Brothers v. Neven

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * * 7 TERRANCE D. BROTHERS, Case No. 2:17-CV-641 JCM (BNW) 8 Plaintiff(s), ORDER 9 v. 10 DWIGHT NEVEN, et al., 11 Defendant(s). [12] 13 Presently before the court is pro se plaintiff Terrence Brothers’s motion for summary 14 judgment. (ECF No. 69). Former High Desert State Prison (“HDSP”) warden Dwight 15 Neven and physician Dr. Romeo Aranas (collectively “defendants”) responded in opposition 16 (ECF No. 75). 17 Also before the court is Brothers’s motion in support of his motion for summary 18 judgment. (ECF No. 76). Defendants responded in opposition. (ECF No. 83). 19 Also before the court is defendants’ motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 77). 20 Brothers responded in opposition (ECF No. 85) to which defendants replied (ECF No. 88). 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 Brothers is an inmate at HDSP. He noticed a boil growing in his genital area in 23 January 2016. (Am. Compl., ECF No. 5 at 5). The boil burst later that month, causing 24 Brothers excruciating pain. (Id.). He could hardly walk because of the friction between his 25 legs and clothing. (Id.). His almost yearlong complaints about the ruptured boil discharging 26 fluid “fell on deaf ears”; HDSP staff would reply that “surgery was pending” and prescribed 27 several antibiotics in the meantime. (Id. at 8). His informal, first level, and second level 28 grievances were denied or went unanswered. (Id. at 10). Brothers was not taken into a 1 fistulotamy surgery until November 2, 2016. (Id.). The surgery was “botched” and Brothers 2 endured serious pain until a corrective surgery on September 11, 2017. (Id.). After 3 screening Brothers’s amended complaint, the court allowed a deliberate indifference to 4 serious medical needs claim against Warden Neven and Dr. Aranas and to proceed. (ECF 5 No. 6 at 8). The parties now both move for summary judgment. (ECF Nos. 75, 77). 6 II. LEGAL STANDARD 7 Summary judgment is proper when the record shows that “there is no genuine dispute 8 as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 1 Fed. R. 9 Civ. P. 56(a). The purpose of summary judgment is “to isolate and dispose of factually 10 unsupported claims or defenses,” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 , 323–24 (1986), and 11 to avoid unnecessary trials on undisputed facts. Nw. Motorcycle Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of 12 Agric., 18 F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994). 13 When the moving party bears the burden of proof on a claim or defense, it must 14 produce evidence “which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went 15 uncontroverted at trial.” C.A.R. Transp. Brokerage Co. v. Darden Rests., Inc., 213 F.3d 474 , 16 480 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted). In contrast, when the nonmoving party bears 17 the burden of proof, the moving party must “either produce evidence negating an essential 18 element of the nonmoving party’s claim or defense or show that the nonmoving party does 19 not have enough evidence of an essential element to carry its ultimate burden of [proof] at 20 trial.” Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099 , 1102 (9th Cir. 2000). 21 If the moving party satisfies its initial burden, the burden then shifts to the opposing 22 party to establish a genuine issue of material fact. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith 23 Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). An issue is “genuine” if there is an adequate 24 evidentiary basis on which a reasonable factfinder could find for the nonmoving party and a [25] 26 1 The court can consider information in an inadmissible form at summary judgment if the information itself would be admissible at trial. Fraser v. Goodale, 342 F.3d 1032 , 1036 27 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Block v. City of Los Angeles, 253 F.3d 410 , 418–19 (9th Cir. 2001) (“To survive summary judgment, a party does not necessarily have to produce evidence in a 28 form that would be admissible at trial, as long as the party satisfies the requirements of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 56.”)). 1 fact is “material” if it could affect the outcome under the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty 2 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242 , 248–49 (1986). 3 The opposing party does not have to conclusively establish an issue of material fact in 4 its favor. T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626 , 630 (9th Cir. 5 1987). But it must go beyond the pleadings and designate “specific facts” in the evidentiary 6 record that show “there is a genuine issue for trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324 . In other 7 words, the opposing party must show that a judge or jury must resolve the parties’ differing 8 versions of the truth. T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 630. 