Shi v. Paysign, Inc.

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA [3] ) 4 IN RE PAYSIGN, INC. SECURITIES ) LITIGATION ) Case No.: 2:20-cv-00553-GMN-DJA 5 ) ) ORDER [6] ) 7 ) [8] Pending before the Court is Defendants Paysign, Inc., Mark R. Newcomer, Mark [9] Attinger, and Daniel Spence’s (collectively, “Defendants’”) Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 34). [10] Plaintiffs Johann Francisconi, et al. (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed a Response, (ECF No. 40), [11] to which Defendants filed a Reply, (ECF No. 41).1 [12] For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part [13] Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. [14] I. BACKGROUND [15] Plaintiffs bring this putative securities class action against Paysign and certain of its [16] directors and executive officers, on behalf of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired [17] Paysign’s securities between March 12, 2019, and March 31, 2020 (the “Class Period”). [18] (Consol. Am. Class Action Compl. (“CAC”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 22). Plaintiffs claim that during the [19] Class Period, Defendants made several misleading statements and omissions concerning [21] 22 1 Defendants also request that the Court take judicial notice of six public documents, attached to Christopher R. Miltenberger’s Declaration, (ECF No. 35). (See generally Req. Judicial Notice, ECF No. 36). Courts may take 23 judicial notice of facts if they “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” See Harris v. Cty. of Orange, 682 F.3d 1126 , 1131–32 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. 24 R. Evid. 201). Plaintiffs do not oppose Defendants’ request. (See generally Resp., ECF No. 40). The Court finds the documents publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission referenced in Defendants’ 25 Request derive “from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” As a result, the Court takes judicial notice of the public documents attached to Mr. Miltenberger’s Declaration. (Exs. A–F to Decl. Christopher Miltenberger, ECF Nos. 35-1–35-6); (see Req. Judicial Notice ¶¶ 1–6). 1 employing a suspended accountant and making changes to Paysign’s software systems that 2 caused inaccurate balances to client accounts. (See generally id.) The parties provide a detailed 3 review of the facts alleged in Plaintiffs’ CAC and the background information and procedural 4 history of this case in their briefing for the instant Motion. (See Mot. Dismiss (“MTD”) 4:26– 5 7:9, ECF No. 34); (Resp. 4:7–7:19, ECF No. 40). Relevant to the Court’s analysis, however, 6 Plaintiffs allege Defendants engaged in three acts of misconduct: (1) Defendants employed a 7 suspended accountant, Arthur De Joya, despite an SEC cease-and-desist order prohibiting De 8 Joya from practicing as an accountant; (2) Defendant Spence, Paysign’s Chief Technology 9 Officer, made software changes to Paysign’s internal system that created discrepancies, which 10 caused inaccurate balances to customers’ accounts; and (3) Defendants Newcomer and Spence 11 engaged in insider trading when they sold portions of their total stock holdings in Paysign while 12 stock prices were artificially inflated. (CAC ¶¶ 5–7, 9, 16, 73–74).2 Plaintiffs then allege that 13 Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act by misrepresenting this misconduct in 14 Paysign’s SEC filings. (See id. ¶¶ 55–101). Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that 15 In the Company’s Annual Report filed in the beginning of the Class Period on March 12, 2019, the Defendants misleadingly claimed that their failure to (a) retain 16 highly skilled personnel in finance may harm the Company’s operations, (b) maintain internal controls to prevent additional deficiencies may result in the [17] untimely filing of the Company’s financial statements, and (c) prevent “improper 18 operations” or other events may harm the Company’s business or reputation. However, every one of these events was not contingent because they had already 19 occurred before or during the Class Period. 20 (Id. ¶ 10). 21 During the Class Period, on March 16, 2020, Paysign announced delaying filing their 22 2019 annual report because of deficiencies “in its internal controls over financial reporting and [24] 25 2 Plaintiffs also allege Defendants knew about or recklessly disregarded material weaknesses in Paysign’s internal controls over financial reporting by way of Paysign’s revenue and cashflow figures being inaccurate. (CAC ¶ 8). 1 information technology general controls.” (Id. ¶ 11). As a result, Paysign’s stock declined 17% 2 from the previous day’s closing price. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 76). On the last day of the Class Period, 3 Paysign announced delaying their earnings results. (Id. ¶¶ 13, 77). Paysign’s stock then 4 declined 22% from the previous day’s closing price. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 78). Plaintiffs allege that 5 Defendants Newcomer, Attinger, and Spence knew of these internal control deficiencies and 6 the harm these deficiencies would cause. (Id. ¶¶ 51–74). Defendants Newcomer and Spence 7 purportedly exploited this knowledge and sold stock they held in Paysign while the stock price 8 was artificially inflated. (Id. ¶¶ 73–74). Plaintiffs include the accounts of six confidential 9 witnesses (“CWs”) that held positions in Paysign to support these allegations. (Id. ¶¶ 46–54). 10 As a result of these events, and after similarly-situated Plaintiffs filed analogous allegations 11 against Defendants, Plaintiffs filed the CAC. (See generally CAC); (Omnibus Transfer Order, 12 ECF No. 17); (Order Granting Mot. Consolidate, ECF No. 21). Defendants now move for 13 dismissal. (See generally MTD). 14 II. LEGAL STANDARD 15 a. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss 16 Dismissal is appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6) where a pleader fails to state a claim upon 17 which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 , 18 555 (2007). A pleading must give fair notice of a legally cognizable claim and the grounds on 19 which it rests, and although a court must take all factual allegations as true, legal conclusions 20 couched as factual allegations are insufficient. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 . Accordingly, Rule 21 12(b)(6) requires “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements 22 of a cause of action will not do.” Id. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain 23 sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 24 face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 ). “A 25 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 1 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. This 2 standard “asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. 3 In considering whether the complaint is sufficient to state a claim, the Court will take all 4 material allegations as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See 5 NL Indus., Inc. v. Kaplan, 792 F.2d 896, 898 (9th Cir. 1986). “Generally, a district court may 6 not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Hal 7 Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542 , 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). 8 “However, material which is properly submitted as part of the complaint may be considered.” [9] Id. Similarly, “documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no 10 party questions, but which are not physically attached to the pleading, may be considered in 11 ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir. 12 1994). On a motion to dismiss, a court may also take judicial notice of “matters of public 13 record.” Mack v. S. Bay Beer Distrib., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986). Otherwise, if court 14 considers materials outside of the pleadings, the motion to dismiss is converted into a motion 15 for summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). 16 If the court grants a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, leave to amend should 17 be granted unless it is clear that the deficiencies of the complaint cannot be cured by 18 amendment. DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992). Pursuant 19 to Rule 15(a), the court should “freely” give leave to amend “when justice so requires,” and in 20 the absence of a reason such as “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the 21 movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue 22 prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of the 23 amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 24 /// 25 /// 1 a. Rule 9(b) and the PSLRA Pleading Standard 2 Beyond meeting the demands of Rule 12(b)(6), a plaintiff asserting securities fraud 3 claims must satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b), in 5 order to survive a motion to dismiss. See Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 6 308, 321–24 (2007). 7 Under Rule 9(b), “a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting 8 fraud . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). To comply with the rule, the complaint must state with 9 particularity the circumstances constituting the fraud, including an account of the “time, place, 10 and specific content of the false representations as well as the identities of the parties to the 11 misrepresentation.” Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1066 (9th Cir. 2004). 12 “[A]llegations of fraud must be ‘specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular 13 misconduct which is alleged to constitute the fraud charged so that they can defend against the 14 charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.’” Bly–Magee v. California, 236 15 F.3d 1014 , 1019 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal punctuation omitted). Where several defendants are 16 alleged to be part of the fraud, “Rule 9(b) ‘does not allow a complaint to . . . lump multiple 17 defendants together but require[s] plaintiffs to differentiate their allegations when suing more 18 than one defendant.’” Destfino v. Reiswig, 630 F.3d 952, 958 (9th Cir. 2011). 19 The PSLRA requires that a complaint must “specify each statement alleged to have been 20 false or misleading, the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading, and, if an allegation 21 regarding the statement or omission is made on information and belief, the complaint shall state 22 with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(2). Further, 23 where recovery is dependent on a showing that defendant acted with a particular state of mind, 24 “the complaint shall [. . .] state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the 25 defendant acted with the required state of mind.” Id. 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 Plaintiffs allege two causes of action: (1) violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange 3 Act and Rule 10b-5 Promulgated Thereunder against all Defendants; and (2) violations of 4 Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act against Defendants Newcomer, Attinger, and Spence (the 5 “Individual Defendants”). (CAC ¶¶ 91–108). Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claim 6 should be dismissed because Plaintiffs fail to adequately plead scienter. (MTD 7:11–19:17). 7 Defendants further argue that because Plaintiffs fail to state a claim for a predicate primary 8 violation of Section 10(b) against any Defendant, Plaintiffs’ Section 20(a) claim necessarily 9 fails. (Id. 19:20–20:4). The Court addresses each of Plaintiffs’ claims in turn. 10 a. Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 11 Section 10(b) makes it unlawful “for any person . . . [t]o use or employ, in connection 12 with the purchase or sale of any security . . . any manipulative or deceptive device or 13 contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as 14 necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.” 15 U.S.C. § 15 78j. Rule 10b-5, promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the 16 authority of Section 10(b), in turn makes it unlawful for any person, 17 a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud; b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material 18 fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; or [19] c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would 20 operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security. [22] 17 C.F.R. § 240 .10b-5. To avoid dismissal of a claim for relief under Section 10(b), a plaintiff 23 must allege: (1) Defendants made a material misrepresentation or omission, (2) with scienter or 24 intent to defraud, (3) in connection with the purchase or sale of a security, (4) Plaintiffs relied 25 on that misrepresentation, (5) Plaintiffs suffered economic loss, and (6) that loss was caused by 1 the misrepresentation or omission. See Dura Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336 , 341 2 (2005). 3 The parties’ focus, however, centers around whether Plaintiffs adequately allege 4 scienter. To that end, to plead scienter, a plaintiff must “‘state with particularity facts giving 5 rise to a strong inference’ that defendants acted with the intent to deceive or with deliberate 6 recklessness as to the possibility of misleading investors.” Berson v. Applied Signal Tech., Inc., [7] 527 F.3d 982, 987 (9th Cir. 2008). Courts must “accept all factual allegations in the complaint 8 as true” and “must consider the complaint in its entirety.” Tellabs, Inc., 551 U.S. at 322. “The 9 inquiry . . . is whether all of the facts alleged, taken collectively, give rise to a strong inference 10 of scienter, not whether any individual allegation, scrutinized in isolation, meets that standard.” 11 Id. at 322–23. Scienter is adequately alleged when “a reasonable person would deem the 12 inference of scienter cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference one could 13 draw from the facts alleged.” Id. at 324. 14 Defendants argue the CAC fails to state a Section 10(b) claim because its De Joya, 15 software changes, and insider trading allegations do not support an inference of scienter. (MTD 16 8:4–12:20). They also contend the CAC does not support a cogent and compelling inference of 17 scienter as to each Individual Defendant or under a holistic view. (Id. 8:4–19:17). The Court 18 first turns to whether the CAC’s De Joya allegations support an inference of scienter. 19 i. De Joya 20 “Scienter may be pled based on allegations attributed to confidential witnesses, so long 21 as two conditions are met: ‘First, the confidential witnesses . . . must be described with 22 sufficient particularity to establish their reliability and personal knowledge. Second, those 23 statements which are reported . . . must themselves be indicative of scienter.’” Cutler v. 24 Kirchner, 696 F. App’x 809, 815 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc 25 Corp., 552 F.3d 981, 995 (9th Cir. 2009)). “[G]eneral allegations about management’s role in a 1 corporate structure and the importance of the corporate information about which management 2 made . . . misleading statements” is not enough to satisfy the PSLRA if they are not 3 supplemented by “detailed and specific allegations about management’s exposure to factual 4 information within the company.” Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 1000 . 5 Here, Plaintiffs sufficiently allege the prominent roles the Individual Defendants played 6 in Paysign’s corporate structure. (CAC ¶ 4). They also allege that the Individual Defendants 7 knew of or recklessly disregarded that Paysign employed a suspended accountant who engaged 8 in acts prohibited by an SEC order. According to Plaintiffs, De Joya was Paysign’s Chief 9 Financial Officer from 2007 to 2015 but was suspended by the SEC in 2015 via a cease-and10 desist order. (Id. ¶¶ 6–7). Through disciplinary action, the Nevada State Board of Accountancy 11 prohibited De Joya from applying to practice before the SEC between June 9, 2016, and 12 December 9, 2018. (Id. ¶ 7). Plaintiffs allege the Individual Defendants knew this. CW3, 13 Paysign’s Senior Director of Pharmaceutical Account Management from April 2018 to January 14 2019, corroborates this by stating Paysign’s employees knew that De Joya was “not legally able 15 to” perform certain tasks. (Id. ¶ 49). CW 4, Paysign’s Call Center Manager from April 2016 to 16 January 2020, also adds support; according to CW4, “De Joya told CW4 that he had worked 17 closely with Defendant Newcomer for years. CW4 [also] state[s] that De Joya’s office was 18 right next to Defendant Attinger’s office, and De Joya also worked closely with Defendant 19 Attinger.” (Id. ¶ 50). Despite the SEC’s order, De Joya allegedly aided in preparing Paysign’s 20 financial statements for fiscal years 2017, 2018, and 2019. (Id. ¶ 5). CW1, Paysign’s Senior 21 Accountant from November 2015 to July 2016, supports this by stating that “De Joya was 22 regularly in [Paysign’s] headquarters, and . . . worked on [Paysign’s] financial statements and 23 other public documents prepared to be filed with the SEC.” (Id. ¶ 46). 24 /// 25 /// 1 Plaintiffs supplement the CWs’ statements with other specific allegations. They claim 2 that through Paysign’s 2019 10-K Annual Report, Defendants admitted they employed De Joya 3 and allowed him to work on Paysign’s financial statements, violating the SEC’s order: 4 [T]he Company lacked sufficient monitoring and disclosure controls to prevent and terminate the employment of an individual barred from practicing before the 5 Securities and Exchange Commission who assisted the Company in accounting matters related to the preparation of its financial statements for 2017, 2018 and [6] 2019. 7 (CAC ¶ 79). This “detailed and specific allegation[]” supports that the Individual Defendants 8 were exposed “to factual information within the company.” Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 1000 . 9 Plaintiffs then contend that despite knowing De Joya helped prepare Paysign’s financial 10 statements in contravention of the SEC’s cease-and-desist order, Defendants repeatedly 11 certified that Paysign’s internal controls were effective. (Resp. 11:1–3); (CAC ¶¶ 57–58). 12 Indeed, Plaintiffs allege that in Paysign’s 2018 10-K Annual Report, Defendants mislead 13 investors when they noted that potential violations of SEC rules could lead to decline in stock 14 prices. (CAC ¶¶ 57–58, 61–62). Given their purported knowledge that De Joya was helping 15 prepare Paysign’s financial statements despite the SEC order prohibiting it, Plaintiffs’ 16 allegations allow the Court to adequately infer scienter as to Defendants Newcomer and 17 Attinger. Tellabs, Inc., 551 U.S. at 322–24; Cutler, 696 F. App’x at 815 .3 Accordingly, the 18 Court DENIES dismissal of Plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claim against Defendants Newcomer and 19 Attinger. 20 ii. Software Changes 21 Next, Plaintiffs allege Defendant Spence made changes to Paysign’s software systems 22 that led to inaccurate balances to customers’ accounts. (CAC ¶ 9, 48, 53). CW2, Paysign’s 23 Corporate Trainer and Customer Services Representative from October 2018 to September [24] 25 3 Through these allegations, the Court is persuaded that “the complaint contains an inference of scienter that is greater than the sum of its parts” regarding Defendants Newcomer and Attinger. Rubke v. Capitol Bancorp Ltd., 551 F.3d 1156, 1165 (9th Cir. 2009). 1 2019, corroborates this by stating that “Defendant Spence regularly made programming 2 changes to the Company’s internal system that stored customer account profiles without 3 providing other employees with notice that he had done so.” (Id. ¶ 48). CW2 further states that 4 these changes “caused customers’ account balances to materially differ from the actual 5 balances on their accounts.” (Id.). CW2 goes on to say that this information was widely known 6 at Paysign and that Paysign’s Chief Operating Officer, Joan Herman, knew this and informed 7 Defendant Newcomer about it. (Id.). However, unlike the allegations against Defendants 8 Newcomer and Attinger, Plaintiffs do not include separate allegations that supplement CW2’s 9 statements.4 (See generally CAC). As such, Plaintiffs’ allegations do not allow the Court to 10 adequately infer scienter as to Defendant Spence. Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 1000 . 11 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS dismissal of Plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claim as to Defendant 12 Spence with leave to amend. 13 b. Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act 14 To adequately state a claim under Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, a plaintiff must 15 plead facts that show: (1) a primary violation of the federal securities laws; and (2) that the 16 defendant was a control person. Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 990 . A control person is a person 17 or entity that has actual power or influence over the primary violator. See id. “Section 20(a) [18] 19 4 Plaintiffs attempt to support an inference of scienter regarding Defendant Spence by alleging that he exploited Paysign’s artificially inflated stock price and earned over $1.3 million from selling 1.4% of his total shares of 20 Paysign common stock. (CAC ¶ 73–74); (Resp. 21:27–22:1). “Unusual or suspicious stock sales by corporate insiders may constitute circumstantial evidence of scienter.” In re Quality Sys., Inc. Sec. Litig., 865 F.3d 1130 , 21 1146 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). However, the amount and percentage of shares sold here does not meet the threshold set by the courts of this district. See Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colleges, Inc., 540 F.3d 22 1049, 1067 (9th Cir. 2008) (noting that courts typically require sales amounts larger than 37% of total stock holdings “to allow insider trading to support scienter”); Nursing Home Pension Fund, Loc. 144 v. Oracle Corp., [23] 380 F.3d 1226, 1232 (9th Cir. 2004) (remarking that when the sales amount of total stock holdings is low, the proceeds of the sales must be “astronomical” to support an inference of scienter); Brendon v. Allegiant Travel 24 Co., 412 F. Supp. 3d 1244 , 1262 (D. Nev. 2019) (same). Here, neither the alleged sales amount nor proceeds of sales meet the threshold. The sales amount of total stock holdings is low and not offset by “astronomical” 25 proceeds. See Oracle Corp., 380 F.3d at 1232 (finding that $900 million stock sale was “astronomical” compared to 2.1% of total stock holdings). Thus, Plaintiffs fail to sufficiently plead these figures support an inference of scienter. 1 claims may be dismissed summarily . . . if a plaintiff fails to adequately plead a primary 2 violation of [S]ection 10(b).” Id. Here, Defendants fail to supply meaningful points and 3 authorities regarding whether Plaintiffs adequately plead a Section 20(a) violation. Their only 4 argument assumes Plaintiffs fail to claim a Section 20(a) violation because they simultaneously 5 fail to claim a Section 10(b) violation. (MTD 19:20–20:4). Regarding Defendants Newcomer 6 and Attinger, the Court held above that Plaintiffs adequately plead scienter, which was 7 Defendants’ only attack on Plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claim. Thus, Defendants’ failure to 8 develop their attack on Plaintiffs’ Section 20(a) violation necessarily leads the Court to DENY 9 dismissal of Plaintiffs’ Section 20(a) claim as to Defendants Newcomer and Attinger. But 10 because Plaintiffs failed to sufficiently plead scienter as to Defendant Spence, Plaintiffs’ claim 11 under Section 20(a) against Defendant Spence cannot survive Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss. 12 c. Leave to Amend 13 If the court grants a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, leave to amend should 14 be granted unless it is clear that the deficiencies of the complaint cannot be cured by 15 amendment. DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992). Pursuant 16 to Rule 15(a), the court should “freely” give leave to amend “when justice so requires,” and in 17 the absence of a reason such as “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the 18 movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue 19 prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of the 20 amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 21 Here, the Court finds that Plaintiffs may be able to plead additional facts to support their 22 first and second causes of action. Accordingly, the Court will grant Plaintiffs leave to file an 23 amended complaint. The Court, however, cautions that an amended complaint must plead 24 particular facts that give rise to a strong inference of scienter regarding Defendant Spence. 25 Plaintiffs shall file their amended complaint within twenty-one (21) days of the date of this 1 Order if they can allege sufficient facts that plausibly establish Plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) and 2 Section 20(a) claims as to Defendant Spence. Failure to file an amended complaint by this date 3 shall result in the Court dismissing these claims with prejudice. 4 IV. CONCLUSION 5 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 34), is 6 GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, consistent with this Order. 7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that if Plaintiffs seek to amend claims dismissed without 8 prejudice, Plaintiffs shall file an amended complaint within twenty-one (21) days from the 9 entry of this Order. [10] 11 DATED this __9___ day of February, 2023. [12] 13 ___________________________________ Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge [14] United States District Court