Williamson v. Osenton

Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court. This case comes here upon the certified question whether the plaintiff, when she began this suit, was a citizen of Virginia in such sense as to be entitled to maintain her action in the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of West Virginia. The plaintiff, (the defendant in error), at that time was the wife of a citizen of West Virginia, but, in consequence of his adultery as she alleged, had separated from him and had gone to Virginia. Before bringing this action she had brought a suit in West Virginia for divorce, and pending the present proceeding obtained a divorce a vinculo. This action is for damages, alleging the defendant to have been a party to the adultery. The defendant pleaded to the jurisdiction setting up the plaintiff’s marriage and the residence of her husband in West Virginia; in other words that the requisite diversity of citizenship did not exist. The plea seems to have been heard upon a written statement of facts in which it was agreed that the plaintiff went to Virginia “with the intention of making her home in that State for an indefinite time in order that she might institute this suit against the defendant in the United States Court,” together with the facts already stated. The plea was overruled, there was a trial on the merits at which the *624 plaintiff got a verdict for $35,000, and thereupon the case was taken to the Circuit Court of Appeals, from which the certified question comes. On these facts the question certified is divided into two by the argument: first, whether if able so to do the plaintiff had changed her domicil from West Virginia to Virginia in fact; and, second, siipposing that she had changed it so far as to have enabled her to proceed against her husband in Virginia had she been so minded, whether for other purposes her domicil did not remain that of her husband until the divorce was obtained, which was after the beginning of the present suit. Premising that if the plaintiff was domiciled in Virginia when this suit was begun she was a citizen of that State within the meaning of the Constitution, Art. III, § 2, and the Judicial Code of March 3, 1911, c. 231, 36 Stat. 1087; Gassies v. Ballon, 6 Pet. 761; Boyd v. Thayer, 142 U. S. 135, 161; Minor v. Happersett, 21 Wall. 162; we will take these questions up in turn. The essential fact that raises a change of abode to a change of domicil is the absence of any intention to live elsewhere, Story on Conflict of Laws, § 43 — or, as Mr. Dicey puts it in his admirable book, ‘the absence of any present intention of not residing permanently or indefinitely in’ the new abode. Conflict of Laws, 2d ed. 111. We may . admit that if this case had been before a jury on testimony merely that the plaintiff intended to live .in Virginia for an indefinite time, it might have been argued that the motive assigned for the change, the bringing of this action, showed that the plaintiff, even if telling the literal truth, only meant that she could not tell when the law suit would end. It is to be noticed also that the divorce proceedings were carried through in West Virginia, though it is fair to assume that they were begun before the plaintiff moved. But the case was submitted to the court upon a written statement, upon which we presume both sides expected the court to rule. To give the supposed ambiguous *625 meaning to the words 'for an indefinite time’ in that statement would be to assume that the parties were trying to get the better of each other by a quibble. We must take them to mean: for a time to which the plaintiff did not then contemplate an end. If that is their meaning, the motive for the change was immaterial; for, subject to the second question to be discussed, the plaintiff had a right to select her domicil for any reason that seemed good to her. With possible irrelevant exceptions the motive has a bearing only when there is an issue open on the intent. Cheever v. Wilson, 9 Wall. 108, 123. Dickerman v. Northern Trust Co., 176 U. S. 181, 191, 192. With that established as agreed there is no doubt that it was sufficient to work the change. Mitchell v. United States, 21 Wall. 350, 352. Dicey, Conflict of Laws, 2d ed. 108, 113, 114. The second subdivision of the question may be answered with even less doubt than the first. The very meaning of domicil is the technically preeminent headquarters that every person is compelled to have in order that certain rights and duties that have been attached to it by the law may be determined. Bergner & Engel Brewing Co. v. Dreyfus, 172 Massachusetts, 154, 157. In its nature it is one, and if in any case two are recognized for different purposes it is a doubtful anomaly. Dicey, Conflict of Laws, 2d ed. 98. The only reason that could be offered for not recognizing the fact of the plaintiff’s actual change, if justified,, is the now vanishing fiction of identity of person. But if that fiction does not prevail over the fact in the relation for which the fiction was created there is no reason in the world why it should be given effect in any other. However it may be in England, that in this country a wife in the plaintiff’s circumstances may get a different domicil from that of her husband for purposes of divorce is not disputed and is not open to dispute. Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U. S. 562, 571, 572. This she may do without necessity and simply from choice, as the cases *626 show, and the change that is good as against her husband ought to be good as against all. In the later decisions the right to change and the effect of the change are laid down in absolute terms. Gordon v. Yost, 140 Fed. Rep. 79. Watertown v. Greaves, 112 Fed. Rep. 183. Shute v. Sargent, 67 N. EL 305. Buchholz v. Buchholz, 115 Pac. Rep. 88. See Haddock v. Haddock, sup., Barber v. Barber, 21 How. 582, 588, 597, 598. We see no reason why the wife who justifiably has left her husband should not have-the same choice of domicil for an action for damages that she has against her husband for a divorce. We answer the question, Yes.