Quest Diagnostics Incorporated v. Elarja

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA [3] QUEST DIAGNOSTICS INCORPORATED, ) 4 ) Plaintiff, ) Case No.: 2:22-cv-00647-GMN-EJY 5 vs. ) ) ORDER [6] ABDELRAHMAN ELARJA, ) 7 ) Defendant. ) 8 ) 9 Pending before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 16), filed by Defendant 10 Abdelrahman Elarja (“Defendant”). Plaintiff Quest Diagnostics Incorporated (“Plaintiff”) filed 11 a Response, (ECF No. 20), to which Defendant filed a Reply, (ECF No. 22). For the reasons 12 discussed below, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 13 I. BACKGROUND 14 This action arises from Defendant’s alleged misappropriation of trade secrets and breach 15 of contract while employed at Quest Diagnostics, Inc. (See Verified Compl., ECF No. 1). The 16 Court previously granted Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction, which preliminarily 17 enforced the terms of the Application Agreement and Confidentiality Agreement and 18 compelled Defendant to provide, return, and preserve certain information and documents, allow 19 a third-party IT vendor access to his accounts and devices, and refrain from disclosing any of 20 Plaintiff’s confidential information. (Order 11:14–12:9, ECF No. 23). The Court incorporates 21 the background information from this previous Order, (ECF No. 23). 22 II. LEGAL STANDARD 23 Dismissal is appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6) where a pleader fails to state a claim upon 24 which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 , 25 555 (2007). A pleading must give fair notice of a legally cognizable claim and the grounds on 1 which it rests, and although a court must take all factual allegations as true, legal conclusions 2 couched as factual allegations are insufficient. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 . Accordingly, Rule 3 12(b)(6) requires “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements 4 of a cause of action will not do.” Id. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain 5 sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 6 face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 ). “A 7 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 8 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. This 9 standard “asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. 10 “Generally, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling 11 on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542 , 12 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). “However, material which is properly submitted as part of the 13 complaint may be considered.” Id. Similarly, “documents whose contents are alleged in a 14 complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically attached to 15 the pleading, may be considered in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” Branch v. 16 Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir. 1994) (overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. Cty. of 17 Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002)). On a motion to dismiss, a court may also take 18 judicial notice of “matters of public record.” Mack v. S. Bay Beer Distribs., 798 F.2d 1279 , 19 1282 (9th Cir. 1986). Otherwise, if a court considers materials outside of the pleadings, the 20 motion to dismiss is converted into a motion for summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). 21 If the court grants a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, leave to amend should 22 be granted unless it is clear that the deficiencies of the complaint cannot be cured by 23 amendment. DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992). Pursuant 24 to Rule 15(a), the court should “freely” give leave to amend “when justice so requires,” and in 25 the absence of a reason such as “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the 1 movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue 2 prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of the 3 amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 4 III. DISCUSSION 5 Defendant moves to dismiss all claims in Plaintiff’s Verified Complaint. The Court 6 discusses each claim in turn. 7 A. Injunctive and Equitable Relief 8 Defendant argues that the Court should dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for injunctive and 9 equitable relief because “injunctive relief is an equitable remedy, not an independent cause of 10 action.” (Mot. Dismiss 4:1–5, ECF No. 16) (citing Alandia v. US Bank, No. 2:09-cv-687-JCM11 PAL, 2009 WL 4611442 , at *3 (D. Nev. Dec. 1, 2009)). Indeed, “declaratory relief and 12 permanent injunction are remedies that may be afforded to a party after [he or she] has 13 sufficiently established and proven [his or her] claims.” Freeto v. Litton Loan Serv. LP, No. 14 3:09–cv–00754–LRH, 2011 WL 112183 , at *3 (D. Nev. Jan. 12, 2011). 