Aldridge v. Nye County, Nevada

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * * 7 LEAH ANN ALDRIDGE, Case No. 2:18-cv-01015-RFB-VCF 8 Plaintiff, ORDER 9 v. 10 NYE COUNTY NEVADA et al., 11 Defendant(s). [12] 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Before the Court is [16] Defendants Joshua Armendariz and Ann Horak’s Motion for 15 Summary Judgment. For the reasons stated below, the Court denies the motion in part. [16] 17 II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 18 Plaintiff Leah Ann Aldridge filed a complaint against Defendants Nye County, Nye 19 County Sheriff Sharon Wehrly, Deputy Joshua Armendariz, Deputy Ann Horak, and Lieutenant 20 David Boruchowitz on June 4, 2018. The complaint brought five causes of action: a claim against 21 all Defendants for violation of Plaintiff’s Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights under [22] 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ; battery against Armendariz; intentional infliction of emotional distress against 23 all Defendants; civil conspiracy against all Defendants; and negligence and respondeat superior 24 against Wehrly and Nye County. 25 Defendants Armendariz, Horak, Nye County, and Wehrly filed the instant motion on 26 January 23, 2019 (ECF No. 16). Defendant Boruchowitz joined the motion on January 25, 2019 27 (ECF No. 22) and filed a separation Motion for Summary Judgment on January 23, 2019 (ECF 28 No. 20). 1 On September 5, 2019 a hearing was held on both Motions for Summary Judgment (ECF 2 No. 16, 20). The Court granted Boruchowitz’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 20). ECF 3 No. 32. The Court also granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants Nye County and Sharon 4 Wehrly on the instant motion, and granted in part in favor of Defendants Armendariz and Horak 5 as to Plaintiff’s Fourth and Eighth Amendment claims under Count I. Id. 6 The Court now considers the remaining claims under the instant motion as alleged against 7 Defendants Armendariz and Horak. [8] 9 III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 10 a. Undisputed Facts 11 Plaintiff was arrested during a traffic stop and detained at Nye County Detention Center 12 (“NCDC”) on April 17, 2017. Defendant Armendariz booked plaintiff. Defendant Horak was also 13 present when Plaintiff arrived at NCDC. 14 Plaintiff was initially placed into a holding cell. Later, Armendariz took Plaintiff out of the 15 holding cell and took her booking photograph. After taking Plaintiff’s photograph, Armendariz 16 directed Plaintiff to sit and began to ask her questions. Plaintiff requested to have a lawyer present 17 while she answered questions pursuant to the booking process. Armendariz put Plaintiff back in 18 her cell. Later, Plaintiff was taken out of the cell for fingerprinting and further processing. Plaintiff 19 asked that pictures be taken of her alleged injuries and Horak complied. Plaintiff was later bailed 20 out of the facility. 21 The surveillance equipment at NCDC has audio as well as video capabilities. Plaintiff 22 requested surveillance footage from Lieutenant Boruchowitz of NCDC during her detention there, 23 who provided it to her after some time. 24 b. Disputed Facts 25 The parties have different characterizations of the circumstances and the force deployed 26 by Defendant Armendariz when he placed Plaintiff back in her cell. 27 According to Defendant Armendariz, he took Plaintiff out of her cell and directed her to 28 sit, then asked her intake questions to complete the booking process. Armendariz Decl. Ex. C, at 1 1, ECF No. 17. Defendants state Plaintiff became agitated during this process and that she would 2 not answer questions without an attorney. Id. Defendants further allege that Armendariz informed 3 Plaintiff she did not have a right to an attorney during the booking process and that she would 4 return to the holding cell if she did not cooperate. Id. at 1-2 . Defendants also assert Plaintiff was 5 told to voluntarily return to the cell and ignored instructions, whereupon Armendariz took 6 Plaintiff’s arms by the armpit, walked her to the cell, and placed her on the floor. Id. at 2 . Defendant 7 Armendariz states he gave Plaintiff multiple opportunities to return to her cell voluntarily before 8 he placed her in the cell and that she “dropped her weight in an attempt to go limp” when he stood 9 her up. Id. at 2 . 10 Plaintiff’s version of events differs. Plaintiff states that when asked questions by 11 Defendant Armendariz, she exercised her “Fifth Amendment” rights and asked for an attorney. 