Compton v. Alabama

Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the, opinion of the court. ■. - By an affidavit, proper in form-and substantially sufficient in its statement of facts,- made before a notary public of Fulton County, -Georgia, Compton, the ' plaintiff in error, was charged' with having committed the- offense of being a common-cheat and swindler: The Solicitor'of. the Criminal .Court .of Atlanta officially notified the Governor thát the accused had been so charged and had fled to Alabama, and a. requisition on the Governor of Alabama was asked for the extradition, of' Compton to the end-ihat he might be'brought back to Georgia to be tried according to-law for the offense charged. The Governor of Georgia thereupon made, a, requisition on the Governor of -Alabama who, having received the requisition,' issued his warrant for the arrest of Compton, if to -be' found in Alabama, and his delivery into the custody of the agent-of Georgia. Haying been 'arrested under'that, warrant by a sheriff, the accused sued out a writ of habeas corpus before the judge of the City Court of Montgomery, Alabama, and sought discharge from custody upon the ground that he was illegally restrained of his liberty. The return by -the sheriff to the- Writ justified the detention of Compton under the requisition of 'the- Governor of Georgia and -the warrant' of arrest issued by the Governor of Alabama. . .Upon the hearing of the case before the' judge, of the Montgomery City Court the accused demurred tó 'the return, and the demurrer having been overruled, he w;as ordered into the custody of the agent, of Georgia for extradition pursuant to law. From that order Compton prosecuted an appeal to- .the Supreme Court of Alabama, and that court affirmed the order of the Montgomery City Court: It is contended that the affidavit upon which the Governor of Georgia based his requisition, although, certified by him to' *5 be authentic, was not in compliance with tbie Revised Statutes of the United States; that the proceedings in Georgia were not sufficient to authorize the Governor of Alabama to issue his warrant, of arrest; and-that the proceedings on the'hearing of the petition for habeas corpus did not show that there had been an indictment against Compton or such an affidavit beforp a magistrate of Georgia charging the accused with crime, as is required by the statutes of the United States'. In our judgment the only material question not substantially covered by the former decisions..of this court is that raised by the objection that the affidavit in Georgia ón which ■the Governor of that State based his requisitipn was made before á notary public and not before a “magistrate,7 as required by the Revised Statutes of 'the United States enacte'd in- the execution of the constitutional provision relating to fugitives from justice.' This specific objection was raised by the assignments-of-,error for the Supreme Court of the State, but that court did not seem to have regarded it as of .sufficient gravity.to be specially noticed in its opinion. JButas the objection is covered by the assignment of -errors fpr this court, and as it' asserts a right under the laws of the United States, •we deem it appropriate to meet and dispose of it. The proceedings against-Compton weré had'under § 5278 of the Revised Statutes, as follows: ' “Whenever the executive authority of any State or Territory demands any person as a-fugitive from justice, .of the executive authority .of any State or Territory to which said, person .has. fled, and produces a copy of an. indictment found or an affidavit made before a magistrate of any State or Territory, charging the person demanded with having commited treason, felony, or other crime, certified as authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the State or Territory from whence, the person so (.charged has fled, it shah be the .duty of the executive authority of the State or Territory to which said persoh has fléd to cause, him to be "arrested and secured, and to cause notice of the arrest to be given ..to the executive authority maldng such demand, or to *6 the agent of such authority appoiiited to receive the fugitive, and to cause the fugitive to be delivered to such agent when he shall appear. If iio such agent appears within six months from the time of the arrest, the prisoner may be. discharged. All costs or expenses incurred in the apprehending, securing and transmitting such fugitive to the State or Territory mak.ing such demand, shall be paid by such State or Territory.”' Undoubtedly, the statute does not make it the duty of a. Governor to issue a warrant for the arrest of ah alleged fugitive from justice'. unless the executivé of the demanding State produces to him either a copy of anlndictment against the accused in the demanding State or ah affidavit before a, magistrate of such State charging the fugitive with the commission of crime in the State making the demand. It is, we think, equally clear that the executive of the State'in which the fugitive is at the time may decline to honor the requisition of the Governor of the demanding State if the latter fads to furnish a copy of an indictment against the accused, .or of any affidavit before a magistrate.1 But has the- executive ’of the State, upon whom the demand is made for the arrest and extradition of the fugitive,. the power to issue his warrant of arrest for a crime committed in another State, unless he is furnished with a copy of the required indictment or affidavit? We are of opinion that he has not, so far as any authority in respect to fugitives froin justice has been conferred upon him by the statute of the United States. The statute, we think, makes it essential to the right to arrest the alleged fugitive under a; warrant^of the executive of the State where the alleged fugitive is found that such, executive be furnished, before issuing his warrant, with a copy of an indictment or ¡an affidavit before a magistrate in the demanding State, and charging the fugitive with crime committed by him in such- State. It is therefore material under. this interpretation to inquire whether the affidavit, made the basis in. this case of the requisition .by the Governor of Georgia, and which is certified ,to be authentic; was such an affidavit as thé Revised Statutes of the United States required (in the *7 absence of an indictment) to be produced to the Governor of Alabama as the basis of any warrant of arrest that he might issue. The record shows that the affidavit, a copy of which accompanied the requisition of the Governor of Georgia, was made, as we have already said, before a notary public. Was that sufficient under § 5278 of the Revised Statutes requiring an affidavit to be made.before a “magistrate,” that is, before one who could properly be deemed a magistrate within the meaning of the law of the State under whose authority he acts as notary public, and in which his duties are discharged? In a general sense a- magistrate is a public civil officer, possessing such power, legislative, executive or judicial, as the government appointing him may- ordain. In a narrow sense, a magistrate is regarded — ^perhaps, commonly regarded — as an inferior judical officer, such as a justice of the peace. 2 Bouvjer.Law Die. 92. But the appellation of magistrate “is not confined to justices of the peace, and other persons, ejusckm generis,- who exercise general judicial powers; but it includes others whose duties are strictly executive.” . Anderson’s Dictionary of Law, 643, 644. In Gordon v. Hobart, 2 Sumner, 401, 405, the question was whether an alderman of Philadelphia, who was invested by law with all the powers and authority of a justice of the peace, was not to be deemed in the strictest sense a magistrate, within the meaning of a statute relating to the acknowledgment of deeds “before a justice of the peace or magistrate.” Mr. Justice Story said that the alderman was to be deemed a magistrate within the statute referred to; “for,” said he, “I know of no1 other definition of the term 'magistrate’ than that he is a person clothed with power as a; public civil officer” — citing 1 Black. Com. 146. Could a notary public be deemed a magistrate in Georgia? If so, § 5278 of the Revised Statutes was satisfied; for, that statute must be held to mean that a person may be regarded as a magistrate, before whom the required affidavit can be made, if he is so regarded under the law of the State where the *8 alleged crime was committed. Upon looking into the Code of Georgia we find that provision is made for the appointment of notaries public by the judges of the Superior Courts, on-the recommendation of the grand juries of the several counties. Their term of office is four years, and they are cpriimissioned by the Governor, and are “ex officio justices of thé peace,, and shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.” 2 Code of Georgia, § 4052, p. 982. They 'are designated as. commissioned notaries public., And it is further provided that “Justices, and Notaries Public who ¿re ex officio justices, of the peace shall keep separate dockets of all civil and criminal causes disposed of by them,” and' “lay their dockets before the grand juries of their respective counties on the first day of each'term of the Superior Court for inspection.” Ib. 1895, p. 93. ■ ‘ . In view of these provisions of the Code .of- Georgia, we holji that the notary public, before whom the affidavit iñ that State was made, may be regarded as a magistrate within the meaning of § 5278 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. Such, it 'must be assumed, was the view of the Governor of Alabama when issuing his warrant of arrest under the authority of that statute: When it appears, as it does here, that the affidavit in question was regarded by the executiye authority of the respective States concerned,as a sufficient basis, in law, for their acting — the one in making a requisition, the other in issuing a warrant for the arrest of- the alleged- fugitive — the - judiciary should not interfere, on habeas corpus; ¿nd discharge the accused, upon technical grounds, -and unless it be clear that • what, was done was in plain contravention of law. . No question' other than the one herein disposed of is of such, importance or difficulty as to require notice at our hands,, arid we.adjudge that as the Supreme Court of Alabama did not-by its fin¿l order deny any right secured to the ’plaintiff in error by the Constitution or laws of the United States, its judgment must be affirmed. .- It is so prdered.