15 Plaintiff asserts that Defendant misconstrues Alandia. (Resp. 24:6–26, ECF No. 20). 16 Plaintiff argues that Alandia dismissed the plaintiff’s claim for injunctive relief “because each 17 and every one of the plaintiff’s other claims had failed.” (Id. 24:6–7) (citing Alandia, 2009 WL 18 4611442, at *3). That is, if at least one of Plaintiff’s other claims survive, Plaintiff contends 19 that its claim for injunctive relief should survive as well. (Id. 24:19–26). But recent decisions 20 from this Court have dismissed claims for equitable relief even though other claims survived. 21 See, e.g., SFR Invs. Pool 1, LLC v. NewRez LLC, No. 2:22-cv-195-JCM-BNW, 2022 WL 22 17061225, at *5 (D. Nev. Nov. 17, 2022) (dismissing equitable lien counterclaim while 23 denying motion to dismiss as to other counterclaim); SFR Invs. Pool 1, LLC v. Newrez LLC, 24 No. 2:22-cv-00626-GMN-EJY, 2023 WL 112416 , at *2 (D. Nev. Jan. 4, 2023) (same). The 25 Court therefore GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for injunctive and 1 equitable relief but reserves the ability to impose injunctive and equitable relief as appropriate. 2 See NewRez LLC, 2022 WL 17061225 , at *5. 3 B. Breach of Contract 4 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant entered into and breached two agreements: the 5 Application Agreement and the Confidentiality Agreement. (Verified Compl. ¶¶ 48–54). 6 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim must be dismissed because Defendant 7 never signed any contract. (Mot. Dismiss 4:6–16). 8 A breach of contract claim under Nevada law requires “(1) the existence of a valid 9 contract, (2) a breach by the defendant, and (3) damage as a result of the breach.” Med. 10 Providers Fin. Corp. II v. New Life Centers, L.L.C., 818 F.Supp.2d 1271, 1274 (D. Nev. 2011). 11 Generally, a contract is valid and enforceable if there has been “an offer and acceptance, 12 meeting of the minds, and consideration.” May v. Anderson, 119 P.3d 1254, 1257 (Nev. 2005). 13 “[A]n agreement ‘that, by the terms, is not to be performed within 1 year from the 14 making thereof’ must be in writing and signed or it is void.” AC Media Grp., LLC v. Sprocket 15 Media, Inc., No. 2:16-cv-02145-APG-GWF, 2017 WL 1458198 , at *3 (D. Nev. Apr. 24, 2017) 16 (quoting NRS § 111.220(1)). In Nevada, “[i]f a law requires a signature, an electronic 17 signature satisfies the law.” NRS § 719.240(4); see, e.g., Gonzales v. Sitel Operating Corp., 18 No. 2:19-cv-00876-GMN-VCF, 2020 WL 96900 , at *2–3 (D. Nev. Jan. 7, 2020). “Nevada law 19 requires only ‘an electronic sound, symbol or process attached to or logically associated with a 20 record’ that is ‘executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.’” Aliya 21 Medcare Fin., LLC v. Nickell, No. CV-1407806-MMM-SHX, 2015 WL 11089594 , at *11 22 (C.D. Cal. May 28, 2015) (quoting NRS § 719.100) (finding that typed name was electronic 23 symbol constituting electronic signature under Nevada law). 24 Upon review of the Application Agreement and Confidentiality Agreement, which were 25 properly submitted as part of the Verified Complaint, the Court finds that Plaintiff has 1 sufficiently plead its breach of contract claim. Defendant’s only challenge to the breach of 2 contract claim is that the agreements apparently lack his signature. (Mot. Dismiss 4:7–16). But 3 the Application Agreement contains Defendant’s typed name at the bottom of each page, and 4 the last page demonstrates that he clicked “agree” to the terms of the agreement. (Applicant 5 Agreement, Ex. A to Verified Compl., ECF No. 1-1). Similarly, the Confidentiality Agreement 6 contains a time-stamped electronic signature. (Confidentiality Agreement at 3, Ex. B to 7 Verified Compl., ECF No. 1-2).1 Defendant’s contention that he did not sign the agreements is 8 not sufficient to overcome Plaintiff’s well-pleaded complaint.2 Accordingly, the Court 9 DENIES Defendant’s Motion as to the breach of contract claim. 10 C. Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 11 Under Nevada law, “[e]very contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and 12 fair dealing in its performance and its enforcement.” A.C. Shaw Constr. v. Washoe Cty., 784 13 P.2d 9, 9 (Nev. 1989) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205). To establish a claim 14 for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, a plaintiff must prove: (1) the 15 existence of a contract between the parties; (2) that the defendant breached its duty of good 16 faith and fair dealing by acting in a manner unfaithful to the purpose of the contract; and (3) the 17 plaintiff’s justified expectations under the contract were denied. See Perry v. Jordan, 900 P.2d 18 335, 338 (Nev. 1995) (citing Hilton Hotels Corp. v. Butch Lewis Prods., Inc., 808 P.2d 919 , 19 922–23 (Nev. 1991)). [21] 1 Plaintiff submitted a declaration from Plaintiff’s Manager of Talent Acquisition Operations with its Response. 22 (Harvey Decl., Ex. 1 to Resp., ECF No. 20-1). The declaration explains Plaintiff’s standard procedures for signing electronic documents. (Id. ¶¶ 2–9). Defendant argues that Plaintiff improperly submitted the declaration 23 at the motion to dismiss stage because the declaration “goes outside of the four corners of the Verified Complaint and the annexed agreements.” (Reply 3:14–16). The Court finds the declaration unnecessary to decide the issue 24 at this stage because Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is plausible on its face without the added support from the declaration. 25 2 Although Defendant does not challenge any other element of Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, Plaintiff nonetheless articulated how it sufficiently alleged its breach of contract claim in its Response. (Resp. 19:5– 20:10). 1 Defendant asserts only one argument for dismissal of this claim: “Under the law, when a 2 party fails to state a claim for breach of contract, a claim for breach of the implied covenant of 3 good faith and fair dealing must also fail.” (Mot. Dismiss 4:18–20) (citing Marcus v. Nationstar 4 Mortg. LLC, No. 19-56288, 2022 WL 1486831 , at *1 (9th Cir. May 11, 2022)). But Plaintiff 5 adequately alleged a claim for breach of contract. (See supra III.B). Accordingly, the Court 6 DENIES Defendant’s Motion as to Plaintiff’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good 7 faith and fair dealing. 8 D. Breach of the Duty of Loyalty 9 “Under Nevada law, a claim for breach of fiduciary duty has three elements: 10 (1) existence of a fiduciary duty; (2) breach of the duty; and (3) the breach proximately caused 11 the damages.” Wilson v. Nevada Affordable Hous. Assistance Corp., No. 2:15-cv-01387-APG12 CWH, 2017 WL 1276055 , at *3 (D. Nev. Mar. 30, 2017). “[A]n employee owes a duty of 13 loyalty to act solely in the interests of [his or her] employer within the business area for which 14 [he or she] is employed.” Id. (citing Restatement (Second) of Agency § 387 (“Unless otherwise 15 agreed, an agent is subject to a duty to [his or her] principal to act solely for the benefit of the 16 principal in all matters connected with [his or her] agency.”)). “Examples of breaches of the 17 duty of loyalty include acting contrary to the employer’s interests, disclosing its confidential 18 information to outside sources to the employer’s detriment, competing against the employer, or 19 usurping an opportunity that belongs to the employer.” Trang v. Bank of George, No. 2:17-cv20 00162-APG-EJY, 2022 WL 594832 , at *4 (D. Nev. Feb. 28, 2022) (citing Restatement 21 (Second) of Agency, §§ 388–89, 393, 395–96). However, “an employee does not breach [his 22 or her] duty of loyalty by making preparations to compete.” White Cap Indus., Inc. v. Ruppert, [23] 67 P.3d 318, 319 (Nev. 2003). 24 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claim for breach of the duty of loyalty fails because 25 “Defendant had every right to have a side job” and Defendant “could have started preparations 1 to compete.” (Mot. Dismiss 5:5–9). But the Complaint does not allege breach of the duty of 2 loyalty because Defendant had a second job; the Complaint asserts that Defendant was 3 “surreptitiously working for a competitor.” (Verified Compl. ¶ 1). Moreover, Defendant’s 4 argument that working for Plaintiff’s competitor was merely “preparations to compete” is 5 disingenuous when Defendant maintains that he was working a side job to support his family. 6 Defendant was not making “preparations” to do anything; Defendant admits he was actively 7 working another job while employed by Plaintiff, (see Mot. Dismiss 5:6), and the Complaint 8 alleges that this other job was actively competing with Plaintiff, (see Verified Compl. ¶ 1). 9 Defendant additionally argues that Plaintiff’s duty of loyalty claim is not plausible 10 because Plaintiff “does not provide any evidence that any confidential information that 11 Defendant had lawful access to (and was authorized to email to himself) was shared with any 12 third party.” (Mot. Dismiss 5:12–16). This argument belies the Court’s role in deciding a 13 motion to dismiss. The Court is not presently concerned with whether Plaintiff has evidence of 14 its claim; the relevant inquiry at this stage is whether Plaintiff’s Complaint contains “sufficient 15 factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 16 U.S. at 678 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, the Complaint alleges that 17 Defendant emailed Plaintiff’s Confidential Information from Defendant’s work server email to 18 his personal email with misleading subject lines that were unrelated to the content of the 19 emails. (Verified Compl. ¶¶ 19–34). The Court finds that the Complaint states a claim for 20 breach of the duty of loyalty that is plausible on its face. Accordingly, the Court DENIES 21 Defendant’s Motion as to Plaintiff’s breach of the duty of loyalty claim. 22 E. Misappropriation of Trade Secrets under Federal and State Law 23 Plaintiff alleges claims for misappropriation of trade secrets under both federal and state 24 law. In order to state a claim for misappropriation under the Nevada Uniform Trade Secrets 25 Act (“NUTSA”), a plaintiff must allege: (1) a valuable trade secret; (2) misappropriation of the 1 trade secret through use, disclosure, or nondisclosure of use of the trade secret; and (3) that the 2 misappropriation was made in breach of an express or implied contract or by a party with a 3 duty not to disclose. Frantz v. Johnson, 999 P.2d 351, 358 (Nev. 2000). A claim for 4 misappropriation under the Defend Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”) has substantially similar 5 elements. See 18 U.S.C. § 1836 ; InteliClear, LLC v. ETC Glob. Holdings, Inc., 978 F.3d 653 , 6 657–58 (9th Cir. 2020) (“To succeed on a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets under the 7 DTSA, a plaintiff must prove: (1) that the plaintiff possessed a trade secret, (2) that the 8 defendant misappropriated the trade secret; and (3) that the misappropriation caused or 9 threatened damage to the plaintiff.”). 10 A trade secret is “information, including, without limitation, a formula, pattern, 11 compilation, program, device, method, technique, product, system, process, design, prototype, 12 procedure, computer programming instruction or code” that “[d]erives independent economic 13 value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily 14 ascertainable by proper means by the public or any other persons who can obtain commercial or 15 economic value from its disclosure or use” and is “the subject of efforts that are reasonable 16 under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.” NRS 600A.030(5); see also 18 U.S.C. § 1839 17 (providing similar definition). The Nevada Supreme Court has classified corporate 18 information, specifically pricing schemes, as a trade secrets where the information was “kept 19 confidential.” Finkel v. Cashman Pro., Inc., 270 P.3d 1259, 1264 (Nev. 2012). 20 The DTSA and NUTSA define “misappropriation” as the “acquisition of a trade secret 21 of another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by 22 improper means” or “disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied 23 consent” in specified circumstances. 18 U.S.C. § 1839 (5)(A)–(B); see also NRS 600A.030 24 (providing similar definition). “Improper means” include “theft, bribery, misrepresentation, 25 /// 1 breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage through electronic 2 or other means.” 18 U.S.C. § 1839 (6)(A). 3 Defendant does not contest that the information in question constitutes trade secrets for 4 purposes of NUTSA and DTSA. (See generally Mot. Dismiss 5:18–7:2). Instead, Defendant 5 argues that he did not acquire any information through “improper means” because Plaintiff 6 provided him with access to the subject information during his employment. (Mot. Dismiss 7 6:3–6). Defendant relies on LVRC Holdings, LLC v. Brekka, which granted summary judgment 8 for defendants when the plaintiff failed to show that defendants accessed documents without 9 authorization. No. 2:05-cv-01026-KJD-GWF, 2007 WL 2891565 , at *3 (D. Nev. Sept. 28, 10 2007), aff’d, 581 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2009). Like Defendant here, one of the Brekka defendants 11 sent company documents to his private e-mail address. See id. But in this case, Plaintiff alleges 12 that it authorized Defendant to access certain information pursuant to the Confidentiality 13 Agreement. And Plaintiff further alleges that the manner in which Defendant accessed the 14 information violated this agreement. (Resp. 14:1–5); (see also Verified Compl. ¶ 69). That is, 15 Defendant acquired the documents by “improper means” by allegedly breaching a duty to 16 maintain secrecy. See 18 U.S.C. § 1839 (6)(A). Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant sent 17 the emails using sham subject lines and gave “conflicting and dubious reasons as to why he 18 misappropriated” Plaintiff’s Confidential Information, suggesting that Defendant was aware 19 that he acquired the information by improper means. (Resp. 14:7–15); (see also Verified 20 Compl. ¶¶19, 22–28).3 The Court finds that the Complaint sufficiently alleges that Defendant 21 acquired the information through improper means. 22 Additionally, Defendant reiterates that he did not transmit any confidential information 23 to third parties. (Mot. Dismiss 6:20). The Complaint alleges that Defendant has accessed and [25] 3 The Complaint further alleges that Defendant downloaded a cloud storage program on his work computer. (Verified Compl. ¶ 21). 1 transmitted Plaintiff’s confidential, proprietary, and trade secret information and materials 2 without consent. (Verified Compl. ¶ 73, 84–87). As Defendant notes, the Complaint does not 3 allege any specificities regarding how, when, and to whom Plaintiff transmitted the 4 information. (See Mot. Dismiss 6:16–23); (see generally Verified Compl. ¶¶ 66–88). 5 Nonetheless, in light of Plaintiff’s allegations regarding sham email subject lines created by 6 Defendant during his concurrent employment with Plaintiff and Plaintiff’s competitor, the 7 Court finds plausible Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendant transmitted Plaintiff’s confidential 8 information. Thus, the Complaint sufficiently alleges that Defendant misappropriated the 9 information in breach of the Confidentiality Agreement. 10 Lastly, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to allege how it has been harmed. (Mot. 11 Dismiss 6:26–28). The Complaint alleges that “[i]f obtained by a competitor or if publicly 12 disclosed over the internet, [the documents at issue] could be used to unfairly compete against 13 [Plaintiff] or damage [Plaintiff]’s competitive advantage in the industry.” (Verified Compl. 14 ¶ 31). Because an alleged injury to a plaintiff’s competitive advantage satisfies the damages 15 requirement, see, e.g., MicroVention, Inc. v. Balt USA, LLC, No. 8:20-cv-02400-JLS-KES, [16] 2021 WL 4734611 , at *4 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2021), the Court finds that the Complaint 17 sufficiently alleges damages resulting from Defendant’s alleged misappropriation. Thus, 18 Plaintiff adequately alleges its claims for misappropriation of trade secrets under NUTSA and 19 DTSA, and the Court DENIES Defendant’s Motion as to these claims. 20 V. CONCLUSION 21 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 16), is 22 GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 23 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s claim for injunctive and equitable relief 24 is DISMISSED without prejudice. 25 /// 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that if Plaintiff seeks to amend the claim dismissed 2 without prejudice in this Order, Plaintiff shall have twenty-one days from the date of this Order 3 to do so. 4 DATED this __1_1__ day of January, 2023. [5] 6 ___________________________________ Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge [7] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT