Roditi v. New River Investments Inc.

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 MANUEL RODITI and VENICE Case No.: 3:20-cv-01908-RBM-MSB BEJARANO, [12] ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ Plaintiffs, 13 MOTION TO EXCLUDE v. DEFENDANTS’ LATE-PRODUCED [14] INVESTMENT ADVISORY NEW RIVER INVESTMENTS INC., et 15 CONTRACTS AS MOOT AND al., GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ [16] Defendants. REQUEST FOR SANCTIONS [17] [Doc. 145, 170] [20] 21 Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs Manuel Roditi and Venice Bejarano’s 22 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) motion to exclude Defendant New River Investments, Inc., 23 Alberto Roditi, and Guillermo Roditi Dominguz’s (collectively, “Defendants”) late 24 produced investment advisory contracts (“Motion”) (Doc. 145) and Plaintiffs’ subsequent 25 request for monetary sanctions (Doc. 163, January 29, 2024 Transcript of Status Hearing 26 11:17–12:7; Doc. 170). 27 The Court finds this matter suitable for determination without oral argument 28 pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs’ Motion 1 is DENIED AS MOOT and Plaintiffs’ subsequent request for monetary sanctions is 2 GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. 3 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 4 A. Plaintiffs’ Motion 5 Plaintiffs filed their Motion on January 25, 2024. (Doc. 145.) In their Motion, 6 Plaintiffs explained that, on January 17, 2024, Defendants supplemented their responses to 7 Plaintiffs’ Requests for Production of Documents, which were first propounded to 8 Defendants years earlier, on May 3, 2021. (Id. at 3.1) The supplemental responses included 9 investment advisory contracts (“IACs”) for Plaintiffs’ accounts with Defendants, including 10 the Interactive Brokers account at issue in this case. (Id.) Plaintiffs argued that the IACs 11 should be excluded from use at trial because Defendants’ late disclosure was not 12 substantially justified or harmless under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1). (Id. at 13 3–8.) 14 On January 26, 2024, the Court ordered Defendants to file a response to Plaintiffs’ 15 Motion on or before January 27, 2024. (Doc. 148 at 2.) The Court also indicated that 16 Defendants should be prepared to provide sworn testimony regarding the issues presented 17 in Plaintiffs’ Motion at the status hearing set for January 29, 2024. (Id.) 18 B. Defendants’ Opposition 19 On January 27, 2024, Defendants filed their Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion. (Doc. 20 150.) In their Opposition, Defendants indicated that, on January 9, 2024, after a Mandatory 21 Settlement Conference with Magistrate Judge Michael S. Berg, Defendant Guillermo 22 Roditi Dominguez (“Defendant Dominguiez”) “returned to his home and began to look in 23 earnest in every box that he had in his possession, whether or not he thought that they had 24 any contents that would be relevant to this lawsuit, to see if he could find the IACs[.]” (Id. 25 at 5.) Defendant Dominguez then found Plaintiffs’ IACs, as well as other client documents, [1] 1 in a box that also contained his personal CDs. (Id.) Defendants argued that their late 2 disclosure was substantially justified because “Defendants believed that they had complied 3 to the best of their abilities and had performed a diligent search.” (Id. at 5–6.) Defendants 4 also argued that the late disclosure was harmless because Plaintiffs signed the documents, 5 knew about their existence, kept copies for themselves, and failed to produce them. (Id. at 6 6–9.) Finally, Defendants argued that they did “not act in bad faith or willfulness” because 7 they had “no logical or sensible purpose” not to produce the IACs. (Id. at 7.) 8 C. The January 29, 2024 Hearing 9 On January 29, 2024, the parties appeared for the scheduled status hearing. (Doc. 10 152.) At the hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel noted that the parties had litigated this case for 11 four years and a key aspect to the case had been the fact that Defendants did not have IACs 12 with Plaintiffs, which also contain investment policy statements. (Doc. 163, January 29, 13 2024 Transcript of Status Hearing 6:18–25.) Plaintiffs’ counsel also indicated that the 14 parties spent a lot of time in depositions discussing the missing IACs, that Plaintiffs’ 15 expert’s first two opinions concerned Defendants acting in a discretionary capacity without 16 an IAC, and that Plaintiffs had “built arguments in this case on the lack of the investor 17 policy statement, the lack of an [IAC].” (Id. at 7:1–25.) 