Terrier, LLC v. HCAFranchise Corporation

[1] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT [2] DISTRICT OF NEVADA [4] 5 TERRIER, LLC; SUSAN BRUKETTA; AND ) HAROLD PASCOE; ) 6 ) Case No.: 2:22-cv-01325-GMN-EJY Plaintiffs, ) [7] vs. ) 8 ) HCAFRANCHISE CORPORATION, ) ORDER 9 ) Defendant. ) [10] ) [11] 12 Pending before the Court are the Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining Order 13 (ECF No. 2), and Preliminary Injunction, (ECF No. 8), filed by Plaintiffs Terrier, LLC; Susan 14 Bruketta; and Harold Pascoe (collectively, “Plaintiffs”). Defendant HCAFranchise Corporation 15 (“Defendant”) filed a Response, (ECF No. 16), to which Plaintiffs filed a Reply, (ECF No. 19) 16 Also pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal, (ECF No. 3). Defendant did 17 not file a Response. 18 For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs’ Emergency Motion for Temporary 19 Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction are DENIED and Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal is 20 DENIED without prejudice. 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 This action arises from Defendant’s alleged breach of a franchise agreement, in which 23 Defendant agreed for Plaintiffs to operate their home care assistance business in New Mexico 24 as a franchise of Defendants’ nationwide franchise system for 65 years. (See Compl. ¶¶ 21–22, 25 ECF No. 6). Plaintiffs allege the following information. 1 A. THE FRANCHISE AGREEMENT 2 On December 27, 2006, Plaintiffs entered into a Franchise Agreement (“Agreement”) 3 with Defendant. (Id. ¶ 10). Under this Agreement, Defendant granted a non-exclusive right to 4 operate a home care assistance franchise for fifteen years located within four counties in New 5 Mexico. (See Agreement, Ex. A to Compl., ECF No. 6-1). The Agreement was structured for 6 an initial term of 15 years (set to expire on December 27, 2021) and gave Plaintiffs the 7 conditional right to renew their franchise for five successive periods of ten years. (Id.). 8 Renewal was contingent on Plaintiffs executing: 9 Franchisor’s then-current standard form of Franchise Agreement, which may, at Franchisor’s sole and absolute discretion, include substantially different terms than 10 those contained in this Agreement, including but not limited to a higher royalty fee, a higher advertising contribution, a smaller Protected Territory, and the term of [11] which shall be the renewal term and contain further renewal rights, if applicable, 12 as specified in Section 3.2. herein. 13 (Id.). 14 The Agreement also contained a post-term covenant not to compete. (Id.). This 15 provision prohibits Plaintiffs from competing with Defendant for two years and within twenty 16 miles of the franchise business (or within twenty miles of another location of Defendant’s 17 business). (Id.). The Agreement entered into by parties acknowledged that the post-term 18 covenant not to compete was “fair and reasonable in both duration and area, and will not 19 impose any undue hardship on the Franchisee, since Franchisee has other considerable skills, 20 experience, and education which afford Franchisee the opportunity to derive income from other 21 endeavors.” (Id.). 22 B. THE RENEWAL DISPUTE 23 Pursuant to the Agreement, Plaintiffs began operating their home care business as 24 individuals and continued for approximately thirteen years. (Compl. ¶ 13). In 2019, Plaintiffs 25 formed Terrier to operate their business and transferred their contractual obligations under the [1] Agreement to Terrier in May 2019. (Id. ¶¶ 13–15). Under the Transfer Agreement, Plaintiffs [2] agreed to remain bound by the Agreement’s post-term covenant not to compete. (See Transfer [3] Agreement, Ex. B to Compl., ECF No. 6-2). Since the 2019 Transfer Agreement, Plaintiffs [4] have invested over $500,000 in their business. (Compl. ¶ 18). [5] On May 21, 2021, Plaintiffs exercised their conditional right to renew the Agreement. [6] (Id. ¶ 25). Defendant, however, did not have a then-current standard form of the renewal [7] agreement available, so on November 13, 2021, Defendant provided Plaintiffs with a demand [8] agreement (the “Demand Agreement”). (Id. ¶¶ 27–32). The Demand Agreement contains a [9] compulsory sale provision, or purchase right, which grants Defendant the discretionary [10] authority to purchase Plaintiffs’ business at any time. (Id. ¶ 33); (Demand Agreement, Ex. C to [11] Compl., ECF No. 6-3). Plaintiffs refused to sign the Demand Agreement. (Compl. ¶ 41). [12] Defendant thereby informed Plaintiffs that under Section 4 of the Agreement, Plaintiffs [13] had to execute and return the Demand Agreement within thirty days, or their franchise would [14] expire. (Id. ¶ 40). The parties, in an attempt to resolve this dispute, entered into nine separate [15] extensions of the existing terms of the Agreement. (Id. ¶ 41). The latest extension will expire [16] on September 15, 2022. (Id.). Plaintiffs contend that if they let the Agreement expire, [17] Defendant will invoke the post-term covenant not to compete. (Id. ¶ 42). Alternatively, if they [18] sign the Demand Agreement, Defendant will invoke the purchase right provision. (Id. ¶ 43(b)). [19] On August 16, 2022, Plaintiffs filed the instant suit, alleging the following causes of [20] action: (1) request for injunctive and