Celester v. Rodriguez

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS ___________________________________ ) JERMAINE CELESTER, ) ) CIVIL ACTION Plaintiff, ) No. 21-11523-WGY ) v. ) ) MICHAEL RODRIGUEZ, ) ) Respondent. ) ___________________________________) YOUNG, D.J. October 24, 2023 MEMORANDUM & ORDER Through this petition for a writ of habeas corpus brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 , Jermaine Celester (“Celester”) requests that this Court vacate his conviction for second degree murder and remand the case to the Massachusetts Superior Court for further proceedings. The respondent opposes. For the reasons explicated below, this Court denies Celester’s petition, ECF No. 1. I. INTRODUCTION A. Procedural History Celester’s instant petition comes to this Court against the backdrop of substantial litigation in the Massachusetts courts. Celester was first indicted on April 19, 1994, on charges of murder, G.L. c. 265, § 1, and armed assault with intent to murder, G.L. c. 265, § 18(b). In 1995, Celester was convicted by a jury on both counts. See Respondent’s Supplemental Answer (“S.A.”) 25-26, 83-84, 362, ECF No. 16. In 2016, Celester’s convictions were vacated after a Superior Court judge allowed his motion for a new trial. Id. at 291. In his second trial, Celester was found guilty by a jury of second-degree murder, but was acquitted on the charge of armed assault with intent to murder. S.A., Ex. 16, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 15, dated June 12, 2017 (“Tr. 16”), ECF No. 16-16. Celester was sentenced to life in prison. S.A., Ex. 17, Transcript Sentencing, dated June 20, 2017 (“Tr. 17”), ECF No. 16-17. Celester appealed his conviction to the Massachusetts Appeals Court (“Appeals Court”). That court affirmed his conviction and his sentence. See Commonwealth v. Celester, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1101 , 140 N.E.3d 949 , review denied, case remanded, 485 Mass. 1106 , 150 N.E.3d 1141 (2020). On March 11, 2020, Celester filed an application for leave to obtain further appellate review with the Supreme Judicial Court (“SJC”). S.A. 544-76. The SJC denied the application without prejudice and remanded the case back to the Appeals Court for resolution of an issue that had been raised by Celester in his brief to the Appeals Court but had gone unaddressed. Id. at 733 . The Appeals Court once again affirmed Celester’s conviction. Id. at 730-32 . Celester filed a reapplication for leave to obtain further appellate review from the SJC, but this was denied on January 14, 2021. See Commonwealth v. Celester, 486 Mass. 1111 , 163 N.E.3d 380 (2021). Celester filed his instant petition for habeas relief on September 16, 2021. Pet., ECF No. 1. B. Factual Background1 “In a proceeding instituted by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (e)(1). This memorandum therefore incorporates the factual findings of the Appeals Court. In Commonwealth v. Celester, the Appeals Court found the following facts: In February 1994, Wakime Woods was shot, as was his friend, Derek Gibbs. Wakime died of his wounds; Gibbs was paralyzed. Just prior to the shooting, Wakime and Gibbs walked shoulder-to-shoulder with the defendant down the middle of a street in Brockton. Gibbs testified that there were no other persons or cars on the street. Gibbs was in the middle of the group with the defendant to his right and Wakime to his left. Suddenly, the defendant stopped short, leaving Gibbs's peripheral view. As Gibbs turned in the defendant's direction, he was shot in the right side of his face and fell to the ground. He heard more gunshots and Wakime screaming for help. Marlene 1 EDITORIAL NOTE: The following discussion includes extensive (perhaps overly extensive) quotation from the underlying proceedings in the courts of the Commonwealth. This is necessary to fairly understand the independent conclusions this Court has drawn from those proceedings. Scott, who was sitting in the kitchen of her mother's house near the scene of the shooting, heard the gunshots and looked out the window. She saw a body lying in the street and ran outside to render aid. She did not see any people (other than the two victims) or cars. The Commonwealth's theory at trial was that the defendant shot Gibbs because, approximately five months earlier, Gibbs (along with Calvin Dyous and Larry Brown) witnessed the shooting of the defendant's close friend, Robert Moses, but the three had been unable (or unwilling) to identify the perpetrator. After Moses's shooting, the defendant repeatedly questioned Gibbs, Dyous, and Brown. The defendant was not satisfied with Gibbs's answers. Two weeks before Wakime and Gibbs were shot, the defendant (along with two others whom Gibbs could not identify) gathered Gibbs, Brown, and Dyous together to question them again about Moses's murder. The defendant was upset and angry; he insisted that the three witnesses to Moses's murder accompany him to the police station to identify photographs of the murderer. He threatened that if they did not do so, he would shoot them. Brown and Gibbs went with the defendant, but Dyous did not. Gibbs was unable to identify anyone at the police station. The defendant presented a third-party culprit defense; specifically, he maintained that the gunshots, which killed Wakime and maimed Gibbs, were delivered by occupants of a vehicle that drove past them. Corrina DeFrancesco, who lived near the site of the shooting, testified that upon hearing gunshots, she looked out the window. Contrary to Scott's and Gibbs's testimony that there were no cars on the street, DeFrancesco testified that she saw a small dark-colored, possibly maroon, car with square headlights and tinted windows on the road. DeFrancesco ran outside to investigate and saw the car fleeing the scene. She further testified that Wakime told her that the shots came from the back passenger's side. Brockton Police Officer Mark Reardon testified that after receiving a radio message to be on the lookout for the described car, he spotted a Ford Tempo fitting DeFrancesco's description a few blocks away from the shooting. After following the car, Reardon pulled it over. Two males exited the vehicle and fled. A third occupant got out from the backseat, did not flee, and was arrested. DeFrancesco eventually identified the Ford Tempo as the car she had seen fleeing after the shooting. The red Ford Tempo was searched and no ballistics evidence was found. Commonwealth v. Celester, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1101 , 140 N.E.3d 949 , review denied, case remanded, 485 Mass. 1106 , 150 N.E.3d 1141 (2020). II. ANALYSIS A. Standard of Review “In a proceeding instituted by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct. The applicant shall have the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (e)(1). Habeas petitions seeking relief from state court convictions are reviewed under the highly deferential standard codified by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), which provides: An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim-- (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d) ("Section 2254(d)"). "A state court decision is contrary to clearly established federal law if it contradicts the governing law set forth in the Supreme Court's cases or confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of the Supreme Court but reaches a different result." Companonio v. O'Brien, 672 F.3d 101, 109 (1st Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Clearly established law” refers only to the holdings of Supreme Court decisions and the governing legal principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the state court renders its decisions and does not extend to the dicta of Supreme Court decisions. Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 505 (2012); Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71-72 (2003). The “unreasonable application” branch applies when the state court identified the correct legal principal but applies it unreasonably to the facts in the case at hand. