Cunningham v. Ramos

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 MELVIN LYNN CUNNINGHAM, Jr., Case No.: 3:23-cv-00351-JAH-MSB CDCR #F-78919, [12] ORDER: Plaintiff, [13] vs. (1) DISMISSING CLAIMS [14] ALLEGED AGAINST DEFENDANT 15 MORA PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. ALFONSO RAMOS, Correctional §§ 1915(e)(2) AND 1915A(b) 16 Officer; JESSICA MORA, Correctional Officer, 17 (2) DENYING REQUEST FOR Defendants. APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL [18] 19 AND [20] (3) DIRECTING U.S. MARSHAL TO 21 EFFECT SERVICE OF PROCESS UPON DEFENDANT RAMOS [22] PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (d) 23 AND Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3) [24] [ECF No. 14] [25] 26 Plaintiff Melvin Lynn Cunningham is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a 27 civil rights Complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . (See ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”)). 28 Plaintiff is hearing impaired and alleges Richard J. Donovan Correctional Officer Ramos 1 violated his Eighth Amendment rights by using excessive force against him on February 2 19, 2022, and his First Amendment rights by later filing false disciplinary charges against 3 him in retaliation for reporting the excessive force incident. (Id. at 3‒5.) Plaintiff’s 4 Complaint also alleges Correctional Officer Mora violated his Eighth Amendment and 5 Fourteenth Amendment rights by failing to intervene, and by submitting an incident 6 report that included false accusations of misconduct. (Id. at 6.) 7 I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 8 On August 7, 2023, the Court granted Plaintiff leave to proceed in forma pauperis 9 and conducted a preliminary screening of his Complaint. (See ECF No. 8.) The Court 10 found that although Plaintiff’s Complaint passed the “low” screening threshold set by 28 11 U.S.C. §§ 1915 (e)(2) & 1915A(b) with respect to his Eighth and First Amendment claims 12 against Officer Ramos, it failed to state any plausible claim for relief against Officer 13 Mora. (Id. at 5‒8, citing Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1123 (9th Cir. 2012).) 14 Therefore, the Court notified Plaintiff that within 45 days he could either: (1) file a 15 Notice of Intent to Proceed with his excessive force and retaliation claims against only 16 Officer Ramos, or (2) file an Amended Complaint re-alleging his claims against Ramos 17 and correcting his pleading deficiencies with respect to Officer Mora. (Id. at 9.) Plaintiff 18 was further cautioned that any claims not re-alleged in an Amended Complaint would be 19 considered waived; but if in lieu of amendment he instead choose to stand on his 20 Complaint as submitted, the Court would dismiss his inadequately pleaded claims against 21 Defendant Mora and direct the U.S. Marshal to effect service on his behalf only upon 22 Officer Ramos.1 (Id.) [24] 25 1 After the Court received no timely response from Plaintiff, on October 27, 2023, it initially dismissed the case without prejudice based on his failure to prosecute in compliance with [26] its August 7, 2023 Order. (See ECF No. 9 at 2, citing Edwards v. Marin Park, 356 F.3d 27 1058, 1065 (9th Cir. 2004) (“The failure of the plaintiff eventually to respond to the court’s ultimatum—either by amending the complaint or by indicating to the court that [he] will [28] 1 On February 1, 2024, Plaintiff filed a Notice of Intent “to proceed with [his] 2 Complaint against A. Ramos alone” and requesting “the help of counsel.” (See ECF No. 3 14). 4 II. REQUEST FOR APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL 5 While Plaintiff does not explain the basis for his request for counsel, the Court 6 notes he is indigent and incarcerated. Nonetheless, “[t]here is no constitutional right to 7 appointed counsel in a § 1983 action.” Rand v. Rowland, 113 F.3d 1520, 1525 (9th Cir. 8 1997) (citing Storseth v. Spellman, 654 F.2d 1349, 1353 (9th Cir. 1981)); see also Hedges 9 v. Resolution Trust Corp. (In re Hedges), 32 F.3d 1360, 1363 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[T]here is 10 no absolute right to counsel in civil proceedings.”) (citation omitted). 11 Districts courts do have discretion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(1) to “request” 12 that an attorney represent indigent civil litigants upon a showing of “exceptional 13 circumstances.” See Agyeman v. Corrections Corp. of America, 390 F.3d 1101 , 1103 14 (9th Cir. 2004); Rand, 113 F.3d at 1525 . However, a finding of exceptional 15 circumstances requires “an evaluation of the likelihood of the plaintiff’s success on the 16 merits and an evaluation of the plaintiff’s ability to articulate his claims ‘in light of the 17 complexity of the legal issues involved.’” Agyeman, 390 F.3d at 1103 (quoting Wilborn 18 v. Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986)); see also Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 19 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991). 20 The Court acknowledges that any pro se litigant “would be better served with the 21 assistance of counsel.” Rand, 113 F.3d at 1525 (citing Wilborn, 789 F.2d at 1331 ). But 22 that is not the test. Instead, so long as a pro se litigant, like Plaintiff in this case, is able to 23 “articulate his claims against the relative complexity of the matter,” the “exceptional [25] filed a letter informing the Court that he was unable to respond due to a cellmate’s [26] destruction of his property and requesting “a chance to present his case.” (See ECF No. 27 11.) On November 21, 2023, the Court liberally construed Plaintiff’s letter as a Motion for Reconsideration, set aside the judgment in light of his pro se status, and granted Plaintiff [28] 1 circumstances” which might require the appointment of counsel do not exist. Id. (finding 2 no abuse of discretion under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e) when district court denied appointment 3 of counsel despite fact that pro se prisoner “may well have fared better–particularly in the 4 realms of discovery and the securing of expert testimony.”); see also Montano v. 5 Solomon, 2010 WL 2403389 , at *2 (E.D. Cal. June 11, 2010) (“[N]either indigence nor 6 lack of facility in English qualifies as an exceptional circumstance in a prisoner civil 7 rights case.”). 8 As currently pleaded, Plaintiff’s Complaint demonstrates an ability to articulate 9 essential facts supporting his excessive force and retaliation claims against Defendant 10 Ramos. Thus, at least at this initial stage of the case, the Court finds Plaintiff appears to 11 have an adequate grasp of the relevant facts and the constitutional bases for his causes of 12 action, both of which are common to prison litigation and relatively straightforward. See 13 Terrell, 935 F.2d at 1017. In fact, the Court has already determined Plaintiff’s allegations 14 against Officer Ramos are sufficient to survive the initial screening required by 28 U.S.C. 15 §§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A. (See ECF No. 8 at 5‒7; citing Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1123 .) 16 See also Meeks v. Nunez, No. 3:13-CV-0973-GPC (BGS), 2017 WL 476425 , at *3 (S.D. 17 Cal. Feb. 6, 2017) (denying ADA inmate appointment of counsel where inmate 18 “successfully survived screening,” and had submitted motions “drafted with clarity and 19 [asserting] proper arguments.”); Garcia v. Blahnik, Civil Case No. 3:14-cv-00875-LAB20 BGS, 2016 WL 4269561 , at *3 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 15, 2016) (finding no “exceptional 21 circumstances warranting a judicial request for a voluntary legal counsel” where 22 Plaintiff’s psychiatric disorder and limited access to the law library did not “prevent[] 23 him from filing a well-articulated complaint and other motions with the Court.”). 24 In addition, while Plaintiff may have sufficiently pleaded plausible excessive force 25 and retaliation claims against Officer Ramos at this preliminary stage of the proceedings, 26 he has yet to demonstrate and it is too soon to tell whether he is likely to succeed on the 27 merits. See Harrington v. Scribner, 785 F.3d 1299, 1309 (9th Cir. 2015); Cano v. Taylor, [28] 739 F.3d 1214, 1218 (9th Cir. 2014) (affirming denial of counsel where prisoner could 1 articulate his claims in light of the complexity of the issues involved, but did not show 2 likelihood of succeed on the merits); see also Dickey v. Strayhorn, Civil Case No. 3:173 cv-00546-JLS-JLB, 2017 WL 3118797 , at *1 (S.D. Cal. July 21, 2017), reconsideration 4 denied, Civil Case No. 3:17-cv-00546-JLS-JLB, 2017 WL 4271975 at *1 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 5 26, 2017) (“To demonstrate that he has a likelihood of success at trial, Plaintiff must do 6 more than merely allege that one of his constitutional rights was violated. He must 7 provide evidence to the effect that he has a likelihood of success on the merits of his 8 allegations.”); Torbert v. Gore, Civil Case No. 3:14-cv-02991-BEN-NLS, 2016 WL 9 1399230, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2016) (“A plaintiff that provides no evidence of his 10 likelihood of success at trial fails to satisfy the first factor of the [exceptional 11 circumstances] test.”). 12 Therefore, while Plaintiff has now sufficiently notified the Court that he intends to 13 “proceed with [his] Complaint against A. Ramos and him alone,” see ECF No. 14 at 1, 14 and the Court will direct the U.S. Marshal to effect service upon Defendant Ramos on 15 Plaintiff’s behalf, it finds no exceptional circumstances exist to warrant the appointment 16 of counsel at this time. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (d) (“The officers of the court shall issue 17 and serve all process, and perform all duties in [IFP] cases.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3) 18 (“[T]he court may order that service be made by a United States marshal or deputy 19 marshal . . . if the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis under 28 U.S.C. 20 § 1915.”). 21 III. CONCLUSION 22 For the reasons discussed, the Court: 23 1. DENIES Plaintiff’s request for appointment of counsel (ECF No. 14). 24 2. DISMISSES Defendant Jessica Mora and DIRECTS the Clerk of Court to 25 terminate Mora as a party to this civil action based on Plaintiff’s failure to allege any 26 plausible claims against her pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915 (e)(2)(B)(ii) and 1915A(b)(1). 27 3. DIRECTS the Clerk to issue a summons as to Plaintiff’s Complaint upon 28 Defendant Alfonso Ramos and to forward that summons to him along with a blank U.S. 1 Marshal Form 285 for Officer Ramos only. In addition, the Clerk will provide Plaintiff 2 with a certified copy of this Order, a certified copy of his Complaint (ECF No. 1), and the 3 August 7, 2023 Order granting Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (ECF 4 No. 8), so that Plaintiff may serve Officer Ramos. Upon receipt of this “IFP Package,” 5 Plaintiff must complete the U.S. Marshal Form 285 as completely and accurately as 6 possible, include an address where Officer Ramos may be found and/or subject to 7 service, and return it to the U.S. Marshal according to the instructions the Clerk provides. 8 4. ORDERS the U.S. Marshal to serve a copy of Plaintiff’s Complaint and the 9 summons issued by the Clerk upon Defendant Ramos at the address provided by Plaintiff 10 on the USM Form 285 provided, and to file an executed waiver of personal service upon 11 Ramos with the Clerk of Court as soon as possible after its return. Should Officer Ramos 12 fail to return the U.S. Marshal’s request for waiver of personal service within 90 days, the 13 U.S. Marshal must instead file the completed Form USM 285 Process Receipt and 14 Returns with the Clerk of Court, include the date the summons, Complaint, and request 15 for waiver was mailed to Defendant Ramos, and indicate why service remains 16 unexecuted. All costs of service will be advanced by the United States; however, if 17 Defendant Ramos is located within the United States and fails without good cause to sign 18 and return the waiver requested by the U.S. Marshal on Plaintiff’s behalf, the Court will 19 impose upon Defendant Ramos any expenses later incurred in making personal service. 20 See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (d); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3). 21 5. ORDERS Defendant Ramos, once served, to reply to Plaintiff’s Complaint, 22 and any subsequent pleading Plaintiff may file in this matter naming him as a party, 23 within the time provided by the applicable provisions of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24 12(a) and 15(a)(3). See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(g)(2) (while a defendant may occasionally be 25 permitted to “waive the right to reply to any action brought by a prisoner confined in any 26 jail, prison, or other correctional facility under section 1983,” once the Court has 27 conducted its sua sponte screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2) and § 1915A(b), 28 and thus, has made a preliminary determination based on the face of the pleading alone | || that Plaintiff has a “reasonable opportunity to prevail on the merits,” defendant is 2 required to respond); and 3 6. ORDERS Plaintiff, after service has been effected by the U.S. Marshal, to 4 ||serve upon Defendant Ramos, or if appearance has been entered by counsel, upon 5 || Defendant’s counsel, a copy of every further pleading, motion, or other document 6 ||submitted for the Court’s consideration pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(b). Plaintiff must 7 |)include with every original document he seeks to file with the Clerk of the Court, a 8 || certificate stating the manner in which a true and correct copy of that document has been 9 || was served on Defendant Ramos or his counsel, and the date of that service. See S.D. 10 || Cal. CivLR 5.2. Any document received by the Court which has not been properly filed 11 || with the Clerk or which fails to include a Certificate of Service upon the Defendant or his 12 || counsel may be disregarded. 13 IT IS SO ORDERED. 14 || Dated: February 27, 2024 15 Hog. John A. Houston 16 United States District Judge [28] 7 ee