equitable relief; (2) declaratory judgment concerning the [21] post-term covenant not to compete; (3) declaratory judgment concerning the post-term [22] covenant not to compete as applied; (4) a mandatory injunction concerning Section 4 of the [23] Agreement; (5) breach of contract; and (6) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair [24] dealing. (Id. ¶¶ 52–100). Plaintiffs also filed an Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining [1] Order, (ECF. No. 2), Motion for Seal, (ECF No. 3), and Motion for Preliminary Injunction, [2] (ECF No. 8).1 The Court discusses the motions below. [3] II. LEGAL STANDARD [4] The same legal standard applies to both temporary restraining orders and preliminary [5] injunctions sought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65. See Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales [6] Co. v. John D. Brush & Co., 240 F.3d 832 , 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting that the analysis [7] applied to temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions is “substantially identical”). [8] A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear [9] showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., [10] 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). A court may grant such relief only upon a petitioner’s showing of (1) [11] likelihood of success on the merits, (2) likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of [12] preliminary relief, (3) the balance of equities weighs in petitioner’s favor, and (4) an injunction [13] is in the public interest. Id. at 20 . A temporary restraining order is distinguished by its [14] “underlying purpose of preserving the status quo and preventing irreparable harm just so long [15] as is necessary to hold a hearing, and no longer.” Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Brotherhood of [16] Teamsters & Auto Truck Drivers Local No. 70, 415 U.S. 423, 439 (1974); see also Fed. R. Civ. 17 P. 65 (b) (limiting temporary restraining orders to 14 days unless extended for good cause, and [18] providing for expedited hearings on preliminary injunctions). [19] III. DISCUSSION [20] A. MOTION TO SEAL, (ECF No. 3) [21] Plaintiffs seek to seal their Complaint, Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and [22] Preliminary Injunction, and accompanying exhibits because they contain confidential [23] proprietary information relating to the “terms [] and negotiations” of past and current [25] 1 As a preliminary matter, Plaintiffs’ Motions for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction are identical. (See generally Mot. TRO, ECF No. 2); (Mot. Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 8). [1] Agreements in violation of a confidentiality agreement they signed with Defendant. (Mot. Seal [2] 2:16–17, ECF No. 3). Under the compelling reasons standard, a party seeking to seal [3] document(s) must demonstrate that the compelling reason(s) provided “outweigh[s] the [4] competing interests of the public in having access to the judicial records and understanding the [5] judicial process.” Kamakana v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172 , 1178–89 (9th Cir. [6] 2006). The Ninth Circuit has indicated that “‘compelling reasons’ sufficient to outweigh the [7] public’s interest in disclosure and justify sealing court records exist when such ‘court files [8] might have become a vehicle for improper purposes,’ such as the use of records to gratify [9] private spite, promote public scandal, circulate libelous statements, or release trade secrets.’” [10] Id. at 1179 (citing Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 598 (1978)). On the other [11] hand, “[t]he mere fact that the production of records may lead to a litigant’s embarrassment, [12] incrimination, or exposure to further litigation will not, without more, compel the court to seal [13] its records.” Id. at 1179 (citing Foltz v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 331 F.3d 1122 , 1136 [14] (9th Cir. 2003)). 15 Here, Plaintiffs have not explained compelling reasons for the Court to seal the 16 Franchise Agreement, Transfer Agreement, and Demand Agreement. (Franchise Agreement, 17 Ex. A to Compl., ECF No. 6-1); (Demand Agreement, Ex. B to Compl., ECF No. 6-2); 18 (Transfer Agreement, Ex. C to Compl., ECF No. 6-3). Plaintiffs broadly explain that their 19 “Complaint and Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining Order identify confidential 20 terms of negotiations relating to past and current Franchise Agreements.” (Mot. Seal 2:16–17). 21 However, “conclusory offerings do not rise to the level of ‘compelling reasons’ sufficiently 22 specific to bar the public access to the documents.” Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1182. Plaintiffs do 23 not provide specific citations to where allegedly confidential terms are referenced in the briefs. 