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407-08 (2000). A habeas court reviewing this prong must ask if the state court’s decision was “objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 410 . A petitioner meets this standard upon a showing that “the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011). An unreasonable determination of the facts occurs when a state court’s determination of facts is “objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented in the statecourt proceeding.” Miller–El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003). Substantial deference is accorded to the state trial court’s factual determination under this standard. Brumfield v. Cain, 576 U.S. 305, 314 (2015). Factual determinations are not deemed unreasonable “merely because [the Court] would have reached a different conclusion in the first instance.” Id. at 313-14 (citation omitted). Even where “‘[r]easonable minds reviewing the record might disagree’ about the finding in question, ‘on habeas review that does not suffice to supersede the trial court’s . . . determination.’” Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301 (2010) (quoting Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 341-342 (2006)). These standards apply only to claims that were adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings. Pike v. Guarino, 492 F.3d 61, 67 (1st Cir. 2007). A claim not adjudicated on the merits is reviewed de novo. Id. Even if a court finds a breach of Section 2254(d), relief is appropriate only if the error found “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Fry v. Pliler, 551 U.S. 112, 1126 (2007) (quoting Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993)). “Relevant factors to be considered in determining whether the jury was substantially swayed by the error include: ‘(1) the extent to which the error permeated the proceeding, (2) the centrality of the issue affected by the error to the case as actually tried, and (3) the relative strength of the properly admitted evidence of guilt.’” Pettiway v. Vose, 100 F.3d 198, 200-01 (1st Cir. 1996) (citing Levasseur v. Pepe, 70 F.3d 187, 193 (1st Cir. 1995)). B. The Appeals Court’s Decision Rejecting Celester’s Claim that the Exclusion of His Third-Party Culprit Defense Violated His Right to Present a Defense Was Reasonable. During trial proceedings, on the Commonwealth’s motion, the presiding judge precluded Celester from introducing the identity of the individuals in the Ford Tempo that fled the scene and was later stopped by the police. S.A., Ex. 5, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 4, dated May 25, 2017 (“Tr. 5”) 9-12, 23, ECF No. 16-5. Celester argues that due to this exclusion, the jury never heard that “(1) all three knew Derek Gibbs, (2) one disliked Gibbs (motive) (3) two admitted being present at the scene (opportunity), and (4) two falsely denied being present at the scene (consciousness of guilt).” Pet’r’s Mem. Supp. Pet. Writ Habeas Corpus (“Pet’r’s Mem.”) 23, ECF No. 19. The jury also never learned that this evidence corroborated Corrina DeFrancesco’s belief that she saw a similar vehicle flee the scene of the crime and that Woods had told her that the shots had come from the backseat passenger side. Id. The Appeals Court affirmed the trial judge’s decision. Celester, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1101 . Celester argues that the Appeals Court erred in doing so, because it did not base its decision on a reasonable determination of facts and because the Appeals Court applied established Supreme Court precedent in an unreasonable fashion. 1. Relevant Background Facts The jury was made aware only of the following facts: At the time the crime occurred, DeFrancesco saw a car flee from the scene of the shooting and later reported this to responding officers. S.A., Ex. 10, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 9, dated June 2, 2017 (“Tr. 10”) 99-108, ECF No. 16-10. A vehicle matching the description that she had provided was spotted by an officer and then stopped. Two of the occupants of the vehicle fled and one was arrested. Id. at 188-204 . DeFrancesco was brought to the vehicle, a red Ford Tempo, and she identified it as the same car she had earlier spotted. Id. at 128-131 . In contrast, these were the facts that Celester sought to introduce in their totality: When Brockton Police Officer Mather arrived at the scene of the shooting, he indicated in his police report that Corrina DeFrancesco “came over to me and stated that she had seen the M/V leaving the area.” Bates 134. Mather wrote “She stated to me that it was a Dk M/V, 4 DR, tinted windows and square headlights. The M/V was backing up from the scene of the shooting at a high rate of speed on Green St.” Bates 134. Officer Kenneth LeGrice wrote in his report that Ms. DeFrancesco “told me that the vehicle used was a dark color, possibly an ‘Aries’”. Bates 133. As she told Detective Gomes later than evening, it was a “box shaped car. Dark tinted windows. She was unsure of the color because of the poor lighting.” Bates 60. She made her initial observations when she “was seated in the kitchen of her home when she heard (4) shots. She jumped up and looked out her window. She then saw a car backing up on Green Street . . . Headlights off. Bates 60. She saw the same vehicle again when she went ran downstairs. Interview Report with Corrina DeFrancesco. She approached a man prone on the street and believed he was dead. Id. She then heard someone calling “help me” and saw another man in a snowbank. Id. When she got over to the injured man he stated “'it came from the passenger backseat.” Id. In his police report, Officer LeGrice wrote that DeFrancesco told him the car was “the vehicle used” in the shooting. Bates 133. The vehicle information was “broadcasted” and “given out to the Brockton cruisers.” Bates 1281. Brockton police officer Mark Reardon was on routine patrol less than two miles from the scene of the shooting when he received a radio transmission about the shooting and a “description of a Susp Vehicle Possibly a Mid Size, Dk color, tinted windows, fled the scene at this time.” Bates 229; Tr. 5:37-38. Shortly after receiving the alert, Officer Reardon observed a red Ford Tempo occupied by three black males approach him from the area of the shooting. Tr. 5:38, 45. Reardon first saw the “Susp/Def Veh Pulling Out of Ash St, Westerly onto Pleasant.” Bates 229. Reardon observed in his police report that “the timing would be concurrent with the veh used in the shooting.” Bates 229. The occupants of the vehicle observed Reardon’s cruiser and “appeared to be uneasy by my observing them”, Tr. 5:38, and “became spooked.” Bates 229. The suspect vehicle made several quick turns. Bates 229. Reardon followed the car as it picked up speed and eventually stopped it using his blue lights and siren on Eagle Avenue, roughly one mile from the shooting. Tr. 5:39; Bates 229. Reardon “radioed the info to Control and an officer on scene at the shooting stated a witness observed the veh in question.” Bates 229-230. Reardon wrote in his report that “the veh sped into the parking lot of #25 Eagle Ave.” Bates 230. “The veh doors flew open and (3) blk [black] males got out.” Bates 230. Reardon ordered them to get back in several times, but the men failed to do so. Bates 230. Reardon wrote in his report that “the (2) passengers fled on foot.” Bates 230. Reardon wrote in his report that he arrested the remaining man, identified as Donald Outlar, and charged him with various motor vehicle driving offenses and issued him driving citation. Bates 230; 233. At trial, Reardon testified that the driver and a passenger fled. Tr. 5:39. Moreover, Officer Mather wrote in his police report that Reardon radioed that four black males had been in the car. Bates 59. Mather drove DeFrancesco to Eagle Avenue to look at the car that Reardon had stopped in order to determine whether it was the car she had observed fleeing the shooting scene. Bates 59; Tr. 3:53; 5:43, 64. DeFrancesco got out of the cruiser and walked around the red Ford Tempo. Tr. 5:66. At first she did not think it was the vehicle, but after observing it further, she identified it as the vehicle that she saw fleeing Green Street. Bates 59. According to an Affidavit for a Search Warrant for the vehicle authored by Trooper William Barrett, “the witness, Corrina DeFrancesco, was brought to the scene and she positively identified the vehicle as the one she had seen earlier backing up from the scene of the shooting.” Bates 1281-1282. Trooper Barrett’s Affidavit states that Donald Outlar, the known Tempo occupant arrested by