Shahrokhi v. Harter

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 Ali Shahrokhi, Case No.: 2:20-cv-01623-JAD-NJK 4 Plaintiff Order Lifting Younger Stay and Denying 5 v. Motions to Amend the Complaint and Substitute a Defendant 6 Matthew Harter, et al., [ECF Nos. 135, 141] 7 Defendants 8 Ali Shahrokhi sues family-court Judge Matthew Harter; the mother of his child, Kizzy 9 Burrow; and Burrow’s attorneys Thomas Standish and Philip Spradling, arguing that they 10 conspired to violate his constitutional rights during the state-court child-custody battle between 11 Shahrokhi and Burrows.1 I stayed this case two years ago under Younger v. Harris2 because 12 those family-court proceedings were still ongoing. Shahrokhi now moves to lift that stay and 13 reopen this case.3 He also asks the court to grant him leave to file a more than 50-page amended 14 complaint that adds 14 defendants, including judges, court staff, attorneys, Nevada’s attorney 15 general, the Clark County district attorney, and Clark County itself.4 And as Judge Harter is now 16 deceased,5 Shahrokhi moves to replace him as a defendant with either his widow or his not-yet17 established estate.6 [19] 20 1 ECF No. 1 (complaint). 21 2 Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). 3 ECF No. 135. [22] 4 ECF No. 135-1. 23 5 ECF No. 137 (1/23/23 suggestion of death on the record). 6 ECF No. 141. 1 Because it appears that the family-court proceedings terminated last May when the 2 Supreme Court of Nevada affirmed Judge Harter’s myriad rulings,7 I grant Shahrokhi’s request 3 to lift the stay and reopen this case. But because his proposed amendment would be futile, I 4 deny his motion for leave to amend. Finally, because Shahrokhi has not identified a proper 5 substitute party for his claims against Harter, I deny his request for substitution without prejudice 6 to his ability to renew that motion once he is able to identify such a substitute. [7] Discussion [8] A. The conclusion of the family-court proceedings warrants lifting the Younger stay 9 and reopening this case. 10 In June 2021, on Judge Harter’s motion, I stayed this case under Younger, reasoning that 11 this federal court’s wading into Shahrokhi’s family-court matter “would only implicate the 12 ‘serious’ concerns of ‘federal judicial interference with state civil functions.””8 The Younger 13 motion was not the only one then pending; all of the defendants had moved to dismiss on various 14 bases, including that Judge Harter is judicially immune from suit, and that Shahrokhi’s claims 15 are inadequately pled under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and barred by Nevada’s 16 anti-SLAPP law, Nevada Revised Statute (NRS) § 41.660.9 Because I granted the motion to 17 abstain and stay, I denied the remaining motions “without prejudice to their refiling within 20 18 days of the order lifting the stay.”10 [20] 7 Shahrokhi v. Burrow, Sup. Ct. Nev. Case Nos. 81978, 82245, and 83726 (reviewing rulings in 21 Eighth Judicial District Court Case No. D581208). This court takes judicial notice of this disposition and the status of the Supreme Court of Nevada’s docket. [22] 8 ECF No. 123 (quoting Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 423, 429 (1979)). 23 9 ECF Nos. 15, 28 (motions to dismiss). 10 ECF No. 123 at 7–8. 1 Shahrokhi represents that the “[s]tate[-]custody litigation has been finalized by the 2 Supreme Court of Nevada as of May 12, 2022,” and he asks to reopen this case.11 The 3 defendants do not dispute this history, and this court’s independent review of the Supreme Court 4 of Nevada’s docket in case numbers 81978, 82245, and 83726 confirms that the Court affirmed 5 the district court’s judgments in an extensive Order of Affirmance dated May 12, 2022.12 6 Because it appears that the basis for Younger abstention has abated, I grant Shahrokhi’s request 7 to lift the stay and reopen this case.13 Any motion that was denied without prejudice when the 8 stay was entered may be renewed within the next 20 days. 9 B. Motion to substitute a defendant under FRCP 25 10 When a defendant dies during the course of litigation, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 25(a)(1) gives the plaintiff the opportunity to replace that deceased defendant with his “successor 12 or representative” if “the claim is not extinguished” or abated as a result of the death.14 A Rule 13 25 motion to substitute must be made “within 90 days after service of a statement noting the 14 death,” and it must be served “on nonparties as provided in Rule 4.”15 With its permissive 15 “may” construction, the rule affords the court discretion in ruling on such a motion.16 16 Counsel for Judge Harter filed a suggestion of his client’s death in the record on January 17 23, 2023, triggering Rule 25’s 90-day deadline for substitution.17 Shahrokhi promptly filed his [18] 19 11 ECF No. 135. 