12 Aldridge Dep. 20:1, 18:15 Ex. A-1, ECF No. 17. Plaintiff states Defendant Armendariz was 13 agitated, “went into a tirade,” walked around the desk, forcibly grabbed Plaintiff from behind, 14 dragged her, then threw her to the floor of the holding cell. Id. at 20:9, 29:19 . Plaintiff states that 15 she was never told to get up from her seat and return to her cell voluntarily. Id. at 21:6 . Plaintiff 16 states she sustained injuries to her head, neck, elbow, and left side hip. Id. at 70:22 . Plaintiff also 17 states that Defendant Armendariz cursed at her. Id. at 17:22 . [18] 19 IV. LEGAL STANDARD 20 Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to 21 interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show “that there is no 22 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). When considering 24 the propriety of summary judgment, the court views all facts and draws all inferences in the light 25 most favorable to the nonmoving party. Gonzalez v. City of Anaheim, 747 F.3d 789, 793 (9th Cir. 26 2014). If the movant has carried its burden, the non-moving party “must do more than simply 27 show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts . . . . Where the record taken 28 as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine 1 issue for trial.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (alteration in original) (internal quotation 2 marks omitted). 3 “A trial court can only consider admissible evidence in ruling on a motion for summary 4 judgment.” Orr v. Bank of America, NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002). “We have 5 repeatedly held that unauthenticated documents cannot be considered in a motion for summary 6 judgment.” Id. “To survive summary judgment, a party does not necessarily have to produce 7 evidence in a form that would be admissible at trial, as long as the party satisfies the requirements 8 of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56.” Block v. City of Los Angeles, 253 F.3d 410, 418-19 (9th 9 Cir. 2001). “The court need consider only the cited materials, but it may consider other materials 10 in the record.” FRCP 56(c)(3). [11] 12 V. DISCUSSION 13 A. Count I: Section 1983 Claim 14 The Court first considers the remaining § 1983 claim that Defendants violated Plaintiff’s 15 Fourteenth Amendment rights. To make out a prima facie case under § 1983, a plaintiff must show 16 that a defendant: (1) acted under color of law, and (2) deprived the plaintiff of a constitutional 17 right. Borunda v. Richmond, 885 F.2d 1384, 1391 (9th Cir. 1989). 18 Under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, “a detainee may not be punished 19 prior to an adjudication of guilt in accordance with due process of law.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 20 520, 535 (1979). “[T]he Due Process Clause protects a pretrial detainee from the use of excessive 21 force that amounts to punishment.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 , 395 n.10 (1989). Proof of 22 intent or motive to punish is not required to establish a Due Process violation. Kingsley v. 23 Hendrickson, 135 S. Ct. 2466, 2473 (2015). Rather, “a pretrial detainee can prevail by providing 24 only objective evidence that the challenged governmental action is not rationally related to a 25 legitimate governmental objective or that it is excessive in relation to that purpose.” Id. at 247326 74 (citing Bell, 441 U.S. 520 ). In other words, “a pretrial detainee must show only that the force 27 purposely or knowingly used against him was objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 2473. 28 / / / 1 The Ninth Circuit stated in Gibson v. City of Washoe, Nevada that, “[a]lthough the 2 Supreme Court has not expressly decided whether the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on 3 unreasonable searches and seizures continues to protect individuals during pretrial detention, id., 4 we have determined that the Fourth Amendment sets the ‘applicable constitutional limitations’ for 5 considering claims of excessive force during pretrial detention.” 290 F.3d 1175, 1197 (9th Cir. 6 2002), overruled on other grounds by Castro v. City of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2016) 7 (citations omitted). “The Supreme Court’s analysis in Graham v. Connor therefore explicates the 8 standards applicable to a pretrial detention excessive force claim in this circuit.” Id. 9 The touchstone of that analysis is whether an officer’s conduct was reasonable under the 10 circumstances. Jones v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dept., 873 F.3d 1123, 1130 (9th Cir. 2017). 11 “[O]bjective reasonableness turns on the ‘facts and circumstances of each particular case.’” 12 Kingsley, 135 S. Ct. at 2473 (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396 ). “A court must make this 13 determination from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, including what the officer 14 knew at the time, not with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Id. “A court must also account for the 15 ‘legitimate interests that stem from [the government's] need to manage the facility in which the 16 individual is detained,’ appropriately deferring to ‘policies and practices that in th[e] judgment’ of 17 jail officials ‘are needed to preserve internal order and discipline and to maintain institutional 18 security.’” Id. (quoting Bell, 441 U.S. 520 at 540, 547 ). Circumstances potentially relevant to a 19 determination of excessive force include: “the relationship between the need for the use of force 20 and the amount of force used; the extent of the plaintiff's injury; any effort made by the officer to 21 temper or to limit the amount of force; the severity of the security problem at issue; the threat 22 reasonably perceived by the officer; and whether the plaintiff was actively resisting.” Id. 23 Defendants state Armendariz’s use of force was objectively reasonable because Plaintiff 24 was uncooperative, and Armendariz refrained from using force only after providing Plaintiff the 25 opportunity to voluntarily return to her cell. Additionally, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not 26 suffered significant injuries from the incident and therefore that the lack of severity of her injuries 27 weighs in favor of Armendariz. Defendants claim that the video surveillance submitted to the Court 28 supports their version of events. 1 To the contrary, Plaintiff provides evidence in the form of her deposition testimony, 2 wherein she states that Armendariz grabbed her so that she could not get her feet under her and 3 threw her into the cell. She claims that this was unprovoked, unexpected and excessive. Plaintiff 4 states that Armendariz’s Declaration indicates he intended to punish Plaintiff for not answering 5 questions by throwing her into the cell and that he went “into a tirade” and began to curse at her 6 before grabbing her and dragging her into the cell. 7 As an initial matter, Plaintiff’s objection to the Armendariz Declaration under Rule 1002 8 of the Federal Rules of Evidence is without merit. Evidence presented at the summary judgment 9 stage, while required to be admissible at trial, need not yet be in an admissible form. Block, 253 10 F.3d at 418-19. The Court finds that this declaration is likely to be admissible. 11 That aside, the Court finds that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether or 12 not Armendariz’s purposeful and knowing use of force in putting Plaintiff back in the holding cell 13 was objectively unreasonable. As non-movant, Plaintiff has met her burden of demonstrating a 14 triable issue through her deposition testimony, which refutes both Defendants’ characterization of 15 the events before the force and the force itself. Moreover, Defendants’ video surveillance of the 16 incident fails to satisfactorily and undisputedly show the events leading up to the moment 17 Defendant Armendariz grabbed Plaintiff, exacerbated by the fact that the video contains no audio. 18 Accepting Plaintiff’s version of events as true, what happened before Defendant Armendariz 19 grabbed her bears on the reasonableness of his use of force, since Plaintiff asserts that she was 20 given no opportunity to voluntarily return to her cell, and that she was grabbed out of anger and in 21 retaliation. 22 As to the § 1983 claim against Defendant Horak, Defendants have construed Plaintiff’s 23 allegations against her as a failure to intervene claim, see Mot. for Summ. J. at 10, ECF No. 16, 24 which the Plaintiff confirmed in her deposition testimony, see Ex. A-1 at 58:14 (“[Horak] stood 25 there and watched him batter me and did nothing to stop it.”). 26 “[P]olice officers have a duty to intercede when their fellow officers violate the 27 constitutional rights of a suspect or other citizen. In these cases, the constitutional right violated 28 by the passive defendant is analytically the same as the right violated by the person who strikes 1 the blows. Thus an officer who failed to intercede when his colleagues were depriving a victim of 2 his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable force in the course of an arrest would, 3 like his colleagues, be responsible for subjecting the victim to a deprivation of his Fourth 4 Amendment rights.” United States v. Koon, 34 F.3d 1416, 1447 (9th Cir. 1994), aff'd in part, rev'd 5 in part, 518 U.S. 81 (1996) (citations omitted). 6 The Court’s finding that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to the objective 7 reasonableness of Defendant Armendariz’s use of force is dispositive as to the failure to intervene 8 claim. Plaintiff’s deposition testimony that Defendant Horak was present during the encounter and 9 did not intervene is enough to establish a genuine dispute as to whether Defendant Horak failed to 10 intervene when Defendant Armendariz used excessive force, thereby depriving Plaintiff of her 11 Fourteenth Amendment rights. [12] 13 B. Qualified Immunity 14 Defendants argue that even if Defendant Armendariz’s use of force was objectively 15 unreasonable, both he and Defendant Horak are entitled to qualified immunity. Specifically, they 16 state there is no existing precedent with would have alerted Defendants to any constitutional 17 deficiency in their conduct and that they acted reasonably given the circumstances. 