police, “told the above officers [Sgt. Kelliher and Det. Gomes] that he was in the aforementioned vehicle at the time of the shooting and was in the Glenwood Street area which is one block east of the shooting scene.” Bates 1282. Despite Officer Reardon’s arrest and citation of Outlar for motor vehicle driving offenses, “Mr. Outlar also told Sgt. Kelliher and Det. Gomes that the driver of the vehicle was one Shelton Terry and the other passenger was one Tommy Woods.” Bates 1282. Shelton Terry, who later arrived at the police station to claim the vehicle with its owner, Ruby Phillips, denied being in the car that night to police. Bates 1282. Trooper Barrett wrote in his Affidavit that “Officer Reardon told Lt. Morrill that Shelton Terry was the driver of the vehicle he had stopped earlier that evening when he arrested Donald Outlar.” Bates 1282. Ruby Phillips, the registered owner of the Tempo, claimed to police that evening that she lent the car to a man she met at a bar in Boston named Ty Washington. Bates 1282. In a recent interview, however, Phillips told the defense investigator that she lent her car to Shelton Terry, her boyfriend at the time. Investigation Report of Ruby Phillips. Contrary to the information in Trooper Barrett’s Affidavit, Ms. Phillips now states that she informed the Brockton police that she lent her car to Shelton Terry. Id. Phillips also reported that the Brockton police knew that she frequently lent her car to Terry. Id. She claimed that she does not know anyone named Ty Washington and would not have lent her car to a strange man she met in a bar. Id. Further, Phillips stated she went to the police station that night to retrieve her car with another friend of hers, not Shelton Terry. Id. While the police were searching for the occupants of the Tempo “who fled on foot from a susp veh” police were “alerted by neighbors on Fitzpatrick Street that [JD Woods] was observed running thru back yards.” Bates 235. Woods was the brother of the shooting victim Wakime Woods. According to Officer Reardon's police report, “the def’s clothing description was similar to that of the susp’s and he emerged from the area of which they had fled.” Bates 235. Recently, Trooper Kevin MacDermott interviewed Woods who denied any participation in shooting and stated that he was not in the Ford Tempo. Bates 1503. JD now claims that his girlfriend called him that night to tell him that his cousin Tommy (also cousin of the deceased, Wakime Woods) was being chased by the police and that he went outside when he heard sirens to see if the police were chasing Tommy. Bates 1503. JD also stated that when the police took him to the police station on the night of February 18, 1994 the police accused him of shooting his brother. Bates 1503. JD states he denied involvement, and punched an officer in the face. Bates 1503. The Commonwealth reports to the defense that Officers LeGrice, Gomes, and Reardon all deny accusing JD of the shooting; the officers similarly deny that JD punched any officer in the face. The Commonwealth reports that Officer Reardon in particular recalls being present with JD Woods in the booking area, and that no accusation or assault occurred. JD also told Trooper MacDermott that he observed his cousin Tommy Woods in the Ford Tempo that night. Bates 1503. JD stated “that he later spoke to Thomas Woods about why police thought they were involved in the shooting of his brother. Mr. Woods stated that Thomas had a beef with dudes who lived on Newbury Street, Brockton, MA over a female. Mr. Woods stated that Thomas wanted to see if it was one of his friends that had been shot or if one of his friends had done the shooting Mr. Woods stated that Thomas left the area and as that was happening, the police began to chase him.” Bates 1503. The defense has interviewed Thomas Woods, who is serving a life sentence at MCI-Norfolk for a joint venture shooting murder out of Brockton. See Commonwealth v. Thomas A. Woods, SJC-10793 (2014); see also Investigation Report with Thomas Woods. Thomas claimed that he was alone in the red Ford Tempo with Donald Outlar; he denied that Shelton Terry was in the car with them, claiming that he only saw Shelton as he was running away from police. Investigation Report with Thomas Woods. Thomas indicated he was nowhere near the scene of the shooting that night and did not claim (as JD Woods stated he did) that he went to the scene to see if his friends were the shooters or the victims. Id. S.A. 92-97. 2. Relevant Pre-Trial and Trial Proceedings In pre-trial proceedings, the trial judge informed Celester and the Commonwealth that he would allow Celester to submit third-party culprit evidence related to the vehicle that was spotted fleeing the scene of the crime but would not allow the defense to submit evidence that would require the jury to engage in speculation as to the events inside the vehicle and possible motives that the occupants of the vehicle may have for shooting at Gibbs and Woods. Id. at 251 . On the day when opening statements were scheduled to begin, Celester filed a motion in limine to present his entire thirdparty culprit defense in his opening. Id. The judge denied Celester’s motion, and in doing so, stated: I look at the evidence of third-party -- the third-party culprit evidence in this case as it has been explained to me is we have a shooting. There’s evidence that a vehicle is seen leaving the scene of the shooting, backing up with its lights off; unclear whether that vehicle has any involvement in the shooting. It seems to me just as logical, just as rational an inference, that the people in that vehicle are trying to get away from what they perceive to be a shooting for their own safety than they’re fleeing the scene, but I understand that that evidence might be of some use to a jury. I’m permitting that evidence in. Then there’s a question of what vehicle was that. It’s described -- I understand [the petitioner] wishes to offer evidence that it was the red Ford Tempo. I understand that there’s a witness who will testify that it was the red Ford Tempo; that’s Ms. DeFrancesca -- DeFrancesc -- I’ll her get name. Ms. DeFrancesco. However, there’s some reason to doubt that because her initial description of the vehicle doesn’t necessarily match a red Ford Tempo. She described it as a four-door tinted windows, square headlamps, sedan. I understand the red Ford Tempo was a two-door. We’ll have to go back and take a look. My recollection is Tempos were pretty curvy at that point in time. But okay, we’ve got evidence to the effect that it may have been a red Ford Tempo. That’s another slightly attenuated aspect of the third-party culprit evidence. Then we take it another step further, which is there’s going to be evidence to the effect that the red Ford Tempo that Ms. DeFrancesco says that she saw was the red Ford Tempo that was stopped. That’s unclear. Ford sold a lot of red Ford Tempos in that timeframe, but that’s another fact where you have to make some inferences that it’s the same vehicle. Then, as I understand it, the occupants of that vehicle fled. It seems to me that that fact may have some probative value in this case. Then what I understand is -- what you wish to offer is evidence regarding who was in the vehicle. That is not established. That again, is a further attenuated step, would require further fact-finding by the jury as to who was actually in the vehicle. It seems to me at that point in time – And it’s my job to draw lines here. I’ve analyzed this and I think that at the point in time where you begin to try to identify who you say was in the vehicle, which is something that was not established at the time, becomes -- first, that just calls for remote –– It’s too remote, too speculative on the part of a jury. Second, I don’t think that it has at that point in time substantial probative value. And I have to draw the line somewhere. It seems to me it’s logical to draw it there. Tr. 5 at 9-12. At the conclusion of the first day of trial, the defense made a record of what opening would have been presented had it been without limitation. Id. at 224-29 . The trial judge then reiterated his previous ruling regarding limiting third-party culprit evidence and restated that the excluded evidence lacked substantial probative value, would mislead or confuse the jury, and require the jury to engage in active speculation as to whether the occupants of the Ford Tempo were actively involved in the shooting. Id. at 229 . 