18 Nevertheless, Plaintiffs’ counsel concluded that he had “altered” where he stood on 19 the Motion because he was “not comfortable trying the case without [the IACs].” (Id. at 20 8:14–16.) Instead of exclusion, Plaintiffs’ counsel requested that his expert be able to offer 21 some additional opinions incorporating the new IACs and that he be able to add exhibits to 22 the trial exhibit list. (Id. at 8:20–25, 9:9–14.) Plaintiffs’ counsel also requested that he 23 have “the latitude to point out the timing of the productions, the fact that they were 24 produced [] in the last three weeks.” (Id. at 9:4–8.) Plaintiffs’ counsel also requested that 25 he be able to add a cause of action for breach of contract. (Id. at 9:15–10:11.) Finally, 26 Plaintiffs’ counsel requested monetary sanctions for the extra attorneys’ fees and costs that 27 were incurred and would continue to be incurred due to the late disclosure. (Id. at 11:17– 28 12:7.) 1 In response, Defendants’ counsel argued that Plaintiffs were aware of these 2 documents because they had physically signed them. (Id. at 12:15–19, 15:18–16:7.) 3 Defendants’ counsel indicated that Defendant Dominguez had an “epiphany moment” after 4 a settlement conference with Judge Berg and decided to check additional boxes for the 5 IACs. (Id. at 16:10–17:1.) Defendant Dominguez then testified that the IACs had been in 6 his homes in Los Angeles since 2013 when they were shipped from Defendant New River 7 Investments, Inc.’s offices in Fort Lauderdale. (Id. at 27:16–18; Doc. 150 at 5; Doc. 1508 3 ¶¶ 2–3.) He testified that the box was one of only three or four boxes located in his 9 basement but that he did not search them previously because he did not think they contained 10 any work documents. (Doc. 163, January 29, 2024 Transcript of Status Hearing at 28:7– 11 25.) The box ultimately contained approximately four to five inches of investment 12 advisory contracts for clients. (Id. at 24:19–26: 17.) 13 At the January 29, 2024 hearing, the Court found that the late disclosure was not 14 harmless because this litigation has been going on for four years and the parties had spent 15 a lot of time, money, and resources litigating this case. (Id. at 17:17–23.) The Court then 16 took the matter under submission. (Id. at 34:2–3.) The Court also requested that Plaintiffs’ 17 counsel file a declaration supporting his request for monetary sanctions. (Id. at 37:4–13.) 18 D. January 30, 2024 Remote Hearing 19 On January 30, 2024, after taking the matter under submission, the Court held a 20 remote hearing, in which the Court allowed Plaintiffs to amend their complaint to conform 21 to proof and to supplement their expert report. (Doc. 164, January 30, 2024 Remote 22 Hearing Transcript 3:24–4:10.) However, the Court did not rule on Plaintiffs’ request for 23 monetary sanctions. 24 E. Plaintiffs’ Request and Supporting Documentation for Monetary Sanctions 25 As requested by the Court, Plaintiffs filed a declaration in support of their request 26 for monetary sanctions on February 5, 2024. (Doc. 170, Declaration of Douglas A. Pettit 27 (“Pettit Decl.”).) In his declaration, Plaintiffs’ counsel indicated that Plaintiffs’ expert’s 28 first three opinions in her initial report focused on the lack of a proper IAC and investment 1 policy statement. (Pettit Decl. ¶ 9.) Plaintiffs’ counsel stated that he had paid their expert 2 $26,162.50 for the time spent preparing her expert report and $4,875 to prepare for her 3 deposition. (Id.) Plaintiffs’ counsel attached invoices supporting these figures. (Id. (Ex. 4 B).) 