18 “The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil 19 damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional 20 rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 , 231 21 (2009). Qualified immunity is an immunity from suit rather than a defense to liability, and 22 “ensures that officers are on notice their conduct is unlawful before being subjected to suit.” 23 Tarabochia v. Adkins, 766 F.3d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014). In deciding whether officers are 24 entitled to qualified immunity, courts consider, taking the facts in the light most favorable to the 25 nonmoving party, whether (1) the facts show that the officer’s conduct violated a constitutional 26 right, and (2) if so, whether that right was clearly established at the time. Id. 27 Under the second prong, courts “consider whether a reasonable officer would have had fair 28 notice that the action was unlawful.” Id. at 1125 (internal quotation marks omitted). “This requires 1 two separate determinations: (1) whether the law governing the conduct at issue was clearly 2 established and (2) whether the facts as alleged could support a reasonable belief that the conduct 3 in question conformed to the established law.” Green v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 751 F.3d 4 1039, 1052 (9th Cir. 2014). While a case directly on point is not required in order for a right to be 5 clearly established, “existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question 6 beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. al–Kidd, 563 U.S. 731 , 741 (2011). Further, the right must be defined 7 at “the appropriate level of generality . . . [the court] must not allow an overly generalized or 8 excessively specific construction of the right to guide [its] analysis.” Cunningham v. Gates, 229 9 F.3d 1271 , 1288 (9th Cir. 2000); see also al–Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742. “The plaintiff bears the burden 10 of proving that the right allegedly violated was clearly established.” Tarabochia, 766 F. 3d at 1125 11 (citation omitted). 12 In deciding a claim of qualified immunity where a genuine dispute of material fact exists, 13 the court accepts the version asserted by the non-moving party. See Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 14 F.3d 805, 823 (9th Cir. 2010). 15 With this standard in mind, since the Court has concluded there is a genuine dispute of 16 material fact, the Court accepts Plaintiff’s version of events as the non-moving party. Accordingly, 17 Plaintiff has met the first prong of qualified immunity by showing that Defendants’ conduct 18 violated a constitutional right. Based on Plaintiff’s assertions, Defendants violated her Fourteenth 19 Amendment right by exerting excessive force in dragging Plaintiff to the holding cell and throwing 20 her to the ground, unprovoked and in retaliation. 21 As for the second prong of the qualified immunity inquiry, Plaintiff has also met her burden 22 in showing that Defendants violated a clearly established right. “A [g]overnment official's conduct 23 violates clearly established law when, at the time of the challenged conduct, ‘[t]he contours of [a] 24 right [are] sufficiently clear’ that every ‘reasonable official would have understood that what he is 25 doing violates that right.’” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731 , 741 (2011) (quoting Anderson v. 26 Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987)); see also U.S. v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 271-2 (1997) 27 (“[G]eneral statements of the law are not inherently incapable of giving fair and clear warning, 28 and in other instances a general constitutional rule already identified in the decisional law may 1 apply with obvious clarity to the specific conduct in question, even though ‘the very action in 2 question has [not] previously been held unlawful.’”) (internal citations omitted). 3 Though Plaintiff has not proffered case law with facts ‘identical’ to those at issue here, it 4 is nonetheless evident that a “reasonable official” would have understood that forcibly grabbing a 5 person against her will and dragging her, a pretrial detainee, and throwing her to the ground in 6 retaliation is unlawful conduct. Under Plaintiff’s version of the facts Defendant Armendariz’s 7 conduct was unprovoked and without adequate justification. Thus, neither Defendant can assert 8 that they did not have “fair notice that the action was unlawful.” 9 Consequently, because there is a genuine dispute of material fact and the Court accordingly 10 takes Plaintiff’s version of events as the non-moving party, the Court finds that Plaintiff has 11 asserted facts which could establish that Defendants violated Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment 12 rights, which were clearly established at the time. Therefore, Defendants are not entitled to 13 qualified immunity. As such, summary judgment is denied on this claim. [14] 15 C. Count V: Battery 16 The Court next considers Plaintiff’s battery claim against Defendant Armendariz. In 17 Nevada, "[t]o establish a battery claim, a plaintiff must show the act: (1) intended to cause harm 18 or offensive contact; (2) caused harm or offensive contact; and (3) such contact did occur." Switzer 19 v. Rivera, 174 F.Supp. 2d 1097, 1109 (D.Nev. 2001). 20 There is a genuine dispute as to whether Defendant Armendariz’s contact with Plaintiff 21 was intended and harmful, for the reasons considered with regard to the Fourteenth Amendment 22 claim discussed supra. However, Defendants argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity for 23 Plaintiff’s state law claims under Nevada’s discretionary-function immunity statute. Mot. for 24 Summ. J. at 23. 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / [28] 1 The statute states that officers or employees of Nevada may not be held liable for an action 2 that is: [b]ased upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a [3] discretionary function or duty on the part of the State or any of its agencies or political 4 subdivisions or of any officer, employee, or immune contractor of any of these, whether or not the discretion involved is abused.” [5] NRS 41.032(2). [6] In Martinez v. Maruszczak, 168 P.3d 720 (Nev. 2007), the Supreme Court of Nevada [7] adopted the Berkovitz–Gaubert test to evaluate discretionary-act immunity under section 41.032. [8] This two-part test originated with two U.S. Supreme Court decisions interpreting the Federal Tort [9] Claims Act (FTCA), which mirrors section 41.032(2). See Berkovitz v. United States, 486 U.S. 10 531 (1988); United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315 (1991). [11] Under this test, as adopted by the Supreme Court of Nevada, a governmental act or decision [12] is entitled to discretionary-act immunity if it (1) “involve[s] an element of individual judgment or [13] choice and (2) [is] based on considerations of social, economic, or political policy.” Martinez,168 [14] P.3d at 729. This type of immunity may protect even “frequent or routine decisions” at all levels [15] of government, provided they “require analysis of government policy concerns.” Id. [16] To clarify the standard, the Nevada Supreme Court stated that “immunity will likely attach [17] under the second criterion” to actions that are integral to governmental planning or to the [18] formulation of governmental policy, or if liability would disrupt the separation of powers or [19] “jeopardize the quality of the governmental process.” Id. As an example, the Court distinguished [20] between “the decision to create and operate a public hospital and . . . college of medicine,” which [21] is entitled to discretionary-act immunity, and “a [state] physician's diagnostic and treatment [22] decisions,” which do not receive immunity as they “generally do not include policy [23] considerations.” Id. [24] However, there are two limitations on discretionary-act immunity. First, immunity does [25] not attach for actions taken in bad faith. Davis v. City of Las Vegas, 478 F.3d 1048, 1059 (9th Cir. [26] 2007). “Bad faith . . . involves an implemented attitude that completely transcends the [27] circumference of authority granted the individual or entity. In other words . . . an act or omission [28] of bad faith occurs outside the circumference of authority. Stated otherwise . . . an act of bad faith 1 has no relationship to a rightful prerogative even if the result is ostensibly within the actor's ambit 2 of authority.” Falline v. GNLV Corp., 823 P.2d 888, 892 (1991). Second, acts that violate the 3 Constitution cannot be viewed as discretionary. Nurse v. United States, 26 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th 4 Cir. 2000). 5 Discretionary-function immunity does not apply here. As an initial matter, application of 6 the Berkovitz–Gaubert test demonstrates that the statute is not designed to protect the type of 7 “governmental act or decision” at issue here, that is, the alleged decision and conduct to forcibly 8 grab Plaintiff and throw her into her the holding cell. Though Defendant Armendariz’s decision 9 “involved an element of individual judgment or choice,” satisfying the first prong of the 10 Berkovitz–Gaubert test, it was not “based on considerations of social, economic, or political 11 policy,” and therefore fails the test’s second prong. The Nevada Supreme Court’s example in 12 Martinez is illustrative here; Defendant Armendariz’s decision is equivalent to “a [state] 13 physician’s diagnostic and treatment decisions,” which do not include “policy considerations.” [14] 168 P.3d at 729 . 