24 Plaintiffs additionally have failed to address whether the underlying information contained in 25 their documents could be redacted, and if so, which portions. Linksmart Wireless Technology, 1 LLC v. Caesars Entertainment Corporation, No. 2:18-cv-00862, 2020 WL 8834752 , at 2 (D. 2 Nev. Aug. 25, 2020) (denying plaintiff’s motion to seal the entirety of its reply and exhibits 3 when they did not demonstrate whether the information it seeks to keep confidential could be 4 redacted); Old Republic Insurance Company v. City Plan Development, Inc., No. 2:16-cv5 00903, 2017 WL 5076516 , at 2 (D. Nev. Nov. 2, 2017) (same). “[T]o the extent any 6 confidential information can be easily redacted while leaving meaningful information available 7 to the public, the Court must order that redacted versions be filed rather than sealing entire 8 documents.” Linksmart Wireless Technology, LLC, 2020 WL 8834752 , at 2. Accordingly, the 9 Court denies without prejudice Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal. If Plaintiffs want to re-file their 10 Motion to Seal, they have until September 30, 2022, to file a renewed Motion to Seal. If 11 Plaintiffs elect not to re-file their Motion to Seal, the Court will order the Clerk to unseal the 12 documents.2 13 B. MOTION FOR TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER, (ECF No. 2); MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION, (ECF No. 8) [14] The Court, having considered the Complaint, Plaintiffs’ Motions for Temporary [15] Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction, and accompanying exhibits, finds that Plaintiffs [16] have not met the Winter factors and thus, the issuance of a temporary restraining and [17] preliminary injunction are not appropriate. [18] 1. Likelihood of Success on the Merits [19] As a preliminary matter, Plaintiffs fail to specifically state which claims it seeks [20] injunctive relief. Plaintiffs broadly assert “two separate, though related, categories of claims [21] that require declaratory and injunctive relief.” (Mot. TRO 7:11–13, ECF No. 2); (Mot. Prelim. [22] Inj. 7:11–13). At its core, Plaintiffs seemingly seek injunctive and equitable relief from the [23] purchase right in the Demand Agreement; declaratory judgment concerning the post-term [25] 2 The documents include Plaintiffs Complaint (ECF No. 6), Motion for Temporary Restraining Order (ECF No. 2), and Motion for Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 8). 1 covenant not to compete; and declaratory judgment concerning the covenant not to compete as 2 applied. (Mot. TRO 7:9–8:3); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 7:9–8:3). However, injunctive and declaratory 3 relief are remedies rather than independent causes of action. See Anderson v. Deutsche Bank 4 Nat’l Trust Co., No. 2:10-CV-1443, 2010 WL 4386958 , at 5 (D. Nev. Oct. 29, 2010) 5 (“Injunctive relief, declaratory relief, and recission are remedies and not causes of action.”). 6 Thus, Plaintiffs impermissibly seek injunctive relief on their claims for declaratory relief which 7 contend that the non-compete is invalid facially and as applied. See Thomas v. Wachovia 8 Mortg., FSB, No. 2:10-cv-01819, 2011 WL 3159169 , at 7 (D. Nev. July 25, 2011) (“Injunctive 9 and declaratory relief are remedies, as opposed to independent causes of action.”). Plaintiffs, as 10 petitioners for injunctive relief, carry the burden in demonstrating a likelihood of success on the 11 merits. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 20 (“[A] plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must 12 establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits.” (emphasis added)). By not clearly 13 articulating which claims they seek injunctive relief, Plaintiffs fail to meet that burden. 14 Nevertheless, even if the Court were to liberally construe Plaintiffs’ claims concerning 15 the invalidity of the non-compete agreement, Defendant’s alleged breach of contract, and 16 Defendant’s alleged violation of the implied covenant of good faith and faith dealing,3 the 17 Court still finds that Plaintiffs fail to show a likelihood of success on the merits. The Court 18 discusses each in turn. 19 a. Defendant’s Covenant Not to Compete 20 Plaintiffs first argue that the post-term covenant not to compete is unenforceable both on 21 its face and as applied. (Mot. TRO 7:13–22); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 7:13–22). In response, [22] 23 3 Plaintiffs, in their argument concerning Defendant’s alleged breach of contract, cursorily assert in three sentences that the terms added in the Demand Agreement also constitute a violation of the implied covenant of 24 good faith and fair dealing. (Mot. TRO 20:5–8); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 20:5–8). It is Plaintiffs burden to show a likelihood of success on the merits. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 20 . Plaintiffs’ general assertion that Defendant 25 breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is insufficient to show a likelihood of success on the merits. Nevertheless, the Court will liberally construe the claim and examine the issue below. 1 Defendant argues that the covenant not to compete, while reasonable, does not present a 2 justiciable controversy. (Resp. to TRO & Prelim. Inj. (“Resp.”) 2:12–3:9, ECF No. 16). 3 Plaintiffs claim that Section 12 of the Agreement, which is a purported covenant not to 4 compete clause, is invalid and unenforceable. (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 9:6–9); (Mot. TRO 9:6–9). 5 Under Section 12 of the Agreement, Plaintiffs are prohibited from soliciting customers or 6 engaging in a competing business with the Defendant for two years and within twenty miles of 7 the franchise business (or within twenty miles of another location of Defendant’s business). 