9 The court must view all facts and draw all inferences in the light most favorable to the 10 nonmoving party. Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed., 497 U.S. 871, 888 (1990); Kaiser Cement 11 Corp. v. Fishbach & Moore, Inc., 793 F.2d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 1986). The court’s role is 12 not to weigh the evidence but to determine whether a genuine dispute exists for trial. 13 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249 . 14 III. DISCUSSION 15 The court will first address Brothers’s two motions and then turn to defendants’ 16 motion for summary judgment. 17 A. Brothers’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 69) and Motion in 18 Support of Summary Judgment (ECF No. 76) 19 The court is mindful that Brothers is incarcerated and proceeding pro se. See 20 Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (holding that pro se filings should be “liberally 21 construed”). Still, pro se litigants must “comply with relevant rules of procedural and 22 substantive law.” Faretta v. Cal., 422 U.S. 806, 834 (1975). 23 Brothers’s motion for summary judgment is best construed as a motion for default. 24 (ECF No. 69). He does not point to the record to meet his summary judgment burden and the 25 court cannot grant summary judgment by default. See Reinemann v. Satterberg, 731 F.3d 26 914 , 916–17 (9th Cir. 2013); LR 7-2(d) (exempting motions for summary judgment); see 27 also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 Advisory Committee Notes (2010) (“Summary judgment cannot be 28 granted by default even if there is a complete failure to respond to the motion.”). Instead, he 1 asserts that defendants have never answered any of his complaints as required by Rule 2 12(a)(1)(A)(i). (ECF No. 69 at 2). He says that “defendants appear to have conceded to [his] 3 allegations” and he “must be granted a direct verdict.” (Id.). Defendants respond that their 4 failure to file an answer was from excusable neglect. (ECF No. 75 at 6). “The failure to file 5 an answer was the result of a stay issuing in this matter (ECF No. 57) combined with the 6 entry of the scheduling order.” (Id.). 7 In any event, Brothers’s motion is not addressed to the clerk and is not supported by 8 an affidavit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a) (mandating that a party’s failure to plead or otherwise 9 defend must be “shown by affidavit or otherwise”). The clerk’s entry of default is a 10 prerequisite for default judgment and Brothers would then not be entitled to default judgment 11 as a matter of right. The decision to grant default judgment is in the court’s discretion which 12 is guided by the Eitel factors. See Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470 , 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986). 13 In short, a motion for summary judgment is the wrong procedural mechanism for seeking a 14 default judgment. Brothers must follow the two steps in Rule 55. And it is not even clear at 15 this juncture that the Eitel factors weigh towards default judgment. For these reasons, 16 Brothers’s motion (ECF No. 69) is DENIED without prejudice. 17 Brothers also filed a motion he styles as “motion in support of summary judgment.” 18 (ECF No. 76). He asserts that his motion for summary judgment went unopposed and he is 19 thus entitled to summary judgment. (Id. at 2). Again, the court cannot grant summary 20 judgment based on non-opposition. And defendants did in fact file a timely opposition— 21 served via the electronic filing system—which Brothers now concedes. (ECF No. 84). For 22 this reason, Brothers’s motion in support of summary judgment (ECF No. 76) is DENIED. 23 B. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 77) 24 1. Deliberate Indifference Standard 25 The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and “embodies broad 26 and idealistic concepts of dignity, civilized standards, humanity, and decency.” Estelle v. 27 Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102 (1976) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The 28 government “has an obligation to provide medical care for those whom it punishes by 1 incarceration.” Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 392 (9th Cir. 1988). A prison 2 official violates the Eighth Amendment when he is deliberately indifferent to an inmate’s 3 serious medical needs. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 828 (1994). An inmate must 4 establish both an objective and subjective element. 5 A medical need is serious if “failure to treat a prisoner’s condition could result in 6 further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Jett v. Penner, [7] 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Serious 8 medical needs include “the existence of an injury that a reasonable doctor or patient would 9 find important and worthy of comment or treatment; the presence of a medical condition that 10 significantly affects an individual’s daily activities; or the existence of chronic and 11 substantial pain.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). 12 A prison official is deliberately indifferent when he knows that the inmate faces “a 13 substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable 14 measures to abate it.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 847 ; see also Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d 15 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 2014). In other words, the prison official’s delay, indifference, or 16 interference with medical care must be purposeful. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096 . Negligence or a 17 “difference of medical opinion” is not enough. Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 18 1989). Even medical malpractice does not necessarily violate the Eighth Amendment. Snow 19 v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 988 (9th Cir. 2012), overruled in part on other grounds, Peralta 20 v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). 21 Rather, the medical treatment must have been “medically unacceptable under the 22 circumstances” and chosen in “conscious disregard of an excessive risk to [the prisoner’s] 23 health.” Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996). When an inmate claims that 24 a delay in treatment was deliberately indifferent, he must show that the delay led to further 25 injury. See Shapley v. Nevada Bd. of State Prison Comm’rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 26 1985) (finding that failure to respond to repeated demands for surgery was not deliberate 27 indifference). 28 . . . 1 2. Undisputed Facts 2 Defendants move for summary judgment on three grounds. (ECF No. 77). First, 3 summary judgment should be granted for Neven because he did not know about or 4 personally participate in Brothers’s medical care. (Id. at 6–7 (citing Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 5 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1986)). Wardens seldom review medical grievances and Brothers’s 6 grievances were addressed by medical staff, the director of nursing, and Dr. Aranas. (Id.). 7 Second, Brothers suffered no constitutional harm. (Id. at 7–8). He received prompt and 8 reasonable medical care and his contrary contention is merely a difference in medical 9 opinion. (Id.). Third, Neven and Dr. Aranas are entitled to qualified immunity because 10 “there is no authority mandating [that] a medical official must disregard antibiotics and 11 recommend surgery as the initial treatment.” (Id. at 10). When Dr. Aranas evaluated 12 Brothers, “he recommended Brothers see an outside specialist. It is unclear what more Dr. 13 Aranas could have done.” (Id.). 14 The court finds these facts are undisputed: On February 28, 2016, Brother submitted a 15 medical kite notifying prison officials that a boil in his genital area had burst. (ECF No. 79-1 16 at 2). HDSP medical staff responded the very next day and scheduled Brothers for an 17 appointment. (Id.). On March 9, Brothers submitted a second medical kite noting that the 18 boil was still discharging fluid and requesting treatment. (Id. at 3). HDSP medical staff 19 responded the same day and noted Brothers had been placed on sick call. (Id.). Brothers 20 submitted a third medical kite on April 20, noting that none of his three prescribed antibiotics 21 had stopped the discharge and that he was “tired of dealing with this.” (Id. at 4). HDSP 22 medical staff again responded promptly, scheduling Brothers for another medical 23 appointment. (Id.). 24 HDSP medical staff prescribed Brothers six antibiotics from February to November 25 2016. (Cabrera Decl., ECF No. 77-2 at 3). Brothers received Keflex on March 21, 2016 26 (ECF No. 79-1 at 5) which is used to treat the bacterial infection that causes a boil. (ECF 27 No. 77-2 at 3). When Keflex did not work, staff prescribed Rifampin and Bactrim DS, an 28 oral broad spectrum antibiotic. (ECF No. 79-1 at 5). Staff prescribed Clindamycin and 1 Hibiclen soap when those did not work. (Id.). Brothers was then prescribed Doxycycline, a 2 “more powerful antibiotic used to treat skin infections, such as boils.” (ECF No. 77 at 3; see 3 also ECF No. 79-1 at 5). Brothers was also given bandages and gauze to alleviate the pain 4 and discharge. (ECF No. 79-1 at 8–10). 5 When it became clear that antibiotics alone would not resolve Brothers’s serious 6 medical need, HDSP medical staff referred him to outside specialist Dr. Peter Caravella. (Id. 7 at 16). Dr. Caravella evaluated Brothers’s condition on July 18, 2016 and recommended a 8 fistulotomy. (Id.). The very next day, the Utilization Review Panel (URP)—a committee 9 which evaluates and approves requests for outside specialists—approved the surgery. (Id.). 10 According to the official response to Brothers’s second level grievance, the original date of 11 his surgery was “cancelled by the surgeon’s office for emergency reasons” and was 12 “rescheduled for the soonest date possible.” (ECF No. 77-4 at 2). Dr. Caravella eventually 13 performed the surgery on November 2, 2016. (ECF No. 79-1 at 17). His surgeon’s report 14 noted that the surgery debrided out a fibrous type tissue, irrigated the wound with saline, and 15 then packed the wound to ensure recovery. (Id.). 16 The surgery was unsuccessful. Brothers submitted a medical kite on December 9, 17 2016 stating that the boil was still discharging fluid “in the same manner it did for 9 months 18 before the surgery.” (Id. at 18). On December 23, an HDSP physician evaluated the surgical 19 incision and did not recommend any follow-up treatment. (Id.). Yet HDSP medical staff 20 reevaluated Brothers on February 17, 2017 and recommended another outside consultation. 21 (Id. at 20). On June 16, an outside specialist determined that the boil had reoccurred and 22 recommended another fistulotomy. (Id. at 22). The URP again promptly approved the 23 recommendation. (Id. at 21). The second fistulotomy was performed on September 11, 24 2017. (Id. at 22). Brothers noted that he was “healing well” after this corrective surgery and 25 requested that his medical hold be released on October 7. (Id. at 23). 26 The record undisputedly shows that prison officials promptly responded to Brothers’s 27 medical kites and prescribed several antibiotics. When it was clear that the antibiotics were 28 inadequate, Brothers was referred to an outside specialist that recommended surgery which 1 the URP promptly approved. It cannot be said that this course of treatment was “medically 2 unacceptable under the circumstances” and chosen in “conscious disregard of an excessive 3 risk” to Brothers’s health. Jackson, 90 F.3d at 332 . As correctional nurse Cabrera claims, 4 “the purpose of prescribing antibiotics is to resolve the infection without resorting to surgical 5 intervention as surgical intervention may result in complications.” (Cabrera Decl., ECF No. 6 77-2 at 3). And Brothers did, in fact, endure complications from his first fistulotomy. 7 Brothers argues that he repeatedly informed HDSP medical staff that his prescribed 8 antibiotics were not working and “defendant Aranas and defendant Neven should have and 9 could have directed staff to get [his] surgeries done a lot sooner than the 590 days it took to 10 finally fix [his] injury.” (ECF No. 85 at 3). He says prescribing antibiotics was like “putting 11 bandaids over a gunshot wound.” (Id. at 2). Perhaps Brothers could have seen an outside 12 specialist sooner. But again, a difference of opinion regarding medical treatment does not 13 evince deliberate indifference. Sanchez, 891 F.2d at 242 . 14 In sum, the court is sympathetic to Brothers’s serious medical plight. But his plight 15 does not rise to the level of a constitutional harm. The record is devoid of a prison official 16 with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834 . When prison officials 17 learned of Brothers’s serious pain, they did not disregard it. They reasonably prescribed 18 antibiotic after antibiotic and then approved a surgery which unfortunately had to be 19 rescheduled and corrected. There is no evidence that the delay in surgery was because of 20 “personal animosity” toward Brothers. Jackson, 90 F.3d at 332 . Cf. Snow, 681 F.3d at 986 21 (reversing summary judgment because “the URP ignored the recommendations of specialists 22 and treating physicians for reasons unrelated to [inmate’s] medical need”); Michaud v. 23 Bannister, No. 2:08-cv-01371-MMD, 2012 WL 6720602 , at *7 (D. Nev. Dec. 26, 2012) 24 (discussing a URP’s denial of surgery). 25 Because Brothers does not create a genuine dispute over the subjective element of his 26 deliberate indifference claim, summary judgment is GRANTED for defendants. And 27 because there was no constitutional violation, the court will not reach defendants’ argument [28] 1 | that Neven did not personally participate in any constitutional violation or their affirmative 2| defense of qualified immunity. 3) IV. CONCLUSION A Accordingly, 5 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that Brothers’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 69) be, and the same hereby is, DENIED. 7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Brothers’s motion in support of summary judgment 8 | (ECF No. 76) be, and the same hereby is, DENIED. 9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that defendants’ motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 77) be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED. 11 The clerk shall enter judgment and close this case. 12 DATED May 14, 2021. 13 At ©. Atahan 14 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE [28] es C. Mahan District Judge _9-