12 See ECF No. 145-2 (order of affirmance). [20] 13 ECF No. 135. 21 14 Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1). [22] 15 Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1) & (3). 16 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1) (“If a party dies and the claim is not extinguished, the court may 23 order substitution of the proper party.”) (emphasis added). 17 ECF No. 137 (noting Harter’s November 9, 2022, passing). 1 Rule 25 motion the following week.18 In that motion, Shahrokhi asks the court to replace Judge 2 Harter with his widow Brandie Grilz Harter or with Judge Harter’s estate.19 3 “Under the common law the death of the wrongdoer caused an abatement of any cause of 4 action in tort against him.”20 But as Shahrokhi correctly notes, Nevada’s survival statute, NRS 5 § 41.100, saves claims from abatement when a proper substitute defendant can be located: 6 “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this section, no cause of action is lost by reason of the death 7 of any person, but may be maintained . . . against the person’s executor or administrator.”21 8 Although exemplary or punitive damages can’t be recovered, “[i]n an action against an executor 9 or administrator” of the estate of a deceased defendant, the plaintiff may still pursue any other 10 “damages . . . [that c]ould have been recovered against the decedent if the decedent had lived.”22 11 Key to the success of a Rule 25 motion is whether the party to be substituted in for the 12 deceased defendant is a proper party. “In the typical case the proper party ‘would be the 13 representative of the decedent’s estate who has been appointed under state law.’”23 “Because the 14 purpose of Rule 25(a)(1) is to protect the estate of the decedent, district courts must ensure [that] [17] 18 ECF No. 141. It does not appear that Shahrokhi served the motion on Judge Harter’s widow [18] as the rule requires. But because I deny the motion for other reasons, I don’t evaluate the impact of this deficiency. [19] 19 Id. at 4. 20 20 Estes v. Riggins, 232 P.2d 843, 844 (Nev. 1951). [21] Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.100 . 22 Id.; see also Allen v. Anderson, 562 P.2d 487, 489 (1977) (“With consistent logic, by the great 22 weight of authority, punitive damage claims do not survive the death of the tortfeasor, and cannot be sought from the deceased tortfeasor’s estate.”). [23] 23 In re Baycol Prod. Litig., 616 F.3d 778, 788 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting 6 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore's Federal Practice ¶ 25.12[3] (3d ed. 2010)). 1 only ‘those individuals who can adequately represent the interests of the deceased party’ are 2 substituted under the Rule.”24 State law determines who is a proper party for substitution.25 3 The Supreme Court of Nevada explained just who qualifies as a Rule 25 “successor or 4 representative” defendant in Gonor v. Dale26: 5 NRS 41.100(1) [allows] a survival action [to] be maintained by or against the decedent’s executor or special administrator. An 6 “executor” is defined as “a person nominated in a will and appointed by the court to execute the provisions of the will and 7 administer the estate of the decedent.” An “administrator” is defined as “a person not designated in a will who is appointed by 8 the court to administer an estate.” Thus, the proper party who may take the place of the deceased party within the meaning of 9 [Nevada’s identical Rule 25(a)(1)] includes either an individual named in the will of the deceased party and appointed by the 10 court to administer the estate or an individual appointed by the court to do the same. . . . [A]n estate is not a proper 11 party.27 12 Either way, under Nevada law, the proper party to substitute in for a deceased defendant under 13 Rule 25(a)(1) must be a court-appointed representative.28 14 Neither of the parties that Shahrokhi proposes to stand in Judge Harter’s shoes is a proper 15 party for Rule 25 substitution. As the Gonor v. Dale court held, “an estate is not a proper party,” 16 so this court cannot grant Shahrokhi’s request to substitute Judge Harter’s estate in his stead. 