3. The Appeals Court’s Decision Following Celester’s appeal of the trial judge’s ruling pertaining to his third-party culprit defense, the Appeals Court issued a ruling in affirmation of the trial judge’s decision. The Appeals Court explained: “[T]he exclusion of third-party culprit evidence is of constitutional dimension and therefore examined independently.” Commonwealth v. Silva-Santiago, 453 Mass. 782 , 804 n.26 (2009). However, “[i]n conducting an independent examination whether the evidence of the alleged third-party culprit’s prior conduct was too remote in time and too dissimilar, we [do] not . . . displace the judge’s customary discretion with regard to the admission of evidence.” Commonwealth v. Rosario, 444 Mass. 550, 556-557 (2005). Thus, the Supreme Judicial Court has held that where (as is the case here) the judge does not preclude introduction of evidence that someone else committed the crime or otherwise make any ruling that excluded an entire category of third-party culprit evidence, we review the judge’s assessment that the probative value of proffered evidence is outweighed by some countervailing prejudicial effect for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 557 . Especially in view of the third-party culprit evidence that was admitted, see supra, the judge did not abuse his discretion in excluding the additional proffered evidence. See Rosario, 444 Mass. at 557 . As is evident from the summary of the proffered evidence set forth in notes 4 to 6, supra, the judge acted well within his discretion in finding that the additional evidence was too speculative and confusing and thus of limited probative value. See SilvaSantiago, 453 Mass. at 801 , quoting Commonwealth v. Rice, 441 Mass. 291, 305 (2004) (third-party culprit evidence admissible where not too remote or speculative and will “not tend to prejudice or confuse the jury, and there are other ‘substantial connecting links’ to the crime”). It was not an abuse of discretion for the judge to conclude, for example, that the identities of the three (or possibly four) occupants were, on balance, more confusing and prejudicial than any marginal value those identities might add to DeFrancesco’s and Reardon’s testimony regarding the Ford Tempo and Wakime’s dying declaration, that their relationships (a brother and a cousin to Wakime) or earlier sightings of Gibbs in a barbershop provided little additional value to the already admitted third-party culprit defense, or that the alleged consciousness of guilt evidence added marginal benefit in light of the evidence that the occupants fled the scene, which was admitted already. Commonwealth v. Celester, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1101 , 140 N.E.3d 949 , review denied, case remanded, 485 Mass. 1106 , 150 N.E.3d 1141 (2020). 4. The Appeals Court’s Affirmation of the Trial Judge’s Ruling Was Based on a Reasonable Determination of Facts and Reasonable Application of Supreme Court Precedent. Celester argues that the trial judge’s ruling was based on erroneous factual findings and was also based on an unreasonable application of relevant law. Celester thus raises issues of both law and fact. a. Factual Reasonableness “[A] determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (e)(1). “[T]he term ‘facts’ refers to ‘basic, primary, or historical facts,’ such as witness credibility and recitals of external events.” Sleeper v. Spencer, 510 F.3d 32, 38 (1st Cir. 2007) (quoting Sanna v. Dipaolo, 265 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2001)). The presumption of correctness also extends to factual findings that are implicit in the state court’s rulings. See Teti v. Bender, 507 F.3d 50, 58-59 (1st Cir. 2007) (“[I]mplicit credibility determinations . . . are exactly the type of factual determinations to which we defer, at least short of any indication of serious error.”). Celester is thus subject to the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (e)(1). If Celester fails to do so, then this Court must defer to the state court’s findings of fact. See Torres v. Dennehy, 615 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2010). The first of Celester’s reasons supporting his contention that the trial judge made erroneous factual findings that dictated his ruling to exclude third-party culprit evidence is that the trial judge had evidence that delineated the identities of the occupants of the Ford Tempo. S.A., Ex. 2, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 1, dated May 22, 2017 (“Tr. 2”) 54-59, ECF No. 16-2. Despite this, the trial judge found that the identities of the occupants of the Ford Tempo were not known and that the jury would have to speculate who they might be. S.A., Ex. 15, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 14, dated June 9, 2017 (“Tr. 15”) 8-23, ECF No. 16-15. While the evidence did establish the identities of one of the occupants of the Ford Tempo (one of them was arrested by a trooper and identified by a trooper), the evidence as to the other occupants was somewhat conflicting and still required speculation.2 For instance, one of the individuals suspected to have been an occupant of the vehicle, Shelton Terry, denied having been in the vehicle –- and his statement was corroborated 2 The Appeals Court noted conflicting evidence as follows: According to the [petitioner], the identities of the occupants of the vehicle were (i) Donald Outlar, who was arrested by Reardon, (ii) Tommy, whom Outlar and Reardon identified as the passenger who fled and whom J.D. identified as being in the Ford Tempo on the evening of the shooting, (iii) Shelton Terry, whom Outlar identified as the driver, and (iv) possibly J.D., who was arrested after reportedly running through backyards near the area of the fleeing suspects. . . . Their relationship with the victims were that (i) Outlar and Terry had seen Gibbs at a barbershop earlier in the day, and Outlar stated that the Ford Tempo, which DeFrancesco placed at the scene of the crime and which was detained by Reardon a few blocks from the shooting, had been one block away from the scene earlier, (ii) Tommy was Wakime’s cousin and reported in 2017 (just prior to the second trial) that he disliked Gibbs, and (iii) J.D. was Wakime’s brother and stated that Tommy told him that he had gone to the scene of the crime after the shooting to check whether his friend was one of the victims. . . . These discrepancies include (i) shortly before the second trial, Tommy identified Outlar as the driver and denied Terry was in the vehicle, (ii) Outlar identified Terry as the driver, (iii) Terry denied being in the car when he and Ruby Phillips, the registered owner of the vehicle, came to the police station to claim the car, and (iv) Phillips said she had lent the car to Ty Washington, but later denied the same and instead said she had lent the car to Terry. S.A. 729. by Tommy Woods. Furthermore, on the night of the shooting, there were also questions about the location of the Ford Tempo and whom the vehicle’s registered owner had lent it to. Tr. 2 at 56-57. The trial judge had this evidence before him and concluded that at the time of the shooting the identities of the occupants of the Ford Tempo were not established. His conclusion was reasonable, and Celester has not proven otherwise. Celester then asserts that the trial judge erred in excluding Celester’s third-party culprit defense when he placed reliance on the fact that the defense could not establish which of the occupants of the vehicle may have shot the victims. Tr. 5 at 11-19. The trial judge reasoned this would require the jury to engage in speculation as to possible motives on the part of the occupants of the vehicle. Id. Celester’s argument fails because the trial judge’s reasoning here cannot be divorced from his concern that the identities of the Ford Tempo’s occupants could not be established. Any line of inquiry about who shot at the victims from the vehicle was linked to the identities of the occupants of the vehicle and would have required the jury to engage in an exercise in speculation as to who was in the vehicle, who might have shot the victims, and why they might have done so. Quite simply, Celester has not shown that the trial judge’s findings in this regard were clearly erroneous, and therefore Celester’s claim in this regard is rejected. b. Reasonable Application of Supreme Court Precedent Celester also asserts that the Appeals Court’s rejection of his claim here constituted an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent governing a defendant’s constitutional right to present a complete defense. “A defendant has a constitutional right to present evidence that another may have committed the crime.” Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324 (2006); see also Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986). “Few rights are more fundamental than that of an accused to present witnesses in his own defense.” Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 (1973). The right to present evidence in one’s defense, however, is not unlimited. It “may bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.” United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308 (1998) (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 (1987)). State law, when used to justify a limitation of a defendant’s presentation of his defense, is only deemed a violation of a defendant's rights if it “infringe[s] upon a weighty interest of the accused” and is “‘arbitrary’ or ‘disproportionate to the purposes [the rule is] designed to serve.’” Holmes, 547 U.S. at 324 -25 (quoting Scheffer, 523 U.S. at 308 ). See Fortini v. Murphy, 257 F.3d 39, 46 (1st Cir. 2001). Under Supreme Court precedent, the mere fact that Celester was not allowed to present the entirety of his intended defense does not in itself constitute an infringement of his right to present a defense. The trial judge’s exclusion of the specific parts of Celester’s third-party culprit defense in question here do not violate Celester’s right to put forth a defense. The trial judge’s rationale for excluding specific portions of Celester’s defense was rooted in concerns about remoteness, speculation, and marginal probative value. These are legitimate reasons to limit a defense. See DiBenedetto v. Hall, 272 F.3d 1, 7-9 (1st Cir. 2001) (trial court did not abuse discretion in excluding third-party culprit evidence where that evidence was speculative and had potential to distract jury). The trial judge’s ruling also does not seem to have infringed a weighty interest of Celester. Had the trial judge entirely excluded evidence related to Celester’s third-party culprit defense, the issue here might be more dire. The trial judge, however, only restricted the scope of the defense. Celester was still able to adduce that DeFrancesco saw a vehicle flee the scene of the shooting, that Woods told DeFrancesco that the shots came from the rear of that vehicle, and that two of the occupants of the vehicle fled on foot when stopped by police. Celester was therefore allowed to present the essential theory of his intended defense. Having done so, Celester cannot argue that the trial judge’s limitation on his defense resulted in a substantial and injurious effect on the ultimate verdict. In such circumstances, this Court rejects Celester’s claim outright. C. The Appeals Court’s Determination that the Prosecutor Had Not Violated Celester’s Constitutional Rights in His Closing Was Reasonable. Celester takes issue with the Commonwealth’s closing statement, in which the prosecutor made factual statements that, Celester argues, the prosecutor knew, through the course of pretrial and trial proceedings, were rebutted by third-party culprit evidence that the trial judge had excluded. Pet’r’s Mem. 48. Celester submits that these statements were a violation of his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights. Id. Celester further submits that the Appeals Court mischaracterized his argument on appeal. Id. at 53 . This Court, therefore, assesses whether the Appeals Court’s rejection of Celester’s claim constitutes an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. During trial proceedings, the trial judge prohibited the parties from making mention of the identities of the occupants of the Ford Tempo, their relationship to the victims, and their possible motives for shooting at the victims. Tr. 5 at 11-19. In his closing argument, the prosecutor stated: “there were no cars on Green Street, there were no headlights coming or going on Green Street . . . . There were no sounds of cars.” S.A., Ex. 11, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 10, dated June 5, 2017 (“Tr. 11”) 56-57, ECF No. 16-11. Later in his closing remarks, the prosecutor, when discussing Corinna DeFrancesco’s testimony, stated: I’m going to suggest to you that when you go on that effort to find corroboration with other witnesses, with other evidence, Corrina is all by herself with her new account of what she claims to have seen and how she saw the car driving, where she saw the car driving, this what I suggest to you the evidence shows is a fabrication of Wakime Woods trying to say someone in the backseat from the car did the shot. No corroboration. Zero. And all evidence to the contrary. She has no corroboration and she’s essentially on an island by herself. As the finders of fact in this case looking for the truth, I’m going to suggest to you that island is a place you don’t want to be and you don’t want anything to do with. I’m going to suggest to you that her testimony aside from the two victims’ identities and that they were shot out on Green Street should be disregarded in its entirety. Id. at 75-76 . The defense objected to the prosecutor’s closing and the trial judge proceeded to issue a curative instruction. Id. at 77-86 . The judge provided the jury with the following: The last stage of the case that you just heard were closing arguments of the attorneys of both sides. It’s entirely appropriate for the attorneys to get up in front of you and to suggest to you what conclusions they believe you should draw from all the evidence. Do not, however, forget at the end of the day again what the attorneys suggest is the evidence that’s not necessarily the evidence. It’s up to you, it’s going to be you, the jury, to determine what the evidence is, what the facts are in this case. That’s entirely up to you. In doing that you need to listen and consider the evidence submitted by both sides in this matter. But again, it’s ultimately up to you to determine what the facts are. If there’s any conflict between what counsel may have suggested are the facts in this case and what you recall, remember it’s going to be your recollection that governs. In addition, one of the things that you’re going to have to decide in this case is credibility of the witnesses. We had lots of witnesses at this trial. The question of the credibility of the witnesses, that’s also up to you to determine. Again, counsel can make their suggestions, offer their -- perhaps their opinions as to credibility of witnesses. At the end of the day, that’s your call as to which witnesses you believe and to what extent you believe the witnesses. In addition, you’re going to need to decide this case without sympathy, dispassionately. Your determinations that you’re being called upon to make in this case have to be made based on logic, reasoning, common sense, good judgment based upon the evidence that you heard and the law that I will give to you shortly when I give you my final instructions. Again, as I mentioned before, what the Commonwealth offers or the [petitioner] offers by way of their closing arguments as to their opinions as to how you should rule, how you should view the evidence, again those are their opinions. It’s going to be what you folks think that governs when you’re in jury room making your determinations and deliberating as a group. Id. at 85-86 . Celester maintains that the prosecutor’s argument during his closing that the jury ought reject DeFrancesco’s testimony “in its entirety” because there was “no corroboration” amounted to prosecutorial misconduct, and that the Appeals Court’s rejection of his claim constituted an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. Pet’r’s Mem. 49, 55. 1. The Appeals Court’s Reasoning The Appeals Court’s reasoning in rejecting Celester’s submission in this regard was as follows: A prosecutor’s closing argument is improper if it “exploit[s] the absence of evidence that had been excluded at [the prosecutor’s] request” (citation omitted). Commonwealth v. Harris, 443 Mass. 714, 732 (2005). The [petitioner] first asserts that the prosecutor’s statement that “there were no cars on Green Street” was improper. The testimony of Derek Gibbs, the surviving victim, and Marlene Scott, both of whom testified that there were no cars on Green Street at the time of the shooting, supported this statement. See Commonwealth v. Lamrini, 392 Mass. 427, 432-433 (1984) (no prosecutorial misconduct if closing remarks grounded in evidence). Furthermore, the excluded evidence did not place cars on Green Street at the time of the shooting. Contrast Commonwealth v. Carroll, 439 Mass. 547, 554-556 (2003) (improper exploitation by prosecutor where closing remarks on coventurer’s motive “would not have been plausible” had excluded evidence been admitted). At best, the excluded evidence included J.D. Woods’s hearsay statement that Tommy Woods (who was alleged to have been a passenger in a red Ford Tempo identified by Corrina DeFrancesco and pulled over by Brockton Police Officer Mark Reardon) told J.D. that he had gone to the crime scene after the shooting to determine whether one of his friends had been involved. Similarly, Donald Outlar (who was a passenger in the Tempo when Reardon pulled it over) told police when he was arrested that he had been in the Tempo and one block away from the scene at the time of the shooting. Although the [petitioner] asserts this evidence contradicted the prosecutor’s statement, he does not explain how. And, as set forth above, it is not apparent that it did. Compare Harris, 443 Mass. at 730-732 (excluded evidence included convictions of victim as a “common nightwalker” and prosecutor stated in closing argument that there was no evidence that the victim was a prostitute). Next, the [petitioner] quarrels with the prosecutor’s statement that DeFrancesco’s testimony should be rejected because there was “[n]o corroboration. Zero. And all evidence [sic] to the contrary. [S]he’s . . . on an island by herself.” The [petitioner] omits, however, that it is clear that the prosecutor was referencing DeFrancesco’s uncorroborated testimony regarding the alleged dying declaration of Wakime Woods, the other victim, that the shooter was a passenger in the backseat of the car that DeFrancesco testified drove past the scene of the shooting. None of the excluded evidence supported DeFrancesco’s testimony regarding the dying declaration. Also, the [petitioner] argues that the prosecutor’s statement that DeFrancesco’s “testimony[,] aside from the two victims’ identities and that they were shot out on Green Street[,] should be disregarded in its entirety.” Again, none of the excluded testimony contradicts the prosecutor’s argument, which was properly based on evidence impeaching DeFrancesco, including (as the prosecutor expressly spelled out just prior to the objected-to statement) her lengthy criminal record and the reasonable inference that her testimony regarding Wakime’s dying declaration, unsupported by her contemporaneous statements to Brockton Police Officer Manny Gomes, was a recent fabrication. Finally, the [petitioner] objects to the prosecutor’s statement that “if Corrina saw a car on Green Street[,] . . . [the red Ford Tempo] was not it.” The [petitioner] omits the prosecutor’s preceding statement that “the evidence has established that that red Ford Tempo had nothing to do with the case” -- a statement grounded in the evidence that there was a lack of any ballistic evidence in the car when it was impounded by Reardon. The [petitioner] also ignores that the prosecutor’s objected-to statement referred to the impeachment evidence. Specifically, the prosecutor stated, “[I]f Corrina saw a car on Green Street[,] saying what she did that night -- doing the things that she said to the police on . . . [the night of the shooting], if there was a car there, that car was not it.” This was supported by evidence, including DeFrancesco’s contemporaneous description of the car she had seen, her initial statement to officers that the red Ford Tempo Reardon pulled over was not the vehicle she had seen at the scene of the shooting, and the fact that her testimony at the trial (many years after the shooting) differed substantially from her statement to officers the evening of the shooting. None of this was improper exploitation of the excluded evidence. Indeed, the prosecutor went on to state: “And even if it was [the red Ford Tempo], a car backing up from where bodies are in the street, just after shots have rung when nothing else of that car is seen by [the] witness, Ms. DeFrancesco, that is a distraction.” The excluded statements from Outlar and J.D. (that the car was a block away and that Tommy had gone to see whether one of his friends was involved in the shooting) were not inconsistent with the prosecutor’s statement. Our decision affirming the [petitioner’s] conviction of murder in the second degree remains unchanged. Commonwealth v. Celester, 98 Mass. App. Ct. 1119 , 158 N.E.3d 885 (2020), review denied, case remanded, 486 Mass. 1111 , 163 N.E.3d 380 (2021). The Appeals Court also considered the trial judge’s curative instruction to the jury, “cautioning the jury that closing argument was not evidence.” Id. 2 . The Appeals Court’s Decision Was Not Based on an Unreasonable Application of Supreme Court Precedent. In habeas claims that allege prosecutorial misconduct, the central question is whether the misconduct renders the trial fundamentally unfair. Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 645 (1974). Improper argument by a prosecutor reaches this threshold of fundamental unfairness if it is “so egregious as to create a reasonable probability that the outcome was changed.” Davis v. Zant, 36 F.3d 1538 (11th Cir. 1994). A “reasonable probability” is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984). Improper remarks made by a prosecutor in closing argument, even where the remarks were “undesirable or . . . universally condemned” are not sufficient, standing alone, to render a trial fundamentally unfair. Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986). This standard is only met if the prosecutor’s comments “so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.” Id. at 181 (quoting Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 643 ). Given the generality of the standard articulated in Darden and Donnelly, state courts are afforded “more leeway in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations.” Parker v. Matthews, 567 U.S. 37, 48 (2012). Factors relevant to the Darden analysis may be “(1) whether the prosecutor’s conduct was isolated and/or deliberate; (2) whether the trial court gave a strong and explicit cautionary instruction; and (3) whether it is likely that any prejudice surviving the judge’s instruction could have affected the outcome of the case.” United States v. Lowe, 145 F.3d 45, 50 (1st Cir. 1998). Against the backdrop of the foregoing cases, the Appeals Court’s decision does not constitute an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. The Appeals Court considered the challenged portions of the prosecutor’s closing argument in the context of the entire closing, the trial judge’s curative instruction, and the evidence presented at trial. The Appeals Court’s decision, thus, aligns with the factors that are considered under the Darden analysis. See Lowe, 145 F.3d at 50 . Therefore, Celester has simply not met his burden of proving that the Appeals Court unreasonably applied Supreme Court case law. Celester’s claim is thus rejected. D. The Appeals Court’s Decision Affirming the Trial Judge’s Ruling Declining to Grant Calvin Dyous Judicial Immunity Was Reasonable. Celester argues that the trial judge violated his rights to confrontation and due process by making a witness, Calvin Dyous, unavailable to the defense. Pet’r’s Mem. 55. In Celester’s first jury trial, Calvin Dyous testified in favor of the Commonwealth. Tr. 10 at 37-47. Dyous was called to the second trial but did not initially appear. The Appeals Court outlined the following facts in this regard: The Commonwealth issued a trial subpoena to Dyous (who had been eluding the Commonwealth’s attempts to reach him prior to the second trial). On the first day of the second trial, the judge told Dyous “to appear at the appropriate time to testify in this case. It will not be today.” The judge stated that he expected that Dyous would be contacted by one of the parties and that it was important to respond and actually come back to court. The judge told Dyous that if he did not, he would be subject to a warrant. Dyous acknowledged the judge’s order. Nevertheless, Dyous did not respond when the Commonwealth attempted to reach him. Despite one-half dozen attempts, he was unreachable either through his mother or at the cellular telephone number he had provided to the Commonwealth specifically for the purpose of complying with the judge’s order. The prosecutor reported Dyous’s failure to respond to calls, and the judge issued a bench warrant. The prosecutor assembled a fugitive apprehension team to obtain Dyous’s presence in court. The next day, Dyous appeared. He was ordered to wear a global positioning system bracelet until he testified. Thereafter, Dyous asked for counsel, was appointed an attorney, and raised a Fifth Amendment privilege. After conducting a hearing pursuant to [Commonwealth v.] Martin, 423 Mass. [496,] 502 [(1996)], the judge agreed that the defendant had a valid basis for asserting the privilege. Commonwealth v. Celester, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1101 , 140 N.E.3d 949 , review denied, case remanded, 485 Mass. 1106 , 150 N.E.3d 1141 (2020). On the fifth day of trial, Celester filed a motion that in part requested that Dyous be granted judicial immunity. S.A. 259-60. Celester argued that the Commonwealth had engaged in prosecutorial misconduct to make Dyous unavailable. Id. at 260 . Celester placed reliance on Commonwealth v. Brewer, 472 Mass. 307, 312 (2015), which provides that prosecutorial misconduct arising from the government’s deliberate attempt to distort fact-finding processes may permit a judge to grant immunity to a defense witness. Id. Celester was of opinion that if Dyous did testify, he would do so in favor of the defense. Id. at 260-62. For this reason, Celester posited, the prosecutor made deliberate mention of the Fifth Amendment privilege to Dyous’s attorney hoping that Dyous would make such a claim (as, in fact, he did). Id. at 262. On the seventh day of trial, the trial judge declined to grant Dyous judicial immunity, “stating that where he did not find that there was prosecutorial misconduct aimed at distorting the fact-finding process, he did not have the power to grant judicial immunity and, even if he did, he would not in these circumstances because there was a question as to whether Mr. Dyous would testify differently from what he testified to in 1995.” Resp’t Mem. Opp’n Pet. Writ Habeas Corpus 43, ECF No. 22; S.A., Ex. 9, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 8, dated June 2, 2017 (“Tr. 9”) 6, ECF No. 16-9. When defense counsel persisted, the trial judge stated: If there was some evidence, Mr. Grimaldi, that the Commonwealth had somehow encouraged Mr. Dyous to assert the Fifth, that might be a different animal. Then you’d have this prosecutorial misconduct argument that doesn’t exist in this case. It doesn’t exist. I see zero, zilch, none, no evidence of that in these circumstances. To the contrary, again, what I have seen in part because I recognized Mr. Dyous to be here, I’ve seen consistent effort on the Commonwealth’s part to ensure that Mr. Dyous was here, available, ready to testify at trial. He’s the one that is asserting his right under the Fifth Amendment. That’s not brought about by the Commonwealth. Tr. 9 at 166. 1. The Appeals Court’s Decision On his appeal to the Appeals Court, Celester argued that the trial judge violated his constitutional right to compulsory process, confrontation, and due process by making Dyous unavailable to the defense. S.A. 60. The Appeals Court rejected this claim. On the issue of Fifth Amendment privilege, the Appeals Court declared: On this record, the judge did not abuse his discretion in finding that, in particular on crossexamination, Dyous’s testimony could lead to selfincrimination. See G. L. c. 233, § 5; Commonwealth v. Delaney, 425 Mass. 587, 596 (1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1058 (1998), quoting Commonwealth v. Brogan, 415 Mass. 169, 171 (1993) (where Commonwealth established “there was a clear, outstanding order of the court, that the defendant knew of that order, and that the defendant clearly and intentionally disobeyed that order in circumstances in which he was able to obey it,” witness can be convicted of criminal contempt). If, for example, Dyous testified as he did in the first trial, the [petitioner] might try to impeach his credibility by eliciting testimony regarding Dyous’s failure to abide by the judge’s order, thereby exposing Dyous to a potential charge of criminal contempt. If, on the other hand, he testified (as the Commonwealth suggested he might) more helpfully to the [petitioner] than he had in the first trial, the Commonwealth might try to impeach him by eliciting testimony that he had been nonresponsive to the Commonwealth pretrial, that he had been ordered to appear, and that he had failed to respond (at least initially). Such testimony, the judge properly concluded, might lead to a link in the chain towards criminal contempt. The [petitioner], nonetheless, maintains that Dyous lacked the required intent for criminal contempt because he did not intend to thwart the administration of justice and received insufficient warnings that his failure to comply with the order would expose him to criminal consequences. However, Dyous’s failure to respond (despite numerous attempts to garner his cooperation) in violation of the judge’s order to do so could be a basis to infer the requisite intent (even if Dyous changed his mind and ultimately conformed his conduct to the judge’s order once the bench warrant issued). See Furtado v. Furtado, 380 Mass. 137, 141 (1980), quoting Blankenburg v. Commonwealth, 260 Mass. 369, 373 (1927) (charge of criminal contempt “is designed wholly to punish an attempt to prevent the course of justice”). Moreover, the judge expressly told Dyous that his failure to respond when called could subject him to a warrant. Contrast Commonwealth v. Carr, 38 Mass. App. Ct. 179, 181 (1995) (contempt improper where “defendants were neither told of the significance of being recognized as a witness nor warned of the consequences of failure to appear”). Because a valid Fifth Amendment privilege exists where there is a possibility of prosecution for criminal contempt even if conviction is unlikely, the judge did not abuse his discretion. See Commonwealth v. Borans, 388 Mass. 453, 459 (1983), quoting Turner v. Fair, 476 F. Supp. 874, 880 (D. Mass. 1979) (“neither a practical unlikelihood of prosecution nor the prosecutor’s denial of an intention to prosecute negates an otherwise proper invocation of the Fifth Amendment”). Commonwealth v. Celester, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1101 , 140 N.E.3d 949 , review denied, case remanded, 485 Mass. 1106 , 150 N.E.3d 1141 (2020). On the issue of judicial immunity, the Appeals Court declared: The [petitioner] contends that the judge should have granted judicial immunity to Dyous on the ground of prosecutorial misconduct. See Commonwealth v. Brewer, 472 Mass. 307, 312 (2015), quoting Commonwealth v. Vacher, 469 Mass. 425, 439 (2014) (leaving open possibility that judge may grant immunity to defense witness where government has engaged in “deliberate intent to distort the fact-finding process”). The judge, however, found no prosecutorial misconduct -- a finding that is not clearly erroneous on the record before us. See Commonwealth v. Valentin, 91 Mass. App. Ct. 515 , 522 (2017) (proper denial of immunity where records failed to show prosecutorial misconduct and proffered testimony “relates only to the credibility of the government’s witnesses”). Id. 2 . Deferential Review Under Section 2254(d) Is Apposite. Although Celester requests de novo review, Pet’r’s Mem. 63, such review is not appropriate here. “When a federal claim has been presented to a state court and the state court has denied relief, it may be presumed that the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication or statelaw procedural principles to the contrary.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101-02 . The presumption may be cast aside only when “the evidence leads very clearly to the conclusion that a federal claim was inadvertently overlooked in state court . . . .” Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 303 (2013); cf. Neal v. Puckett, 286 F.3d 230, 235 (5th Cir. 2002) (“In the context of federal habeas proceedings, adjudication ‘on the merits’ is a term of art that refers to whether a court’s disposition of the case was substantive as opposed to procedural.”). The Appeals Court addressed Celester’s claims on substantive grounds –- this is evident on a plain reading of the Appeals Court’s reasoning. Although Celester argues that the Appeals Court did not engage in the manner of comprehensive analyses and fact finding that he believes was merited, the trigger for the deferential standard under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d) is simply the mere adjudication of an issue. See Junta v. Thompson, 615 F.3d 67, 71 (1st Cir. 2010) (quoting Rashad v. Walsh, 300 F.3d 27, 45 (1st Cir. 2002)) (adjudication inquiry “is not whether the state court opinion engaged in the comprehensive analysis typically required of ‘a law school examination,’ but whether the substance of [the petitioner’s] federal claims was addressed”); Clements v. Clarke, 592 F.3d 45, 55 (1st Cir. 2010) (“[Section 2254(d)’s] trigger for deferential review is adjudication, not explanation.”). 3. The Appeals Court’s Decision Was Based on a Reasonable Determination of Facts and Reasonable Application of Law. Following the prosecutor’s conversation with Dyous’s attorney, the prosecutor, addressing the trial judge, explained: Yesterday at the lunch break, Judge, you had indicated that you were going to address the issue of the Fifth Amendment Privilege with this particular witness, Mr. Dyous, and his counsel, Attorney Wood, Joshua Wood. At the end of the lunch break close to two o’clock, I came into the courtroom. I saw Mr. Wood, Attorney Wood, Mr. Dyous’ counsel, and we know each other from having cases together in this court and from the legal community, and I walked over and he indicated to me that he did not see any Fifth Amendment Privilege because everything happened back in 1993 and 1994. I then stated to him that I agree with that and that the only possible issue that I could see is a possible criminal contempt for failure to come to court and answer to the warrant or the summons, rather, that Your Honor ordered to stay in contact with us, resulting in the bench warrant issued. So I let counsel know that. I wasn’t saying that we were going to pursue that and that in my experience our office only pursue those situations in extreme situations but I was candid with him and I said that’s the only issue that I could possibly see as a basis for a Fifth. I just wanted to put that on record that we had that conversation and counsel indicated that he was -- He left the courtroom after that. So I wanted that to be clear on the record. S.A., Ex. 8, Transcript of Jury Trial – Day 7, dated May 31, 2017 (“Tr. 8”) 147-48, ECF No. 16-8. The prosecutor’s conversation does not reveal any conspiracy on the part of the Commonwealth. At best, drawing all inferences in favor of Celester, it would still require a significant conclusory leap to find that the prosecution engaged in misconduct through its conversation with Dyous’s attorney. This Court thus defers to the findings of fact of both the trial judge and Appeals Court in that no evidence of prosecutorial misconduct existed. Although Celester does not explicitly argue that the Appeals Court’s application of the law to this issue was unreasonable –- logically so because, while there may, to a minimal extent, be a mixed question of law and fact here, this matter is still largely a factual inquiry –- it should be noted that there does not appear to be any Supreme Court precedent that vests a defendant with a right to judicial immunity if that defendant asserts his Fifth Amendment privilege and becomes unavailable to testify. Indeed, Celester does not cite anything to this effect. For this reason, it simply cannot be held that the Appeals Court unreasonably applied clearly established Supreme Court law. Presuming, for the sake of argument, such law existed, Celester still bears the burden of proving that the trial judge’s decision here had a substantial and injurious effect on the verdict. Even were Dyous to testify in favor of the defense, he had testified in favor of the prosecution in the first trial, and thus the prosecution could have used his prior testimony both substantively and for impeachment purposes. Mass. R. Evid. 613; see also William G. Young, John Pollets & Christopher Poreda, Massachusetts Evidence 342 (2022-2023 ed.). There was, therefore, no substantial or injurious effect on the verdict. E. The Appeals Court’s Decision Affirming that the Prosecutor Did Not Violate Celester’s Constitutional Right to Due Process in His Closing Was Reasonable. Celester alleges that the prosecutor violated his constitutional right to due process by stating in his closing argument, contrary to the evidence and a court order, that Gibbs had identified Celester as the shooter. Pet’r’s Mem. 64. The relevant portion of the prosecutor’s closing with which Celester takes issue is as follows: Now, Derek Gibbs acknowledges, what I suggest to you in a credible way, he did not complete that turn when he noticed as he turned to his right, seeking to turn around and see where Celester was but he told you that it was this man and together with the words of Wakime Woods, the identity of that shooter is unequivocal. And skilled counsel can’t talk it away. Tr. 11 at 54. The Appeals Court, in addressing and ultimately rejecting Celester’s argument, provided: The [petitioner] argues that the prosecutor’s phrase in his closing argument, “but [Gibbs] told you that it was this man,” was improper in light of the allowance of the [petitioner’s] motion to exclude Gibbs from identifying the defendant as his shooter. We view the prosecutor’s remarks in light of the “entire closing argument, the judge’s instructions to the jury, and the evidence produced at trial.” Commonwealth v. Lyons, 426 Mass. 466, 471 (1998). In the closing, which spanned twenty-seven pages of transcript, the prosecutor reminded the jury multiple times that Gibbs did not complete the turn to see the [petitioner] shoot him. When viewed in context, there was no error. See Commonwealth v. Whitman, 453 Mass. 331, 345 (2009). Commonwealth v. Celester, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1101 , 140 N.E.3d 949 , review denied, case remanded, 485 Mass. 1106 , 150 N.E.3d 1141 (2020). Celester requests that this Court review his claim de novo and not under the Section 2254(d) standard because the resolution of his claim was conclusory and involved a mixed question of law and fact. Pet’r’s Mem. 64-66. This Court may only do so when there is evidence that shows that Celester’s claim was either resolved on procedural grounds or that a federal issue was overlooked, and the claim was otherwise not resolved on the merits. See Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101-02 . There is no evidence to sustain these assertions, and therefore, the deferential standard under Section 2254(d) applies. The Appeals Court’s decision rejecting Celester’s claim here was based on a reasonable determination of facts. The Appeals Court reviewed the prosecutor’s statement in the context of the entirety of the closing and noted that the prosecutor reminded the jury multiple times that Gibbs did not complete the turn to see Celester shooting him. This is clear, both as a factual matter as well as matter of law. III. CONCLUSION Celester has not met his burden of proving that the Appeals Court’s decision pertaining to any of his current claims involved an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent or was based on an unreasonable determination of facts. Moreover, even had any of Celester’s arguments passed muster, any error there from had no substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict. For these reasons, Celester’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus, ECF No. 1, is DENIED. SO ORDERED. _/s/William G. Young WILLIAM G. YOUNG JUDGE of the UNITED STATES3 3 This is how my predecessor, Peleg Sprague (D. Mass. 18411865), would sign official documents. Now that I’m a Senior District Judge I adopt this format in honor of all the judicial colleagues, state and federal, with whom I have had the privilege to serve over the past 45 years.