasonable inferences 19 must be construed in favor of the plaintiff. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336 , 20 337-38 (9th Cir. 1996). Moreover, courts “liberally construe[]” pro se claims and hold 21 them to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Estelle v. 22 Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976) (citation omitted). “This rule is particularly important 23 in civil rights cases.” Eldridge v. Block, 832 F.2d 1132, 1137 (9th Cir. 1987). Still, “the 24 court is [not] required to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, 25 unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Sprewell v. Golden State 26 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 27 Plaintiff’s SAC alleges racial discrimination, slander, nepotism, and favoritism in 28 his case caption. ECF No. 8 at 1. The Court construes Plaintiff’s allegations of racial 1 discrimination as a claim arising under both Title VII and California’s Fair Employment 2 and Housing Act (“FEHA”), both of which prohibit employers from discriminating 3 against a person in their employment on the basis of race.1 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a); Cal. 4 Gov’t Code § 12940(a). To make a prima facie case of discrimination under Title VII and 5 FEHA, Plaintiff must assert that: “(1) he was a member of a protected class; (2) he was 6 qualified for the position he sought or was performing competently in the position he 7 held; (3) he suffered an adverse employment action, such as a termination, demotion, or 8 denial of an available job; and (4) some other circumstance suggests a discriminatory 9 motive.” Pinder v. Emp. Dev. Dep’t, 227 F. Supp. 3d 1123, 1137 (E.D. Cal. 2017). 10 Here, Plaintiff sufficiently alleges that he is a member of a protected class as an 11 African American, ECF No. 8 at 2, and that he suffered adverse employment 12 actions―i.e., he was not selected for promotions or for a series of jobs to which he 13 applied within Parks & Recreation, id. at 7-8 (stating that he interviewed but was not 14 hired for “Rec Leader 2” twice, “Grounds Maintenance Worker 1 & 2,” and “Assistant 15 Recreation Director”). However, as to the second element, he has failed to allege any 16 facts relating to his qualifications for the positions he sought or his competence in 17 performing his current position. Id. (absence). 18 Additionally, with respect to the fourth element―circumstances suggesting a 19 discriminatory motive―Plaintiff’s allegations fail to plausibly suggest that Defendant 20 had a discriminatory motive. First, it is not clear that the individuals discussed in the SAC 21 are those responsible for hiring the positions to which he applied. Second, Plaintiff states 22 that the interviewers for the positions to which he applied were Mexican, Parks & 23 Recreation hired Mexicans for the positions, and ninety-nine percent of the staff at Parks 24 & Recreation are Mexican. Id. at 8. Yet he also notes that an African American was hired [26] 1 Plaintiff has exhausted his administrative remedies for these claims. See ECF No. 8 at 27 10-11 (right to sue notices from the California Civil Rights Department and the United 28 States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). 1 as supervisor in October 2022 and later promoted to Center Director, id. at 5-6, and that 2 since 2019, the Center and Gym have hired three Mexicans, one “Latin American,” one 3 “European American,” and two “biracial” people, id. at 2-3. That the Center and Gym 4 have hired two “biracial” people and at least one African American, who was promoted 5 in 2022, undercuts Plaintiff’s allegation of discriminatory motive. Moreover, that it is not 6 clear that Plaintiff was qualified for the jobs to which he applied makes an inference of 7 discriminatory motive unreasonable. Therefore, he fails to state a claim under FEHA and 8 Title VII for racial discrimination. 9 Plaintiff’s claim of slander fails to state a claim on which relief can be granted 10 because the individuals whom he alleges slandered him are not City of San Diego 11 employees or otherwise named defendants. Id. at 8-9; see Cal. Civ. Code § 46 (elements 12 of statutory slander); KM Strategic Mgmt., LLC v. Am. Cas. Co., 156 F. Supp. 3d 1154 , 13 1166 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (elements of defamation via slander). One woman was a San 14 Diego County employee and the others appear to be patrons of the Center or Gym. Id. 15 Further, Plaintiff’s pleading fails to state a cognizable cause of action for nepotism 16 or favoritism. As in the FAC, Plaintiff does not specify the law under which his claims 17 arise, and the Court is unable to determine the legal source of his nepotism or favoritism 18 claims. Accordingly, the Court must dismiss them. See Anderson v. Snap, Inc., No. 2219 cv-256, 2022 WL 2759089 , at *3 (S.D. Cal. July 14, 2022) (“Plaintiff's Complaint does 20 not allege a clearly identifiable actionable claim, nor does he provide sufficient factual 21 allegations from which the Court can discern a cause of action.”); Jones v. Becerra, No. 22 cv-17-7846, 2018 WL 6177253 , at *2 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 7, 2018) (dismissing a complaint in 23 part because “one cannot determine from the complaint who is being sued, for what 24 relief, and on what theory.”). 25 Moreover, Rule 8(a)(3) provides that a pleading must contain “a demand for the 26 relief sought.” The requested relief should be of the sort that offers redress for the alleged 27 injuries. See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992) (describing injury, [28] 1 causation, and redressability requirements for constitutional standing). The SAC, like the 2 FAC, does not request any form of relief. See ECF No. 8 (absence). 3 Because the SAC fails to state a claim upon which the Court may grant relief and 4 fails to request relief, the Court DISMISSES the SAC. 5 Leave To Amend 6 District courts “should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend 7 unless it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by 8 amendment.” Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation 9 marks and citation omitted). Because it is not “absolutely clear” that the deficiencies 10 described above cannot be cured, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff LEAVE TO AMEND his 11 complaint. 12 The amended complaint should clearly state the specific statutory, common law, or 13 constitutional law under which the claims arise, detail the facts that support the elements 14 of those claims, and specify the specific relief sought. The amended complaint must be 15 complete by itself without reference to any previous pleading. Civ. L. Rule 15.1(a). 16 The Court encourages Plaintiff to utilize the standard civil rights complaint form if 17 he chooses to file an amended complaint and orders the Clerk of Court to send a copy to 18 him with this order. See Jones v. Wu, No. cv-15-5884, 2015 WL 7722344 , at *3 (C.D. 19 Cal. Nov. 30, 2015) (urging plaintiff to use standard civil rights complaint form). 20 If Plaintiff fails to timely amend, the Court will enter a final order dismissing the 21 action. See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not 22 take advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the 23 dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”). 24 Second Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 25 The Court already granted Plaintiff’s application to proceed IFP, ECF. No. 7 at 226 3, so Plaintiff does not need to submit a second application. Thus, Plaintiff’s second 27 application to proceed IFP is DENIED. [28] 1 Conclusion 2 For the reasons explained above, the Court sua sponte DISMISSES Plaintiffs 3 ||complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, and GRANTS 4 || Plaintiff leave to amend. Any amended filings must be made within 45 days of the date 5 this Order or else the case will be closed without further opportunity to amend. The 6 || Court orders the Clerk of Court to send Plaintiff a copy of the standard civil rights 7 ||complaint form with this order. 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 Dated: November 14, 2023 <= 11 United States District Judge