17 And Shahrokhi has not shown that Judge Harter’s widow Brandi Grilz Harter is the court18 [24] Id. (quoting Sinito v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 176 F.3d 512, 516 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). 21 25 Id. at 787–88 (citing U.S. for Use of Acme Granite & Tile Co. v. F.D. Rich Co., 441 F.2d 1143, 1144 (9th Cir. 1971)). [22] 26 Gonor v. Dale, 432 P.3d 723, 726 (Nev. 2018). 23 27 Id. (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). [28] Id. 1 appointed executor or administrator of his estate either, so this court cannot substitute her in as a 2 defendant under Rule 25 either. So Shahrokhi’s motion is denied.29 3 The court is empathetic to the position that this defendant’s death has left Shahrokhi in: 4 Rule 25’s 90-day substitution clock is ticking away, yet the identity of a proper substitute party 5 remains unknown. As Harter’s counsel stated in his response to the substitution motion, “there is 6 no record of a probate action concerning Judge Harter’s estate nor was counsel aware of any 7 representative for an estate. Currently, Widow Harter is a stay-at-home mom to her minor 8 children.”30 So there may not now or ever be a proper party for substitution in this case. But at 9 this point, Shahrokhi has not identified a proper party to stand in Judge Harter’s shoes and 10 defend against Shahrokhi’s claims, so the motion to substitute is denied. [11] C. Because the proposed amendment would be futile, Shahrokhi’s motion for 12 leave to amend is denied. 13 Lastly, Shahrokhi moves for permission to file an amended complaint to add claims 14 against more Eighth Judicial District Court judges, Four Nevada Supreme Court justices, 15 Nevada’s Attorney General, the Clark County District Attorney, Judge Harter’s judicial 16 executive assistant, a family-court law clerk, Clark County itself, numerous additional lawyers 17 who have represented Shahrokhi’s adversaries in the many actions he has filed in state and 18 federal court, and Burrow’s boyfriend, for a total of 21 named defendants and another fictitious 19 does 1-50.31 He argues that this amended complaint, which is 57 pages long and purports to [21] 29 Although Judge Harter’s counsel, appearing on behalf of Brandie Harter, argues that 22 substitution would be improper because Shahrokhi’s claims are meritless, that is not a proper consideration under Rule 25. 23 30 ECF No. 145 at 2. 31 ECF No. 135. 1 assert ten civil-rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for these defendants’ various roles in his 2 custody dispute with the mother of his child,32 will clarify the dispute between the parties and 3 will not cause any prejudice.”33 4 The motion for leave to amend is a single page long and offers no other justification for 5 expanding this case to include these defendants and the claims against them. The three lawyers 6 that are already parties to this action oppose the motion.34 They contend that the existing claims 7 are already meritless and should be dismissed as a result of the motions that were pending when 8 this case was stayed, and which will be refiled when the stay is lifted; the proposed amendment 9 is retaliatory and frivolous; and these proposed claims are recycled from Shahrokhi’s other 10 unsuccessful cases in this district.35 In his reply brief, Shahrokhi offers a far more robust, 1311 page briefing of his leave request.36 There he explains that all of the defendants he proposes by 12 this amendment “have conspired among each other to cause harm and deprivation” to him and 13 his son “and it is time for the plaintiffs to be vindicated for all that they have suffered.”37 He [15] 32 ECF No. 135-1. [16] 33 ECF No. 135 at 2. A clear pattern has emerged from Shahrokhi’s many filings in this court. 17 Unhappy with the results of his custody dispute in the Eighth Judicial District Court, he sued the mother of his child, her lawyers, and the judge who ruled against him. Then he sued the lawyers 18 who represented each of those defendants. Then every state-court judge who has touched his claims—from the trial court to the intermediate court of appeals to the Supreme Court of 19 Nevada—and any lawyer that represented them. See infra note 43. Now, unhappy with my previous order staying this case under Younger, Shahrokhi appears to presage that he will 20 continue this trend and expand his list of targets to include the judges assigned to this case, too, as he states in his reply brief that “Shahrokhi alleges, on the record . . . that the federal judge and 21 federal magistrate presiding over this case are corrupt.” ECF No. 142 at 6. 34 ECF No. 138. [35] Id. 23 36 ECF No. 142. [37] Id. at 4 . 1 calls these new defendants “bottom-feeder criminals” who have “taken advantage of their 2 positions of power and authority to harm” Shahrokhi and his son.38 3 The fact that Shahrokhi waited until his reply brief to offer substantive reasons for his 4 leave request would be reason enough to deny it. As the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 5 explained in Zamani v. Carnes, a “district court need not consider arguments raised for the first 6 time in a reply brief.”39 This rule is in place because the practice of raising arguments for the 7 first time in replies deprives the opposing party of a fair opportunity for response—and deprives 8 the court of balanced and informed briefing. 9 But even considering the entirety of Shahrokhi’s reply-brief arguments, his leave request 10 must be denied. “Although there is a general rule that parties are allowed to amend their 11 pleadings, it does not extend to cases in which any amendment would be an exercise in futility or 12 where the amended complaint would also be subject to dismissal.”40 And here, it appears that 13 amendment would be an exercise in futility because the additions that Shahrokhi proposes would 14 be subject to dismissal. Dismissal is required when a claim lacks facial plausibility, and “[a] 15 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 16 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”41 Mere 17 recitals of a claim’s elements, supported by only conclusory statements, are insufficient.42 [38] Id. at 5 . 20 39 Zamani v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2007). [21] 40 Steckman v. Hart Brewing, Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1298 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Pisciotta v. Teledyne Industries, Inc., 91 F.3d 1326, 1331 (9th Cir. 1996), and Saul v. United States, 928 F.2d 22 829, 843 (9th Cir. 1991)). 41 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 , 23 556 (2007)). 42 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678–79. 1 Shahrokhi’s claims against these proposed new defendants are supported, at best, by only 2 conclusory statements and buzzwords that fail to state any plausible claim for relief. Although 3 he offers pages of factual allegations recounting the history of his custody litigation through its 4 many levels and iterations, those facts show nothing more than a heavily litigated family-court 5 matter rife with procedures and decisions that Shahrokhi is very unhappy with. He quotes 6 heavily from the proceedings and related filings and offers countless criticisms of the actions of 7 the courts and their staff—from phone calls, to timing, to the presence of marshals during 8 hearings, to the language used in orders, to the lack of evidence during his three-day trial in 9 2020, all compounded by the Nevada Supreme Court’s affirmance of the custody orders and 10 Attorney General Ford’s refusal to intervene.43 Shahrokhi’s allegations indicate that he 11 perceives every judicial decision that did not favor him, and every court procedure that he 12 dislikes, to be a constitutional violation; and he accuses every lawyer, judge, and court staffer 13 that has touched one of his matters, along with Nevada’s Attorney General and the Clark County 14 District Attorney, of conspiring to deprive him of due process and a multitude of other rights. 15 The claims against the proposed new judiciary defendants (Judges Throne and 16 Henderson; Justices Bell, Parraguirre, Hardesty, and Herndon; hearing master Norheim; and 17 court staff Fernandez and Filon) would be an exercise in futility because they are barred by the 18 doctrine of immunity. Judicial officers are entitled to absolute immunity from civil liability for [20] 43 See generally ECF No. 135-1 at 1–28. Whether this court has subject-matter jurisdiction over these claims in light of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is also dubious. See Bianchi v. [21] Rylaarsdam, 334 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2003) (explaining that, “[i]f claims raised in the federal court action are ‘inextricably intertwined’ with the state court's decision such that the [22] adjudication of the federal claims would undercut the state ruling or require the district court to interpret the application of state laws or procedural rules, then the federal complaint must be [23] dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,” and this includes “challenges” that “allege that the state court’s action was unconstitutional”). 1 “acts committed within their judicial jurisdiction.”44 This immunity applies to civil actions for 2 damages as well as declaratory or equitable relief.45 Although it “covers only those acts [that] 3 are ‘judicial’ in nature,” judicial officers “will not be deprived of immunity because the action 4 [they] took was in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of [their] authority; rather [they] 5 will be subject to liability only when [they] acted in the clear absence of all jurisdiction.”46 This 6 absolute immunity doesn’t just cover judges but extends to “certain others who perform 7 functions closely associated with the judicial process,” including, but not limited to, court 8 personnel like law clerks, judicial assistants, and hearing masters.47 Although Shahrokhi 9 characterizes the conduct in his matters by the judges and court staff as not judicial in nature or 10 outside the scope of their jurisdiction, he does not allege any facts that would indicate that to be 11 the case for any of the defendants he seeks to add by this amendment. So permitting the 12 proposed claims against additional judges and court staff would be futile.48 [13] 44 Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 554 (1947); Olsen v. Idaho State Bd. of Med., 363 F.3d 916 , 922 14 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing, inter alia, Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 364 (1978)). [15] 45 Mullis v. Bankr. Ct. for the Dist. of Nev., 828 F.2d 1385, 1394 (9th Cir. 1987). 46 O’Neil v. City of Lake Oswego, 642 F.2d 367 , 369 (9th Cir. 1981) (citing Stump, 435 U.S. at 16 360–61). 47 Moore v. Brewster, 96 F.3d 1240 , 1244–45 (9th Cir. 1996) (cleaned up); McCann v. Taleff, [17] 828 F. App’x 461 , 462–63 (9th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 222 (2021) (identifying that judicial assistants are entitled to absolute quasi-judicial immunity); Olsen, 363 F.3d at 923 [18] (extending judicial immunity to “agency representatives performing functions analogous to those” of “a judge”). [19] 48 Some of these claims also have already been dismissed in other suits that Shahrokhi filed. See, 20 e.g., Shahrokhi v. Hardesty, et al., Case No. 2:21-cv-02251-RFB-VCF (dismissing claims against Supreme Court of Nevada Justice Hardesty as barred by judicial immunity); Shahrokhi v. 21 Harter, et al., Case No. 2:21-cv-01126-RFB-NJK (dismissing claims against Standish, Spradling, Burrow, Pearson, and other lawyers based on general prohibition against claim 22 splitting); Shahrokhi v. Ochoa, et al., Case No. 2:21-cv-00483-APG-NJK (claims against Nevada Attorney General Aaron Ford dismissed for failure to state a claim); Shahrokhi v. Truby, et al., 23 Case No. 2:21-cv-00358-KJD-EJY (claims against Ford dismissed); Shahrokhi v. Tao, et al., Case No. 2:20-cv-02346-GMN-VCF (claims against all judges on the Nevada Court of Appeals dismissed based on absolute immunity); Shahrokhi v. Harter, et al., Case No. 2:20-cv-010191 The allegations against the proposed new private attorney defendants (Ruiz and Garin) 2 and Burrow’s boyfriend Pearson also fail to state any plausible claim. Shahrokhi’s civil-rights 3 claims against them under 28 U.S.C. § 1983 fail because Shahrokhi has not pled any facts to 4 show that these private persons are state actors subject to suit under this statute. As the Ninth 5 Circuit held in Dennis v. Sparks, “merely resorting to the courts and being on the winning side of 6 a lawsuit does not make a party a co-conspirator or a joint actor with a judge.”49 It is only when 7 private parties “corruptly conspire” with a judge in connection with unlawful conduct that they 8 are “acting under color of state law.”50 And although Shahrokhi offers many conclusory 9 assertions about corruption, collusion, and conspiracies, he pleads no facts to support such a 10 theory. 11 The facts alleged in this amended complaint also fail to state any claim against the 12 remaining defendants. The basis for Shahrokhi’s suit against Nevada Deputy Attorney Generals 13 Steven Shevorski and Sabrena Clinton is that they “filed into the Nevada federal case No. 2-2114 cv-01126, [a]sking the federal judge to declare Shahrokhi a vexatious litigant,” which Shahrokhi 15 imagines was “an attempt by these two defendants to violate Shahrokhi’s First Amendment right 16 to petition the courts under duress, so the state and the state judges will not be exposed for their 17 corruptions.”51 Shevorski and Clinton were counsel of record for Judge Harter in that federal [18] 19 APG-VCF (claims against Judge Bell, Clark County, the state, and Nevada Court of Appeals Judge Gibbons dismissed); Shahrokhi v. Throne, 2:22-cv-1-JAD-VCF (finding claims against 20 Judge Throne barred by absolute immunity and declaring Shahrokhi a vexatious litigant). Permitting Shahrokhi to reassert those claims would be duplicative, a waste of judicial resources, 21 and potentially run afoul of claim-preclusion and law-of-the-case concerns. [22] 49 Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 29 (1980) (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 152 (1966)). 23 50 Id. 51 ECF No. 135-1 at 25 (cleaned up). 1 case—one of nearly a dozen filed by Shahroki in an attempt to challenge the rulings in his 2 custody case. That vexatious-litigant motion was granted, and Shahrokhi was declared by this 3 court to be a vexatious litigant subject to pre-filing requirements.52 Because “the doctrine of 4 absolute immunity protects . . . defendant attorneys . . . if their allegedly improper conduct was 5 ‘intimately associated with the judicial phases’ of” a lawsuit,53 and the allegations against 6 Shevorski and Clinton suggest that their conduct was intimately associated with that federal suit, 7 Shahrokhi has not stated a viable claim against them. 8 The allegations against Attorney General Ford are that NRS § 125C.007, which 9 establishes the factors for a family-court judge to weigh in determining whether to grant a parent 10 permission to locate, “is unconstitutional” and Ford knew it, but he “has refused to intervene” in 11 Shahrokhi’s case and thus “continue[s] to deprive Shahrokhi and his [son] . . . of their 12 constitutional rights and familial association. Ford also conspires with others to enforce void 13 orders.”54 These allegations do not state a viable claim for relief. The same is true of the 14 similarly conclusory allegation against Clark County District Attorney Wolfson that “he 15 continues to conspire with defendants trying litigants on criminal statutes in civil proceedings 16 with no underlying indictments in family courts stating there is no jail time, so it is perfectly fine 17 whereas such actions are violating Shahrokhi’s due process clause to notice, jury trial[,] and 18 having an attorney present in a criminal proceeding.”55 Based on the plainly insupportable legal 19 notion that Shahrokhi should have been afforded criminal-defendant rights under the Fourth, [20] 21 52 See Shahrokhi v. Throne, 2:22-cv-1-JAD-VCF, at ECF No. 21. [22] 53 Fry v. Melaragno, 939 F.2d 832, 836 (9th Cir. 1991) (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976)). 23 54 ECF No. 135-1 at 22. [55] Id. at 25–26. 1} Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments in his family-court child-custody proceeding, this theory fails to support any plausible claim for relief. And because all the claims against the 3|| newly proposed individual defendants fail to state a claim, Shahrokhi’s Monell v. Department of All Social Services of New York claim against Clark County” similarly fails. So Shahrokhi’s motion 5|| for leave to amend is denied. 6 Conclusion 7 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Shahrokhi’s request to lift the stay and reopen this 8]| case is GRANTED. The Clerk of Court is directed to lift the stay. Any motion that was 9|| denied without prejudice when the stay was entered will be considered timely reasserted if it is refiled within the next 20 days. 11 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Shahrokhi’s motions for leave to amend and to 12|| substitute a party [135 and 141] are DENIED. [13] U.S. District Judge’Jennifex A/ Dorsey 15 Dated: April 6, 2023 [23] °6 Td. at 27-28.