Missouri Pacific Railway Co. v. Castle

' Mr. Chief Justice White delivered the opinion of the court. Alleging himself to be a citizen of Nebraska and averring that the Railway Company was a citizen of Missouri, Castle sued the Railway Company to recover for injuries received by him while in the service of the Railway Company as a brakeman upon a freight train operating in the State of Nebraska, the injury having been occasioned through the negligence of a co-employé. The right to recover under súch circumstances was based upon a Nebraska statute adopted in 1907 consisting of two sections which are now §§ 3 and 4 of chapter 21 of the Compiled Statutes of Nebraska. The first section made every railway company liable to its employés who, at the time of the injury, *543 were engaged in construction or repair works or in the use and operation of any engine, car or train for said company, for all damages which may result from the negligence of its officers, agents or employés, or by reason of any defects or insufficiency due to its negligence in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, ways or work. The second section provided that contributory negligence shall not be a bar to recovery where the negligence of the injured employé was slight and that of the employer was gross in comparison, but that damages shall be diminished in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to the injured employé. In its answer the Railway Company admitted that it was then and was at all of the times mentioned in the petition “a railroad corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Missouri,” and set up that the injury to the plaintiff was caused by the negligence of a fellow-servant or co-employé, and was also the result of the contributory negligence of the plaintiff. The validity of the second section of the statute was challenged because it deprived “of the defence of contributory negligence accorded to all other litigants, persons or corporations within the State of Nebraska,” and because the statute established and enforced against railroads a rule of damages not applicable to any other litigant in similar cases, whereby the privileges and immunities of the company as a citizen of the United States within the jurisdiction of the State of Nebraska were abridged and it was denied the equal protection of the laws in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The repugnancy of the statute to the commerce clause of the Constitution was also averred, on the ground that “the plaintiff at the time he received the .injuries complained of was engaged as an employé of an interstate railroad engaged in commerce between the States of Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska,” and the statute of Nebraska “attempts to regulate and *544 control as well as create a cause of action and remedy, imposing upon the defendant company a liability inconsistent with and repugnant to the action of the Congress of the United States on said subject.” At the trial the company excepted to the refusal of the court to give instructions embodying its contentions respecting the invalidity of .the statute, and also excepted to the giving of certain instructions which were antagonistic to those contentions. From a-judgment entered upon a verdict of a jury in favor of the plaintiff this direct writ of error was sued out. Defendant in error moves to affirm the judgment under subdivision 5 of Rule 6. The motion we think should prevail, since the questions urged upon our attention as a basis for a reversal of the judgment have been so plainly foreclosed by decisions of this court as to make further argument unnecessary. This court has repeatedly upheld the power of a State to impose upon a railway company liability to an employé engaged in train service for an injury inflicted through the negligence of another employé in the same service. Missouri Pacific Railway Company v. Mackey, 127 U. S. 205; Minneapolis & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Herrick, 127 U. S. 210; Tullis v. Lake Erie & W. Railway Company, 175 U. S. 348; Chicago, K. & W. R. Co. v. Pontius, 157 U. S. 209; and Mondou v. New York, N. H. & H. R. Co., 223 U. S. 1. Obviously, the same reasons which justified a departure from the common-law rule in respect to the negligence of a fellow-servant also justify a similar departure in regard to the effect of contributory negligence, and the cases above cited in principle are therefore authoritative as to the lawfulness of the modification made by the second section of the statute under consideration of the rule of contributory negligence as applied to railway employés. The decision in the Mondou Case sustaining the validity of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act practically *545 forecloses all question as to the authority possessed by the State of Nebraska by virtue of its police power to enact the statute in question and to. confine the benefits of such legislation to the employés of railroad companies; and as, at the time the plaintiff received the injuries complained of, there was no subsisting legislation by Congress affecting the liability of railway companies to their employés, under the conditions shown in this case, the State was not debarred from thus legislating for the protection of railway employes engaged in interstate commerce. See the Mondou Case, supra, and Chicago, M. & St. P. R. R. Co. v. Solan, 169 U. S. 133. The circumstance that the Nebraska statute covers acts of negligence of railroad companies in respect to their cars, roadbed, machinery, etc., subjects dealt with by the Safety Appliance Act of March 2, 1893; 27 Stat. 531, c. 196, does, not afford any substantial ground for the contention that the statute is involved in so far as it imposed liability for an injury to an employé arising from the negligence of a co-employé. In the argument at bar, a contention is made, which was seemingly not presented in the court below nor alluded to in the assignments of errors, viz., that although originally incorporated under the laws of the State of Missouri, the Railway Company had, in law and in fact, become a domestic corporation in Nebraska under the constitution and laws of that State, and. was such domestic corporation when this suit was instituted, and in consequence the diversity of citizenship essential to the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court was wanting. In support of the contention an allegation of the petition is quoted to the effect that the railway company owned and operated its road as well in the State of Nebraska as in the other States, and reference is made to. a provision of the constitution of Nebraska — § 8, art. XI, Comp. Stat. Neb. 1905, pp. 74r-75 — denying to a railroad corporation or- *546 ganized under the laws of any other State or of the United States and doing business in Nebraska the .power to exercise the right of eminent domain or to acquire the right of way or real estate for depot or other uses until it shall have become a body corporate pursuant to and in accordance with the law of the State. Two decisions of. the Supreme Court of Nebraska are cited, in one of which (State ex rel. Leese v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 25 Nebraska, 164-165), it is said it was decided that “because of consolidations with domestic companies,” the Missouri Pacific Company had become a domestic corporation in the State of Nebraska, and could therefore “acquire a right of way,” etc. As to the other (Trester v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 23 Nebraska, 242-249), the contention appears to be that the railway company was held bo be a domestic corporation by force of the constitutional provision heretofore referred to. In the face, however, of the clear admission made in the answer of the railway company as to the existence of diverse citizenship, we cannot assent to the soundness of the claim now made, based on the contentions referred to. Certainly, in the absence of any. issue on the subject, weight cannot be attached to the decision in .25 Nebraska; and it is consistent with the constitutional provision to' infer that the railway company, if it became a domestic corporation of Nebraska, did so by compulsion of the Nebraska statutes on the subject. Indeed the contention is adversely disposed of by Southern Ry. Co. v. Allison, 190 U. S. 326, cited in Patch v. Wabash R. Co., 207 U. S. 277, 284. In the Allison Case, the court, among other cases, referred approvingly to Walters v. Chicago, R. & Q. R. R. Co., 104 Fed. Rep. 377, where it was held that a corporation originally created by the ■ State of Illinois although made by the law of Nebraska a domestic corporation of that State, was nevertheless a citizen of Illinois. Judgment affirmed.