Cedar Rapids Gas Light Co. v. City of Cedar Rapids

Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court. This is a bill brought by the plaintiff in error to restrain the, enforcement of an ordinance fixing ninety cents per thousand cubic feet as the highest price to be charged in Cedar Rapids for gas. As the ordinance was passed in 19Ó6 and had not yet been enforced, the Supreme Court of the State dismissed the bill without prejudice to a later Suit after it should have been given a fair test. 144 Iowa, *667 426. The plaintiff, having specially set' up that the ordinance violated the contract clause of the Constitution, (Art. I, § 10), and the Fourteenth Amendment, brings the case here. There is' a motion to dismiss, but the constitutional questions appear upon the record and are not so frivolous as to warrant that summary course. The supposed contract arises from a term in the ordinance under which the plaintiff was granted a renewal of its franchise in 1896. By §3, “in consideration. of the privileges herein granted to said company, it shall furnish to the inhabitants of said eity gas for lighting at a price not to exceed-$1.80 per. thousand feet and 20 cents per thousand cubic feet discount if consumers pay. on or before the 10th of each month after consumption,” &c. It is admitted that under the laws of Iowa the rate could be changed by the city, but it is argued that the quoted words import a contract that it shall not be changéd to such an extent as to make, impossible the offer of a discount for prompt payment; that being the cheapest and most efficient way of collecting the price of the gas. The state court assumed that there was no contract in the case, and in discussing what'it treated as the sole question, whether the plaintiff would be deprived of a fair compensation for its services, pointed out that the company could secure payment by requiring a deposit , in advance or by making other reasonable rules. We are of opinion that there was no contract on the part of the citythat the price should be kept high enough to allow a discount for prompt payment. The general power reserved to regulate rates was limited only by the Fourteenth Amendment. The words relied upon by the plaintiff express its promise in consideration, of the privileges granted, not á promise by the city. Knoxville Water Co. v. Knoxville, 189 U. S. 434, 437. It is true that the contract was in the form of an ordinance, but the ordinance was drawn as a contract to be' accepted and it was ac *668 cepted by the plaintiff; it contained reciprocal undertakings, the one in question being that of the plaintiff, ..as we havé said; and.it was subject to the power retained by. the city to. regulate rates. That power, it was expressly provided by the Iowa statute, was not to be abridged by ordinance, resolution or contract. Code of 1897, §725, 22 G. A. (1888) ch. 16. . - Upon the issue under the Fourteenth Amendment, the plaintiff argues on the strength of Rev. Stat., § 709, that the facts are open to reexamination here. By that section it is provided that a writ of error to a state court “shall have the same effect as if the judgment or decree complained of had beep rendered or passed in a court of the •United States.” It is argued that as the decree pf a state court can.be reviewed only by writ of error the foregoing words give to á writ of error in a chancery case the effect of an appeal and open the evidence to reexamination to the same extent as upon an appeal. A suggestion to that efféct was made in Republican River Bridge Co. v. Kansas Pacific Ry. Co., 92 U. S. 315, 317, but the practice and decisions from an. early date have been the other way. Egan v. Hart, 165 U. S. 188, 189. Almonester v. Kenton, 9 How. 1, 7. Dower v. Richards, 151 U. S. 658, 663. Gardner v. Bonestell, 180 U. S. 362, 365, 370. Thayer v. Spratt, 189 U. S. 346, 353. German Savings & Loan Society v Dormitzer, 192 U. S. 125, 129. Adams v. Church, 193 U. S. 510, 513. . But of course .findings either at law or in equity may depend upon questions that are reexaminable here. The admissibility of evidence or its sufficiency to warrant the conclusion reached may be denied; or the conclusion may be a composite of fact and law, such as ownership or contract; or in some way the record may disclose that the finding necessarily involved a ruling within the appellate jurisdiction of this court. Such questions properly-saved miist be answered, and, so far as it is necessary to examine *669 the evidence in order to answer them or to prevent an evasion of real issues, the evidence will be examined. Kansas City Southern Railway Co. v. Albers Commission Co., decided February 26, 1912, ante, p. 573. For instance in this case the finding of the court that it was not prepared to say that a ninety cent rate was confiscatory may perhaps be taken to have been made subject to the admission that the rate was too low to permit a discount for prompt payment, and if so opens the question whether it was not confiscatory on that accoünt, as matter of law. The plaintiff presents a number of such objections to the decision of the court-.below, although confused with arguments on pure matter of fact. It would require a very clear case to warrant the reversal of the decree of a state court which though final in form merely postpones a decision upon the merits for further experience. The present one is far from being such a case. To refer in the first instance to the point just mentioned, we cannot say as matter of law that at ninety cents a thousand feet the company will be unable to collect payment without losses that will amount to a taking of its property. • Then again, although it is argued that the court excluded going value, the court expressly took into account the fact that the plant was in successful operation. What- it excluded was the good will or advantage incident to the possession of a monopoly, so far as that might be supposed to give the plaintiff the power to charge more than a reasonable price. Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co., 212 U. S. 19, 52. An adjustment of this sort under a power to regulate rates has to steer between Scylla and Charybdis. On the one side if the franchise is taken to mean that the most profitable' return that could be got, free from competition, is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, then the power to. regulate is hull. On the other hand if the power to regulate withdraws the protection of the Amendment altogether, then the prop *670 erty is nought. This is not a matter of economic theory, but of fair interpretation of a bargain. Neither extreme can have been meant. A midway between them must be hit. In this cáse the court fixed a value on the plant that considerably exceeded its cost and estimated that under the ordinance the return would be over 6'per cent. Its attitude was-iair and we do not feel called upon to follow the plaintiff into a nice discussion of details. We perhaps should have adopted a rule as to depreciation somewhat more favorable to the plaintiff, or, it may be, might have allowed this or that item that the state court struck out, but there is nothing of which we can take notice in the case that could warrant us in changing the result or in saying that the plaintiff did not get as much as it could expect when leave was reserved for it to try again. Decree affirmed.