15 Yet even if Defendant Armendariz’s decision did satisfy the Berkovitz–Gaubert test and 16 therefore was protected by the statute, the Court has already found that there is a genuine dispute 17 of material fact as to whether Defendant battered Plaintiff or applied excessive force in violation 18 of her Fourteenth Amendment rights. Assessing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a 19 reasonable juror could therefore find that Defendant Armendariz both acted in bad faith and 20 violated Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment rights. Necessarily then, even if the statute were 21 applicable, there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether its limitations apply. 22 Consequently, Defendants cannot claim immunity under the discretionary-function immunity 23 statute, and summary judgment is denied on this claim. [24] 25 D. Count II: Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 26 In order to prevail on a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must 27 show (1) extreme and outrageous conduct with either the intention of, or reckless disregard for, 28 causing emotional distress, (2) the plaintiff's having suffered severe or extreme emotional distress, 1 and (3) actual or proximate causation. Posadas v. City of Reno, 851 P.2d 438, 444 (Nev. 1993). 2 “Extreme and outrageous conduct,” as an element of intentional infliction of emotional distress, 3 “is that which is outside all bounds of decency and is regarded as utterly intolerable in a civilized 4 community; persons must necessarily be expected and required to be hardened to occasional acts 5 that are definitely inconsiderate and unkind.” Maduike v. Agency Rent–A–Car, 953 P.2d 24 , 26 6 (1998). 7 Plaintiff asserts that Defendants’ conduct caused her fear, Ex. A-1 at 19:8, and that she 8 does not go out at night anymore as a result of the incident and is upset when she sees police cars 9 coming down the street, id. at 68:24 . Defendants argue there is no evidence that the Defendants’ 10 conduct was “extreme and outrageous” and that Plaintiff’s evidence fails to demonstrate she has 11 suffered from severe or extreme emotional distress as a result of Defendants’ purported conduct. 12 The Court need not determine whether Defendants’ conduct rose to the level of “extreme 13 and outrageous,” as the Court concludes that, even in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, no 14 rational trier of fact could find that Plaintiff’s evidence of emotional distress constitutes “severe or 15 extreme” emotional distress as a result of Defendants’ conduct. Therefore, summary judgment is 16 granted in favor of Defendants. [17] 18 E. Count III: Civil Conspiracy 19 Plaintiff’s remaining claim is civil conspiracy. “Actionable civil conspiracy arises where 20 two or more persons undertake some concerted action with the intent ‘to accomplish an unlawful 21 objective for the purpose of harming another,’ and damage results. Thus, a plaintiff must provide 22 evidence of an explicit or tacit agreement between the alleged conspirators. Summary judgment 23 is appropriate if there is no evidence of an agreement or intent to harm the plaintiff.” Guilfoyle v. 24 Olde Monmouth Stock Transfer Co., 335 P.3d 190 , 198–99 (Nev. 2014) (internal citations 25 omitted). 26 The Court has already dismissed this claim as to Nye County, Sheriff Wehrly, and 27 Lieutenant Boruchowitz, because Plaintiff failed to proffer evidence of an “explicit or tacit 28 / / / 1 | agreement” and plainly stated in her deposition testimony that she cannot. Ex. A-1 at 99:24, 100:8. 2 | Summary judgment is therefore granted. [3] 4 VI. CONCLUSION 5 For the reasons stated above, 6 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 16) in favor of Defendants Armendariz and Horak is DENIED as to Plaintiffs Fourteenth 8 | Amendment claim under Count I. 9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 16) in favor of Defendant Armendariz is DENIED as to Plaintiff's battery claim under Count V. 11 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 12 16) in favor of Defendants Armendariz and Horak is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs intentional 13 | infliction of emotional distress claim under Count II and civil conspiracy claim under Count III. 14 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a joint pretrial order shall be filed in this case by October 15, 2019. [16] 17 DATED: September 27, 2019. 18 c $ 19 RICHARD F. BOULWARE, II 0 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE [28] -13-