8 (See generally Agreement.). Section 12.3 of the Agreement states in relevant part that 9 “Franchisee agrees that covenants not to compete set forth in this Agreement are fair and 10 reasonable in both duration and area.” (Id.). 11 i. Choice of Law 12 Before determining the reasonableness of the non-compete clause, the Court discusses 13 which state law to apply. Though the parties agree that the Agreement is governed by Nevada 14 law, “[t]he situs fixed by the agreement [. . .] must have a substantial relation with the 15 transaction, and the agreement must not be contrary to the public policy of the forum, or other 16 interested state.” Progressive Gulf Ins. Co v. Faehnrich, 327 P.3d 1061 , 1064 (Nev. 2014). 17 (internal citations omitted). Here, Plaintiffs business is in New Mexico. (See Agreement, Ex. A 18 to Compl.). Because enforcement of the covenant not to compete will affect Plaintiffs business 19 in New Mexico—the alleged interested state, the covenant not to compete must not contradict 20 the public policy of New Mexico, even if the covenant not to compete is enforceable under 21 Nevada law. 22 ii. Validity of Covenant Not to Compete 23 Section 12 is likely reasonable under both New Mexico and Nevada law. Under New 24 Mexico law, “[i]t is well-settled that a restrictive covenant is valid if its within reasonable limits 25 of time and space . . . .” Bowen v. Carlsbad Ins. & Real Estate, Inc., 724 P.2d 223, 225 (N.M. 1 1986). Whether there is a “reasonable restraint depends on the facts of a particular case[.]” Id. 2 “The core inquiry is whether the limitations imposed on an employee’s future employment are 3 no greater in duration, distance, and scope than is necessary to protect the legitimate business 4 interests of the employer.” Southwest Preferred Financial, Inc. v. Bowermeister, No. A-1-CA5 37684, 2022 WL 1684582 , at 3 (N.M. Ct. App. May 26, 2022) (unpublished). Here, the 6 limitation appears necessary to protect Defendants’ legitimate business interests and does not 7 appear burdensome as to duration, distance, and scope. Section 12.2(b) indicates that the 8 purpose of the post term covenant is to prevent Plaintiffs from operating a rival business near 9 Defendant’s franchise locations for two years. New Mexico courts have upheld non-compete 10 covenants that last longer than the two years imposed by the Agreement. See Resource 11 Associates Grant Writing and Evaluation Services, LLC v. Maberry, No. CIV-08-552, 2009 12 WL 1232133 , at 10 (D. N.M. Apr. 23, 2009) (observing that New Mexico courts have upheld as 13 reasonable covenants not to compete lasting three years); Lovelace Clinic v. Murphy, 417 P.2d 14 450, 453 (N.M. 1966) (upholding a contact provision which barred a physician from practicing 15 medicine in a county for three years after the termination of his employment). 16 The distance and scope of the non-compete clause also appears reasonable. In Bowen v. 17 Carlsbad Ins. & Real Estate, Inc., 724 P.2d 223 (N.M. 1986), the New Mexico Supreme Court 18 found a non-compete agreement relating to the purchase of an insurance business was valid 19 where it required the seller to attest that they would not compete for a period of fifteen years 20 and within a radius of fifteen miles from the business. Id. at 517. The Bowen court noted that 21 the restriction was reasonable considering the seller’s unique knowledge about the customers 22 and the community. Id. Likewise, Plaintiffs uniquely operate home care services in New 23 Mexico. If Plaintiffs were permitted to open a business offering products or services like those 24 offered by Defendant, they would target the same cliental as Defendant, regardless of whether [25] 1 they used their specialized knowledge of Defendant’s system in the operation of their business.4 2 The restriction imposed by the Agreement is limited to preventing Plaintiffs from siphoning 3 customers from Defendant’s franchised territory. Curiously, Plaintiffs do not explain why they 4 are unable to operate as an independent non-branded entity outside the twenty-mile radius 5 imposed by the Agreement. Contrary to Plaintiffs contention, the plain language of the 6 Agreement does not categorically prohibit Plaintiffs from operating a similar business using 7 publicly available information and training methods. Therefore, Section 12 does not impose an 8 undue hardship on Plaintiffs. 9 Similarly, the non-compete clause is likely reasonable under Nevada law. Under Nevada 10 law, a covenant not to compete is enforceable if the terms are found to be reasonable. See 11 Shores v. Global Experience Specialists, Inc., 422 P.3d 1238, 1212 (Nev. 2018). Reasonable 12 restrictions are those that are “reasonably necessary to protect the business and goodwill of the 13 employer.” Jones v. Deeter, 913 P.2d 1272, 1275 (Nev. 1996). Conversely, “[a] restraint of 14 trade is unreasonable, in the absence of statutory authorization or dominant social or economic 15 justification, if it is greater than is required for the protection of the person for whose benefit 16 the restraint is imposed or imposes undue hardship upon the person restricted.” Hansen v. 17 Edwards, 426 P.2d 792, 793 (Nev. 1967). The Supreme Court of Nevada has explained that 18 post-employment covenants are examined under a higher degree of scrutiny because “of the 19 seriousness of restricting an individual’s ability to earn an income.” Shores, 422 P.3d at 1241 . 