5 Plaintiffs’ counsel wrote that his “office spent substantial time preparing for 6 depositions and trial premised on the belief that there was no written [IAC] and no written 7 investor policy statement[,]” two documents that “would have affected every aspect of the 8 way this case was handled.” (Pettit Decl. ¶ 10.) Plaintiffs’ counsel indicated that the parties 9 attended two mandatory settlement conferences and one mediation before the IACs were 10 produced and that much of the discussion at these meetings concerned Plaintiffs’ risk 11 tolerance, an issue addressed in the IACs. (Id.) Plaintiffs’ counsel then asserted that 12 “[w]hile arguably all the work on this case since 2021 has been permeated by the failure to 13 produce the [IAC], I have made a reasonable estimate that the failure to produce the 14 documents affected 25% of the time spent taking depositions, preparing for trial, and 15 attending settlement conferences, and have requested sanctions for this work only.” (Id. ¶ 16 14.) Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ counsel requested that some or all of the following amounts 17 be paid by Defendants as sanctions: 18 ▪ Fees paid to Plaintiffs’ expert for her original report: $26,162.50 19 ▪ Fees paid to Plaintiffs’ expert to prepare for her deposition: $4,875.00 20 ▪ Attorneys’ fees to prepare motion to exclude documents: $8,860.00 21 ▪ Attorneys’ fees incurred to rework trial materials for trial: $6,660.00 22 ▪ Attorneys’ fees to prepare Amended Complaint, revise Special Verdict Form, and 23 revise jury instructions: $1,300.00 24 ▪ Attorneys’ fees for attending mandatory settlement conferences and mediation 25 (25%): $3,565.63 26 ▪ Attorneys’ fees incurred in taking depositions of Defendants Guillermo Roditi 27 Dominguez and Alberto Roditi (25%): $9,547.88 28 (Id. ¶ 15.) 1 F. Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Request for Monetary Sanctions 2 On February 9, 2024, Defendants filed their Opposition to Sanctions for Their 3 Failure to Timely Produce Documents. (Doc. 190.) In their Opposition, Defendants argue 4 that an award of sanctions is not warranted or appropriate because the late production of 5 the IACs did not increase the cost of litigation and because Plaintiffs signed the IACs but 6 also failed to produce them. (Id. at 2.) Defendants also argue that their conduct was not 7 undertaken with the intent to deprive Plaintiffs of relevant evidence or with willful and 8 conscious disregard for the preservation of evidence. (Id. at 5–6 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 37(e) and Colonies Partners, L.P. v. County of San Bernardino, Case No. 5:18-cv-0042010 JGB (SHK), 2020 WL 1491339 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2020).) Finally, Defendants argue 11 Plaintiffs have not been unfairly prejudiced or harmed by the late production because they 12 added a breach of contract claim and relied on the IAC for the Interactive Brokers account 13 at trial. (Id. at 2, 6–7.) 14 In the alternative, Defendants argue that the Court should exclude the following 15 categories of fees: 16 1. 25% of the attorneys’ fees incurred attending the January 29, 2024 mandatory 17 settlement conference and mediation. 18 2. Attorneys’ fees incurred preparing Plaintiffs’ Motion. 19 3. Expert witness fees paid to Lisa Roth for her original report and for 20 preparation for her deposition. 21 4. Attorneys’ fees incurred to rework trial materials. 22 5. 25% of the attorneys’ fees incurred taking Defendants’ depositions. 23 (Id. at 7–8.) 24 II. LEGAL STANDARD 25 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1) provides: 26 (1) Failure to Disclose or Supplement. If a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed [27] to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, 28 or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless. In 1 addition to or instead of this sanction, the court, on motion and after giving an opportunity to be heard: [2] 3 (A) may order payment of the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure; [4] 5 (B) may inform the jury of the party’s failure; and [6] (C) may impose other appropriate sanctions, including any of the orders 7 listed in Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(i)–(vi). [8] Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). The Advisory Committee Notes describe Rule 37(c)(1) as a “self9 executing,” “automatic” sanction to “provide [] strong inducement for disclosure of [10] material that the disclosing party would expect to use as evidence, whether at a trial, at a [11] hearing, or on a motion[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules— [12] 1993 Amendment. In other words, “Rule 37(c)(1) gives teeth to these requirements by [13] forbidding the use at trial of any information required to be disclosed by Rule 26(a) that is [14] not properly disclosed.” Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101 , [15] 1106 (9th Cir. 2001). “[L]itigants can escape the ‘harshness’ of exclusion only if they [16] prove that the discovery violations were substantially justified or harmless.” Merch. v. [17] Corizon Health, Inc., 993 F.3d 733, 740 (9th Cir. 2021). However, “[t]he automatic nature [18] of the rule’s application does not mean that a district court must exclude evidence that runs [19] afoul of Rule 26(a) or (e)—Rule 37(c)(1) [also] authorizes appropriate sanctions ‘[i]n [20] addition to or instead of [exclusion].’” Id. (internal citation omitted). [21] III. DISCUSSION [22] As stated above, “litigants can escape the ‘harshness’ of exclusion [or lesser [23] sanctions] only if they prove that the discovery violations were [1] substantially justified [24] or [2] harmless.” Merch., 993 F.3d at 740 . Defendants’ opposition to Plaintiffs’ [25] declaration regarding monetary sanctions does not explicitly address each prong. Instead, [26] Defendants argue that the Court must examine intent and that their conduct was not [27] undertaken with the intent to deprive Plaintiffs of relevant evidence. In support of this [28] 1 position, Defendants cite Rule 37(e) and Colonies Partners, L.P. v. County of San 2 Bernardino, regarding the failure to preserve electronically stored information, which has 3 no applicability to the present case. (Doc. 190 at 5–6 (citing 2020 WL 1491339 , at *9).) 4 Therefore, the Court will not consider Defendants’ argument regarding intent. The Court 5 now turns to its analysis of each prong under Rule 37(c)(1). 6 A. Harmlessness 7 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs are not unfairly prejudiced because they relied upon 8 the IAC for the Interactive Brokers account at trial. Although not explicit, the Court 9 construes this argument as one regarding harmlessness under Rule 37(c)(1). 10 The Court already found that Defendants’ late disclosure is not harmless because 11 this litigation has been going on for four years and the parties spent a lot of time, money, 12 and resources conducting discovery and preparing for trial under the assumption that the 13 parties never executed an IAC. (January 29, 2024 Hearing Transcript at 17:17–23.) 14 Further, even if Plaintiffs ultimately relied on one of the IACs, Plaintiffs still needed to 15 pivot and adapt their litigation strategy on the eve of trial, which constitutes harm. See 16 Poitra v. Sch. Dist. No. 1 in the County of Denver, 311 F.R.D. 659, 670 (D. Colo. 2015) 17 (having little time to “re-calibrate” trial preparation constitutes prejudice or harm). 18 Plaintiffs also needed their expert to revise her opinions and produce a supplemental report. 19 Additionally, Defendants’ reliance on Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Natural Beverage 20 Distributors, 69 F.3d 337 (9th Cir. 1995) is misplaced. In Anheuser-Busch, the Court 21 evaluated prejudice in the context of the Court’s inherent power to dismiss claims, the 22 Court did not discuss the “harmless” prong of Rule 37(c)(1). 69 F.3d at 348 (“We therefore 23 need not address whether dismissal was appropriate under the alternate authority of Rule 24 37.”). Further, Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs also had copies of the IACs and failed 25 to produce them lacks evidentiary support. Defendants’ counsel indicated that the IACs 26 they found in a box were the original copies with wet signatures. (Id. at 12:23-13:3.) 27 Defendants have not offered any evidence that Plaintiffs retained copies of the IACs after 28 they signed the originals and returned them. 1 B. Substantial Justification 2 Having already found that Defendants’ late disclosure of the IACs is not harmless 3 (id. at 17:17–23), the Court now finds that Defendants’ late disclosure of the IACs is not 4 substantially justified. Defendant Dominguez testified that the IACs had been in his homes 5 in Los Angeles ever since they were shipped from Defendant New River Investments Inc.’s 6 offices in Fort Lauderdale in 2013. (January 29, 2024 Hearing Transcript at 27:16–18; 7 Doc. 150 at 5; Doc. 150-3 ¶¶ 2–3.) He also testified that the box was one of only three or 8 four boxes located in his basement. (Id. at 28:7–25.) It is inexplicable why, in the last four 9 years of litigation, Defendant Dominguez did not check every box that originated from 10 Defendant New River Investment Inc.’s Fort Lauderdale office whether he thought they 11 contained work documents or not. The Court cannot find that Defendants’ late disclosure 12 of the IACs was substantially justified. See Beach Mart, Inc. v. L&L Wings, Inc., 302 13 F.R.D. 396, 412 (E.D.N.C. 2014) (finding that the loss of a box of licensing agreements 14 was not substantially justified under Rule 37(c)), aff’d sub nom. Beach Mart, Inc. v. L&L 15 Wings, Inc., 784 F. App'x 118 (4th Cir. 2019). 16 C. Sanctions 17 Having found that Defendants’ late disclosure of the IACs was neither harmless nor 18 substantially justified, the Court now has broad discretion to sanction Defendants. 19 Hoffman v. Constr. Protective Servs., Inc., 541 F.3d 1175, 1178 (9th Cir. 2008) (“‘[W]e 20 give particularly wide latitude to the district court’s discretion to issue sanctions under Rule 21 37(c)(1).’”) (quoting Yeti by Molly, Ltd., 259 F.3d at 1106 ); see also Rhodes v. Sutter 22 Health, 949 F. Supp. 2d 997, 1010 (E.D. Cal. 2013) (“The district court has wide discretion 23 to issue sanctions under Rule 37(c)(1).”); Naama v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, Case No. 2124 cv-00677-AJB-JLB, 2022 WL 16628369 , at *2 (S.D. Cal. June 13, 2022) (same); Bonzani 25 v. Shinseki, No. 2:11-cv-0007-EFB, 2014 WL 66529 , at *4 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2014) (same). 26 “[S]anctions authorized under Rule 37(c)(1) relate solely to parties, not counsel.” 27 Sun River Energy, Inc. v. Nelson, 800 F.3d 1219, 1225 (10th Cir. 2015) (relying on Grider 28 v. Keystone Health Plan Cent., Inc., 580 F.3d 119 (3d Cir.2009) and Maynard v. Nygren, [1] 332 F.3d 462 (7th Cir.2003)); see also Apex Oil Co. v. Belcher Co. of New York, 855 F.2d 2 1009, 1014 (2d Cir. 1988) (“By its express terms, Rule 37(c) applies only to a party.”) A 3 district court need not sanction every defendant. Estakhrian v. Obenstine, No. CV11-34804 FMO (CWxX), 2016 WL 6868178 , at *13 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 29, 2016) (imposing Rule 5 37(c)(1) sanctions on one of several defendants only). 6 In determining the appropriate sanctions award, the Court considers Defendants’ 7 objections to the categories of fees requested. First, Defendants contest Plaintiffs’ request 8 for attorneys’ fees for attending the January 29, 2024 mandatory settlement conference. 9 (Doc. 190 at 7.) The Court partly agrees. While the Court ordered the parties to attend the 10 mandatory settlement conference prior to trial due to Defendant’s late disclosure of the 11 IACs, the Court also thought an additional settlement conference would be beneficial to 12 both parties even absent the present discovery dispute. 13 Second, Defendants contest Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees for the preparation 14 of Plaintiffs’ Motion because Plaintiffs decided to withdraw the Motion. (Id.) The Court 15 acknowledges that Plaintiffs decided to withdraw their Motion but also notes that it 16 provided the Rule 37(c)(1) framework under which Plaintiffs then requested lesser 17 sanctions. 18 Third, Defendants contest Plaintiffs’ request for the fees paid to Plaintiffs’ expert for 19 her original report opining on the lack of an IAC and for her preparation for her deposition. 20 Defendants reason that Plaintiffs’ expert ignored Defendants’ deposition testimony 21 regarding “the IAC Investment Objective and the IAC was sent to the Plaintiffs in Mexico 22 City, Mexico.” (Id. at 7–8.) The Court is not persuaded. An expert cannot be expected to 23 opine on an IAC that, although referenced in a party’s deposition testimony, was missing, 24 never produced, and, therefore, unavailable to Plaintiffs’ expert when she was drafting her 25 report. However, as Plaintiffs concede, only the first three opinions of Plaintiff’s expert’s 26 initial report focused on the lack of a proper IAC and investment policy statement. (Pettit 27 Decl. ¶ 9.) Further, because she was already familiar with the facts and circumstances of 28 the case, Plaintiffs’ expert was able to author a supplemental report in the few days before 1 trial. Therefore, the Court is not inclined to award Plaintiffs the entire cost of Plaintiffs’ 2 expert’s original report. 