Abadjian v. Teva Parenteral Medicines, Inc.

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * * 7 ABADJIAN, SOSSY, et al., Case No. 2:18-CV-2321 JCM (NJK) 8 Plaintiff(s), ORDER 9 v. 10 TEVA PARENTERAL MEDICINES, INC., et al., [11] Defendant(s). [13] Presently before the court is individual plaintiffs’ motion to remand. (ECF No. 21). [14] Defendants Baxter Healthcare Corporation; McKesson Medical-Surgical Inc.; Sicor, Inc.; and [15] Teva Parenteral Medicines, Inc. (collectively “defendants”) responded (ECF No. 23), to which [16] plaintiffs replied (ECF No. 24). [17] Also before the court is defendants’ motion for leave to file response to plaintiffs’ [18] supplemental authority (ECF No. 25) and request for judicial notice of supplemental authority [19] (ECF No. 26). Plaintiffs have not replied. [20] I. Facts [21] The plaintiffs in this action are individuals who received medical care at the Endoscopy [22] Center (“clinic”) located at 700 Shadow Land, Clark County, Nevada. (ECF No. 1). Defendants [23] supplied the clinic with medical products that the clinic would use in providing various [24] anesthesia services. Id. The clinic improperly administered defendants’ medical products by re25 using injection syringes and anesthesia bottles, which created a foreseeable risk of infection or [26] cross-contamination. Id. [28] 1 On or about February 28, 2008, the Southern Nevada Health District sent plaintiffs and 2 approximately 60,000 others a letter informing them that the clinic placed them at a risk of 3 possible exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Id. The Health District recommended that 4 plaintiffs’ get tested for hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV. Id. Plaintiffs followed the Health 5 District’s recommendation and eventually discovered that they did not contract any of the 6 aforementioned diseases. Id. 7 Plaintiffs believe that defendants’ improper packaging of their medical products caused 8 the clinic to improperly re-use syringes and bottles. Id. On April 11, 2016, plaintiffs offered to 9 settle their claims in exchange for $4,252,500, which amounts to $2,500 per plaintiff. (ECF No. 10 9). Defendants rejected plaintiffs’ offer. Id. 11 On October 1, 2018, plaintiffs initiated this action in state court, asserting four causes of 12 action: (1) strict product liability; (2) breach of the implied warranty of fitness for a particular 13 purpose; (3) negligence; and (4) violation of the Nevada Deceptive Trade Practices Act. (ECF 14 No. 1). 15 On December 10, 2018, defendants removed this action to federal court. Id. The court 16 now determines whether it has subject matter jurisdiction. 17 II. Legal Standard 18 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441 (a), “any civil action brought in a State court of which the 19 district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant 20 or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing 21 the place where such action is pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441 (a). “A federal court is presumed to 22 lack jurisdiction in a particular case unless the contrary affirmatively appears.” Stock West, Inc. 23 v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation, 873 F.2d 1221 , 1225 (9th Cir. 1989). 24 Upon notice of removability, a defendant has thirty days to remove a case to federal court 25 once he knows or should have known that the case was removable. Durham v. Lockheed Martin 26 Corp., 445 F.3d 1247, 1250 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1446 (b)(2)). Defendants are not 27 charged with notice of removability “until they’ve received a paper that gives them enough 28 information to remove.” Id. at 1251 . 1 Specifically, “the ‘thirty day time period [for removal] . . . starts to run from defendant’s 2 receipt of the initial pleading only when that pleading affirmatively reveals on its face’ the facts 3 necessary for federal court jurisdiction.” Id. at 1250 (quoting Harris v. Bankers Life & Casualty 4 Co., 425 F.3d 689 , 690–91 (9th Cir. 2005) (alterations in original)). “Otherwise, the thirty-day 5 clock doesn’t begin ticking until a defendant receives ‘a copy of an amended pleading, motion, 6 order or other paper’ from which it can determine that the case is removable. Id. (quoting 28 7 U.S.C. § 1446 (b)(3)). 8 A plaintiff may challenge removal by timely filing a motion to remand. 28 U.S.C. § 9 1447(c). On a motion to remand, the removing defendant faces a strong presumption against 10 removal, and bears the burden of establishing that removal is proper. Sanchez v. Monumental 11 Life Ins. Co., 102 F.3d 398 , 403–04 (9th Cir. 1996); Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564 , 566–67 12 (9th Cir. 1992). 13 III. Discussion 14 As a preliminary matter, the court notes that plaintiffs have filed an addendum in support 15 of their motion to remand (ECF No. 25) and defendants now move for leave to file their own 16 response (ECF No. 26). Because the filings pertain to legal authority that is not binding on this 17 court, the court will strike plaintiffs addendum (ECF No. 25) and deny defendants’ motion (ECF 18 No. 26). 19 Plaintiffs move to remand, arguing that the court does not have diversity jurisdiction. 20 (ECF No. 21). Defendants’ contend that the court has both diversity and federal question 21 jurisdiction. (ECF Nos. 1, 23). The court will address both of defendants’ purported grounds for 22 subject matter jurisdiction in turn. 23 a. Diversity jurisdiction 24 First, the parties do not dispute that there is diversity of citizenship. (See ECF Nos. 1, 10, 25 21, 23, 24). Teva Parenteral Medicines, Inc., and SICOR, Inc. are incorporated in Delaware, and 26 their principal places of business are in California. (ECF No. 1 at 9). Baxter Healthcare 27 Corporation is incorporated in Delaware, and its principal place of business is in Illinois. Id. 28 Plaintiffs are all residents of Nevada. Id. Thus, complete diversity exists between the parties. 1 The only issue before the court is whether the amount in controversy satisfies 28 U.S.C. § 2 1332, which allows federal courts to exercise diversity jurisdiction in civil actions between 3 citizens of different states where the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. § 4 1332(a). “In determining the amount in controversy, courts first look to the complaint. 5 Generally, ‘the sum claimed by the plaintiff controls if the claim is apparently made in good 6 faith.’” Ibarra v. Manheim Invests., Inc. 775 F.3d 1193, 1197 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing St. Paul 7 Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 289 (1938)). At the time of removal, parties 8 may submit supplemental evidence to show that the amount in controversy is in excess of 9 $75,000. Id. (citing Singer v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 116 F.3d 373, 377 (9th Cir. 1997). 10 Plaintiffs allege in the complaint that their claims are each valued in excess of $15,000 in 11 general damages. (ECF No. 1). This figure is well below the amount in controversy threshold 12 under § 1332(a) and defendants have not submitted any evidence showing that a greater amount 13 is in dispute. 14 Nevertheless, defendants contend that the amount in controversy is in excess of $75,000 15 because plaintiffs also seek attorney’s fees and punitive damages. (ECF No. 11). The court now 16 must determine whether defendants have proven by a preponderance of the evidence that 17 punitive damages and attorney’s fees, coupled with general damages, will exceed the jurisdiction 18 minimum. See Sanchez v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 102 F.3d 398, 403-04 (9th Cir. 1996). 19 i. Punitive damages 20 Courts consider punitive damages in determining the amount in controversy when a 21 plaintiff can recover punitive damages as a matter of law. Gibson v. Chrysler Corp., 261 F.3d 22 927, 945 (9th Cir. 2001). Under Nevada law, a plaintiff can recover punitive damages only by 23 proving with clear and convincing evidence that the defendant is guilty of oppression, fraud, or 24 malice. Nev. Rev. Stat. 42.005(1). In light of NRS 42.005, the court will consider punitive 25 damages for jurisdictional purposes. 26 Courts generally look to jury awards in analogous cases in determining how to consider 27 punitive damages towards satisfying the jurisdictional minimum. See Campbell v. Hartford Life 28 Ins. Co., 825 F. Supp. 2d 1005, 1008 (E.D. Cal. 2011). Here, defendants have not provided any 1 factual support, other than citing statutes, pertaining to the probable amount of punitive damages. 2 Therefore, defendants have not shown by a “preponderance of the evidence” that punitive 3 damages increase the amount in controversy. See Sanchez, 102 F.3d at 404 . 4 ii. Attorney’s fees 5 Courts consider attorney’s fees in determining the amount in controversy if a plaintiff can 6 recover such fees pursuant to a contract or statute. Galt G/S v. JSS Scandinavia, 142 F.3d 1150 , 7 1156 (9th Cir. 1998). The Nevada Supreme Court has held that “in the absence of legislation 8 specifically providing for attorney's fees, such fees cannot be awarded.” Consumers League v. 9 Southwest Gas, 576 P.2d 737 (Nev. 1978). Notably, Nevada law does not expressly provide for 10 attorney’s fees in class action suits. “It is for the legislature . . . to make a special provision for 11 class actions within NRS 18.010.” Schouweiler v. Yancey Co., 712 P.2d 786, 788 (Nev. 1985) 12 (holding that the district court was correct in denying the award of attorney’s fees pursuant to 13 NRS 18.010). 14 Nevada law does allow courts to award attorney’s fees when (1) the prevailing party has 15 not recovered more than $20,000 or (2) when the opposing party’s defense was “brought or 16 maintained without reasonable grounds or to harass the prevailing party.” Nev. Rev. Stat. 17 18.010(2). Because each plaintiff appears to seek less than $20,000 in damages, the court will 18 consider attorney’s fees in determining the amount in controversy. 19 Defendants’ argue that attorney’s fees will spike the cost of this action because this case 20 involves hundreds of plaintiffs. (ECF No. 11). The complex nature of this lawsuit compels the 21 court to conclude that plaintiffs will incur significant attorney’s fees. However, defendants once 22 again have not provided evidence showing the extent that attorney’s fees increase the amount in 23 controversy. Indeed, the court does not find that attorney’s fees would quadruple or quintuple 24 the ultimate award. 25 In sum, defendants have not shown by a preponderance of the evidence an amount in 26 controversy in excess of $75,000. Accordingly, the court cannot exercise subject matter 27 jurisdiction under § 1332(a). 28 . . . 1 b. Federal question jurisdiction 2 The “well-pleaded complaint rule” governs federal question jurisdiction. This rule 3 provides that district courts can exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 only when a federal 4 question appears on the face of a well-pleaded complaint. See, e.g., Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, [5] 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987). Thus, a plaintiff “may avoid federal jurisdiction by exclusive reliance 6 on state law.” Id. Moreover, “an anticipated or actual federal defense generally does not qualify 7 a case for removal[.]” Jefferson County v. Acker, 527 U.S. 423, 431 (1999). 8 The well-pleaded complaint rule does not require a plaintiff to assert a federal cause of 9 action. District court also have jurisdiction over state law claims that raise “some substantial, 10 disputed question of federal law[.]” Indep. Living Ctr. of Southern California, Inc. v. Kent, 909 11 F.3d 272 , 279 (9th Cir. 2018). Indeed, federal question jurisdiction exists when a federal issue is 12 “(1) necessarily raised, (2) actually disputed, (3) substantial, and (4) capable of resolution in 13 federal court without disturbing the federal-state balance approved by Congress.” Gunn v. 14 Minton, 568 U.S. 251, 258 (2013). 15 Defendants argue that plaintiffs’ state tort claims, which allege that defendants 16 improperly packaged medical products, raise a substantial issue of federal law because the 17 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq., governs the 18 packaging of medical products. (ECF No. 11). The court disagrees. 19 In Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Thompson, the Supreme Court held that state 20 law claims which allege violations of the FDCA do not raise a substantial federal question 21 because Congress did not intend to create a private right of action for violation of the FDCA. 22 Wander v. Kaus, 304 F.3d 856, 859 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Merrell Dow Pharms. Inc. v. 23 Thompson, 478 U.S. 804, 808 (1986)). As the circumstances of this case fall well within Merrell 24 Dow, the court concludes that plaintiffs’ complaint does not raise a substantial federal question. 25 The court notes that defendants’ arguments are unclear, incoherent, and at times 26 confused. Some paragraphs from defendants’ brief appear to assert that the court has jurisdiction 27 because the FDCA preempts plaintiffs’ state law claims. To ensure complete adjudication of all 28 pertinent issues that the parties raise, the court will consider this argument. 1 The “complete preemption doctrine” allows district courts to exercise federal question 2 jurisdiction over state law claims when a federal statute completely preempts the relevant state 3 law. Balcorta v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 208 F.3d 1102, 1107 (9th Cir. 2000) 4 (citation omitted). Courts consider the factual allegations in the complaint and the petition of 5 removal to determine whether federal law completely preempts a state law claim. Schroeder v. 6 Trans World Airlines, Inc., 702 F.2d 189, 191 (9th Cir. 1983). 7 It is well established that the FDCA does not completely preempt state law. See Oregon 8 ex rel. Kroger v. Johnson & Johnson, 832 F. Supp. 2d 1250 , 1259–60 (D. Or. 2011); see also 9 Perez v. Nidek Co. Ltd., 657 F. Supp. 2d 1156, 1161 (S.D. Cal. 2009); see also Alaska v. Eli Lilly 10 & Co., No. 3:06-cv-88 TMB, 2006 WL 2168831 at *3–4 (D. Ala July 28, 2006). Therefore, the 11 court does not have federal question jurisdiction under the complete preemption doctrine. 12 IV. Conclusion 13 The court does not have subject matter jurisdiction because the amount in controversy is 14 not in excess of $75,000, plaintiffs’ complaint does not raise a substantial federal question, and 15 the FDCA does not completely preempt plaintiffs’ state law claims. 16 Accordingly, 17 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that plaintiffs’ motion to 18 remand (ECF No. 21) be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED. 19 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that defendants’ motion for leave to file a response (ECF 20 No. 26) be, and the same hereby is, DENIED, consistent with the foregoing. 21 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 8) be, and the 22 same hereby is, DENIED without prejudice. 23 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the matter of Abadjian et al. v. Teva Parental 24 Medicines, Inc. et al., case number 2:18-cv-02321-JCM-VCF, be, and the same hereby is, 25 REMANDED. 26 . . . 27 . . . 28 . . . 1 The clerk shall strike plaintiffs’ addendum (ECF No. 25) and close the case accordingly. 2 DATED August 23, 2019. 3 J Bettis © Atala 4 UNITED)STATES DISTRICT JUDGE □ [28] es C. Mahan District Judge -g8-