20 Relevant factors in determining the reasonableness of the covenant include: (1) the duration of 21 the restriction; (2) the geographical scope of the restriction; (3) and the hardship faced by the 22 restricted party. Id. The “geographical scope of a restriction must be limited to areas where the [24] 4 It bears noting, however, that Plaintiffs have been franchisees of Defendant’s system for years and actively 25 participated in and benefited from its trainings. (Boehmer Decl. ¶ 51, Ex. 1 to Resp.., ECF No. 16-1). Like the sellers in Bowen, Plaintiffs have obtained a specialized knowledge of Defendant’s customers, operation, and other proprietary information. (Id.). 1 employer has ‘established contacts and good will.’” Id. (quoting Camco, Inc. v. Baker, 936 P.2d 2 829, 832 (Nev. 1997). However, “[t]here is no inflexible formula for deciding the ubiquitous 3 question of reasonableness.” Id. (quoting Ellis v. McDaniel, 596 P.2d 222, 224 (Nev. 1979). 4 For the same reasons as discussed above, Defendant’s covenant not to compete is 5 reasonable both in duration and geography. The Supreme Court of Nevada has upheld 6 covenants not to compete limited to two years. See Ellis, 596 P.2d at 224 (upholding a non7 compete provision that prohibited competition within two years after termination and within 8 five miles from the employer’s business). Moreover, a twenty-mile radius is far lower than 9 those found to be unreasonable by the Supreme Court of Nevada. See Golden Rd. Motor Inn, 10 Inc., 376 P.3d at 155 (invaliding a 150-mile radius); Camco, Inc., 936 P.2d at 832 (invalidating 11 a fifty-mile radius). Because the covenant not to compete is likely reasonable under both New 12 Mexico and Nevada law, the Court finds that Plaintiffs are unable to demonstrate a likelihood 13 of success that the covenant not to compete is invalid as a matter of law. 14 b. Breach of Contract 15 Plaintiffs argue that Defendant breached the Agreement by including substantially and 16 materially different terms in the renewal contract. (Mot. TRO 7:23–8:3); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 17 7:23–8:3). In response, Defendant asserts that the express terms of the Agreement allow the 18 Franchisor, “at [its] sole and absolute discretion, include substantially different terms than those 19 contained in [the original Agreement].” (Resp. 11:5–15).5 Under Nevada law, an actionable [20] 21 5 Plaintiffs additionally assert that Defendant breached the Agreement by not providing its then-current standard form of Agreement when Plaintiffs exercised their right of renewal. (Mot. TRO 2:8–20); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 2:8– 22 20). The facts show that Defendant was unable to provide Plaintiffs with their most recent Agreement when Plaintiffs renewed due to a third-party audit being conducted to update their form. (See Boehmer Decl. ¶¶ 37–39, 23 Resp.). Soon after the audit was completed, Defendant provided Plaintiffs with its most recent version of the Agreement in September 2021 which has contained a purchase right provision since 2011. (Id.). Moreover, the 24 Court does not agree with Plaintiffs’ characterization of the Agreement as providing a franchise for a 65-year term. (Mot. TRO ¶¶ 6, 10); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 12:7–12). To do so would defeat the purpose of the renewal 25 provisions found in section 4.1 of the Agreement. See Nevada State Education Association v. Clark County Education Association, 482 P.3d. 665 , 673 (Nev. 2021) (noting that an interpretation of a contract “is not reasonable if it makes any contract provisions meaningless, or if it leads to an absurd result”). 1 breach of contract requires “(1) the existence of a valid contract, (2) a breach by the defendant, 2 and (3) damage as a result of the breach.” Saini v. Int’l game Tech., 434 F. Supp. 2d 913 , 919– 3 20 (D. Nev. 2006) (citing Richardson v. Jones, 1 Nev. 405, 408 (1865)). 4 Section 4.2(b) of the Agreement provides that franchisees are required to execute a 5 renewal agreement: [6] which may, at Franchisor’s sole and absolute discretion, include substantially 7 different terms than those contained in [the original Agreement], including but not limited to a higher royalty fee, a higher advertising contribution, a smaller [8] Protected Territory, and the term of which shall be the renewal term and contain 9 further renewal rights, if applicable as specified in Section 3.2. herein. [10] (Agreement at 9). [11] Under the express terms of the Agreement, the parties agreed to Defendant potentially [12] including substantially different terms during the renewal process. “[W]hen a contract is clear [13] on its face, it ‘will be construed from the written language and enforced as written.” Canfora v. [14] Coast Hotels and Casinos, Inc., 121 P.3d 559 , 603 (Nev. 2005) (citation omitted). Here, the [15] express terms of the Agreement allowed Defendant “at [its] sole and absolute discretion, [16] include substantially different terms than those contained in [the original Agreement].” [17] (Agreement at 9). Because the Agreement is unambiguous, the Court “will construe and [18] enforce it according to that language.” The Power Co. v. Henry, 321 P.3d 858 , 863 (Nev. 2014). [19] The Central District Court of California similarly upheld a provision in which the parties [20] agreed to allow a franchisor to include any additional and material terms to the agreement. In [21] West L.A. Pizza, Inc. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., No. 2:08-cv-07484, 2008 WL 11424181 (C.D. [22] Cal. Feb. 26, 2008), the parties entered into a franchise agreement that included the following [23] renewal provision: [24] You [the franchisee] understand that the renewal franchise agreement may provide [25] for higher royalty fees and greater expenditures for advertising and promotion than 1 are provided for in this Agreement and may contain other terms materially different from the terms of this Agreement. [2] Id. (emphasis added). [3] There, the franchisees alleged several causes of action, including breach of contract for [4] the imposition of unconscionable changes and other material changes to the renewal agreement. [5] Id. Specifically, the franchisees alleged that because the franchise agreement stated that the [6] “renewal franchise agreement may provide for higher royalty fees and greater expenditures for [7] advertising and promotion[,]” the franchisor was prohibited from levying additional fees and [8] charges upon renewal except as to the kinds listed. Id. at 8. The United States District Court for [9] the Central District of California disagreed, finding that the terms of the franchise agreement [10] “unambiguously contemplate[d] the possibility of other material changes to the [11] franchisor/franchisee relationship, such as the imposition of the updated, uniform computer [12] system ta issue here.”6 Id. Though the Central District of California’s decision is not binding, [13] the Court finds the decision, which deals with a similar provision in an almost identical [14] situation, persuasive.7 For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiffs cannot [15] demonstrate that Defendants likely breached their Agreement.8 [18] 6 Plaintiffs argue that West L.A. Pizza is distinguishable from the instant action because the franchise agreement 19 included the term material rather than substantial. (Reply Supp. TRO & Prelim. Inj. 4:15–26). However, for the reasons set forth above, the Court finds this argument unavailing. Rather, the Agreement expressly permits 20 renewal on substantially different terms consistent with the then-current franchise agreement. (Agreement, Ex. A to Compl.) [21] 7 Plaintiffs additionally cite to Pomerance v. Berkshire Life Ins. v. Co. of America, 654 S.E.2d 638 (Ga. Ct. App. 22 2007), in which a state appellate court in Georgie interpreted the term “substantial.” A non-Nevada state court decision is not binding on this Court, nor does the Court find this case relevant and persuasive given the express 23 terms of the Agreement. 24 8 Plaintiffs additionally contend in two sentences that Defendant’s added terms, including the purchase right provision are unconscionable and void. (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 20:12–16). Plaintiffs, however, do not provide any 25 substantive discussion of why the provision is unconscionable. 1 c. Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 2 Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is not 3 premised on Defendant’s breach of contract, but rather is asserted in the alternative to breach of 4 the express provisions of the parties’ agreement and constitutes an independent cause of action. 5 In Nevada, “an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing exists in all contracts. A.C. 6 Shaw Const., Inc. v. Washoe Cnty., 784 P.2d 9, 10 (Nev. 1989) (emphasis in original). 7 “Whether a party acted in good faith is a question of fact.” Martin v. Clark County, No. 2:198 cv-01623, 2021 WL 6064423 , at 4 (Dec. 22, 2021) (quoting A.C. Shaw, 784 P.2d at 11 ). A 9 breach of the implied covenant is “limited to assuring compliance with the express terms of the 10 contract, and cannot be extended to create obligations not contemplated by the contract.” See 11 Shaw v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 201 F. Supp. 3d 1222, 1252 (D. Nev. 2016) (interpreting Nevada 12 law on contractual breach of implied covenants). 13 Plaintiffs briefly argue that Defendant’s claim “that section 4.2(b) allows it to impose 14 any terms upon Plaintiffs,” including “but not limited to the provisions that would require 15 Plaintiffs to sell their business to [Defendant] upon demand, under an imposed formula and 16 procedure, is not dealing fairly or in good faith.” (Mot. TRO 20:17–20); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 17 20:17–20). “Where the terms of a contract are literally complied with but one party to the 18 contract deliberatively contravenes the intention and spirit of the contract, that party can incur 19 liability for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.” Hilton Hotels Corp. 20 v. Butch Lewis, Prods., 808 P.2d 919 , 922–23 (Nev. 1991). Here, Defendant’s decision to 21 condition renewal on the acceptance of new terms does not constitute bad faith. See 2 W. 22 Garner, Franchise and Distribution Law and Practice, § 15:10, at 21 (1980) (“[T]he fact that a 23 franchisor presents an agreement to its franchisees on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis does not show 24 a lack of good faith.”). In dismissing the franchisee’s implied covenant cause of action, the 25 U.S. District Court for the Central District of California in West L.A. Pizza found that because 1 the franchise agreement expressly permitted renewal on materially different terms consistent 2 with the then-current renewal agreement, there was no violation of the implied covenant of 3 good faith and fair dealing for exercising that provision. See West L.A. Pizza, Inc., 2008 WL 4 11424181, at 9 (finding that franchisor did not violate the implied covenant where franchise 5 agreement “expressly permit[ted] [franchisee’s] renewal on materially different terms”). 6 Accordingly, Plaintiffs have not shown a likelihood of success on the merits regarding 7 their claims for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.9 8 2. Irreparable Harm 9 Plaintiffs argue that if a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction are not 10 issued, they will be forced to either accept Defendant’s Demand Agreement and its purchase 11 right provision or allow the current Agreement to expire and risk Defendant invoking the non12 compete clause. (Mot. TRO 12:27–13:8); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 12:27–13:8). Defendant, in 13 response, argues that irreparable harm does not exist where the alleged harm results from 14 enforcement of a contract’s express terms. (Resp. 18:19–28). Additionally, Defendant asserts 15 that Plaintiffs are unable to show irreparable harm because their injuries are self-inflicted. (Id.) 16 Irreparable harm cannot be “economic injury alone . . . because such injury can be 17 remedied by a damage award.” Rent-A-Center, Inc. v. Canyon Tele. & Appliance Rental, Inc., [18] 944 F.2d 597 , 602 (9th Cir. 1991). However, the Ninth Circuit has recognized certain 19 “intangible injuries” which can constitute irreparable harm. Id. (indicating “advertising efforts 20 and goodwill” as such injuries in a case regarding a non-compete clause of a contract). The 21 Ninth Circuit has explained that “the loss of one’s [business] does not carry merely monetary [23] 9 Additionally, Plaintiffs cursory mention of promissory estoppel is insufficient to demonstrate a likelihood of 24 success on the merits. (Mot. TRO 20:28–21:9); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 20:8–21:9). Plaintiffs’ argument assumes that Defendant had an affirmative duty to inform them that they added the purchase right provision, or any provision 25 for that matter, to the Agreement. (Mot. TRO 20:28–21:9); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 20:28–21:9). To the contrary, when Plaintiffs entered the Agreement, they tacitly received constructive notice that new terms could be added which could impact the investments they made into their business. (See Agreement, Ex. A to Compl.). 1 consequences; it carries emotional damages and stress, which cannot be compensated by mere 2 back payment of [losses].” Am. Trucking Associations, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 3 1046, 1059 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted). 4 The Ninth Circuit has held that “self-inflicted wounds are not irreparable injury.” Al 5 Otro Lado v. Wolf, 952 F.3d 999, 1008 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Second City Music, Inc. v. City 6 of Chicago, 333 F.3d 846, 850 (7th Cir. 2003)). An injury is self-inflicted if a party voluntarily 7 chooses to violate the express terms of a contract they entered. Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc., [8] 493 F. Supp. 3d 817 , 845 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (finding that Epic Games’ harm was “of its own 9 making” when it chose to voluntarily breach the express terms of its contract with Apple). 10 “[C]ourts generally decline to find irreparable harm that ‘results from the express terms of [the] 11 contract.’” Epic Games, Inc., 493 F. Supp. 3d at 845 (quoting Salt Lake Tribune Publ’g Co., 12 LLC v. AT&T Corp., 320 F.3d 1081, 1106 (10th Cir. 2003). 13 Though Plaintiffs’ alleged harm is likely intangible, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have 14 not shown irreparable harm since any alleged harm was caused by the express terms of the 15 Agreement. The original Agreement entered by Plaintiffs provided that their right to renew 16 was contingent on executing a renewal agreement “which may, at Franchisor’s sole and 17 absolute discretion, include substantially different terms than those contained in this 18 Agreement[.]” (Agreement at 9). The Agreement also contained the post-term covenant not to 19 compete. (Id.) The Agreement’s express language originally created the possibility that 20 Defendant would add a term to its renewal agreement that Plaintiffs would disfavor. Any term 21 that Plaintiffs disfavored would require them to sign the renewal document with the 22 unfavorable term or allow the agreement to lapse. Plaintiffs are thus unable to claim irreparable 23 harm from Defendant’s exercise of the Agreement’s express contractual provisions. See 24 Dotster, Inc. v. Internet Corp., 296 F. Supp. 2d, 1159 , 1163–64 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (finding no [25] 1 irreparable injury from the exercise of a contract provision). Accordingly, the lack of 2 irreparable injury weighs against Plaintiffs’ requested relief. 3 3. Balance of the Equities 4 The equities must balance out in favor of the plaintiff in order to grant injunctive relief. 5 See Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc. v. Bleem, LLC, 214 F.3d 1022, 1025 (9th Cir. 6 2000). Plaintiffs assert that the balance of equities weigh in their favor because without a 7 ruling from this Court, they will be forced to sign the Demand Document or allow their current 8 Agreement to expire and risk Defendant invoking the post-term covenant not to compete. (Mot. 9 TRO 12:27–13:8); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 12:27–13:8). In response, Defendant asserts that the 10 balance of hardship weighs in its favor because it will be forced “to continue performing under 11 an agreement that expired under its terms in December 2021.” (Resp. 18:12–15). Because 12 Plaintiffs do not have an unfettered right to renew the contract, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs’ 13 harm is conditional. (Id.) 14 Here, the equities tip in favor of Defendant. The parties knowingly entered the 15 Agreement in which Plaintiffs expressly agreed to Defendant including “substantially different 16 term[s]” in the renewal agreement. (Agreement at 9.). Though Plaintiffs are now faced with a 17 difficult situation in choosing to renew an onerous agreement or dealing with the consequences 18 of the non-compete clause, Plaintiffs implicitly agreed to such agreement by signing the 19 Agreement. The Court accordingly does not find the equities weigh in favor of Plaintiffs. 20 4. Public Interest 21 Lastly, Plaintiffs argue that the public interest weighs in their favor because failing to 22 renew the Agreement will result in the loss of home care assistance for the elderly and disabled 23 clients they serve in four counties in New Mexico. (Mot. TRO 22:26–23:7); (Mot. Prelim. Inj. 24 22:26–23:7). In response, Defendant contends the public interest will be served by the 25 enforcement of their valid contract. (Resp. 19:23–20:5). 1 “When the reach of an injunction is narrow, limited only to the parties, and has no 2 impact on non-parties, the public interest will be at most a neutral factor in the analysis rather 3 than one that favor[s] in [granting or] denying the preliminary injunction.” Stormans, Inc. v. 4 Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109 , 1138–39 (9th Cir. 2009). However, “[w]hen an injunction will impact 5 non-parties and has the potential to impact the public, the public interest is relevant.” Travelers 6 Cas. And Sur. Co. of America v. Williams Bro., Inc., No 2:12-cv-0058, 2013 WL 5537191 , at 7 12 (D. Nev. Oct. 4, 2013). Past decisions by this Court have recognized that there is a public 8 interest in the enforcement of contracts and judgment. See First 100, LLC v. Omni Financial, 9 LLC, No. 2:16-cv-00099, 2016 WL 3511252 , at 3 (D. Nev. June 27, 2016) (“There is a public 10 interest in the enforcement of contracts and judgments and in predictability in commercial 11 transactions.”); Travelers Cas. And Sur. Co. of America v. Williams Bro., Inc., No 2:12-cv12 0058, 2013 WL 5537191 , at 12 (D. Nev. Oct. 4, 2013) (“There is a public interest in the 13 enforcement of contracts and judgments.”). 14 In weighing two competing interests—the loss of potential home care services and the 15 importance of enforcing contracts, the Court finds that public interest weighs slightly in favor 16 of Defendant. Plaintiffs properly note that failing to renew the Agreement will likely result in 17 the loss of service to those “in need of in-home care and assistance, generally the elderly and 18 infirm.” (Mot. TRO 22:28–23:1). However, as explained above, Plaintiffs knowingly entered 19 into the Agreement, which included an express provision that the franchisor, Defendant, could 20 include additional terms to the agreement. Plaintiffs’ decision not to renew, therefore, rests 21 solely on them. Therefore, the Court finds that the public interest is best served through 22 judicial restraint and denial of Plaintiffs’ claims for injunctive relief. See Goldberg v. Barreca, 23 No. 2:17-CV-2106, 2017 WL 3671292 , at 8 (D. Nev. Aug. 24, 2017), aff’d, 720 F. App’x. 877 24 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding that the public interest is furthered by denying injunctive relief in a 25 dispute involving unsettled questions of contract interpretation to which the plaintiffs have not 1 demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits because the court otherwise “risks breaching 2 the public interest by wrongfully interfering with” private contracts). 3 Considering the above factors, the Court finds that the Winter factors weigh against the 4 issuance of a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs have not 5 demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits, irreparable harm, a favorable balance of 6 equities in its favor, and public interest. [7] IV. CONCLUSION [8] IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order, [9] (ECF No. 2), and Motion for Preliminary Injunction, (ECF No. 8), are DENIED. [10] IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal (ECF No. 3), is DENIED [11] without prejudice. [12] DATED this _1_5__ day of September, 2022. [14] ___________________________________ [15] Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge [16] United States District Court