3 Fourth, Defendants contest Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees incurred reworking 4 trial materials, including the jury instructions and the special verdict form, because 5 Plaintiffs ultimately relied on the IAC at trial. (Id. at 7.) The preparation of jury 6 instructions and special verdict forms is an ongoing process that had not been finalized 7 when the Defendants discovered and disclosed the IACs. Therefore, even absent this 8 discovery dispute, additional trial preparation would have been required. Further, the Court 9 acknowledges that Plaintiffs ultimately relied on the IAC at trial and prevailed on its added 10 breach of contract claim. However, Plaintiffs still needed to expend the time and hours 11 necessary to pivot and adapt their litigation strategy on the eve of trial, which constitutes 12 harm. See Poitra, 311 F.R.D. at 670 . 13 Lastly, Defendants contest Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees incurred in taking 14 Defendant Guillermo Dominguez Roditi and Alberto Roditi’s depositions because 15 Plaintiffs “made the decision to withdraw their breach of contract claims against Guillermo 16 and Alberto, and they did not take New River’s deposition pursuant to F.R.C.P. 30(b)(6).” 17 (Id. at 7.) The Court is not certain how Plaintiffs’ withdrawal of its breach of contract 18 claim against the individual defendants is relevant to the present sanctions analysis. As 19 Plaintiffs explain, the parties spent a lot of time in depositions discussing the missing IACs. 20 (Doc. 163, January 29, 2024 Transcript of Status Hearing at 7:1–25.) However, the Court 21 is concerned that Plaintiffs’ 25% estimate is speculative and unsupported by 22 documentation. 23 Considering Plaintiffs’ request, Defendants’ objections, the facts of the case, the 24 circumstances of the late disclosure, and the credibility of both parties and their counsel, 25 the Court chooses to exercise its broad discretion and limit the award of sanctions against 26 Defendants. Although there was a lengthy delay in the production of the IACs, which were 27 central to this litigation, they were eventually produced on the eve of trial, which allowed 28 the Court to cure the late disclosure by permitting Plaintiffs’ expert to offer additional 1 || opinions and allowing Plaintiffs to add a cause of action for breach of contract. The Court 2 ||also allowed evidence to be introduced at trial regarding the late disclosure of the IACS 3 |}and Defendant Dominguez’s lack of diligence in storing and searching for the client 4 ||documents. These non-monetary sanctions mitigated much of the harm done to Plaintiffs. 5 || Further, in requesting the $60,971.01, Plaintiffs did not well-articulate the additional work 6 || and specific costs attributable to the late disclosure of the IACS. However, the Court does 7 dispute that additional work was required due Defendants’ unjustifiably late disclosure 8 ||of the I[ACs. The Court finds that the reasonable value for this work is 10%—or $6,097— 9 the amount requested. Additionally, the Court imposes the sanctions against Defendant 10 Dominguez only. But for his failure to conduct a diligent search of his home for relevant 11 ||documents, Defendants would not have failed to disclose the I[ACs. 12 IV. CONCLUSION 13 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ request for sanctions is 14 ||reasonable because Defendants’ late disclosure of the IACs was not harmless or 15 || substantially justified. The Court ORDERS Defendant Guillermo Roditi Dominguez to 16 || pay Plaintiffs $6,097 on or before May 7, 2024. 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 DATE: April 22, 2024 19 Get Barns, Mid days □□ 20 - RUTH BERMUDEZ'MONTENEGRO UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE