Owens v. Gittere

[2] 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 5 *** 6 DARIAN OWENS, Case No. 3:21-cv-00307-MMD-CSD 7 Petitioner, ORDER v. [8] WILLIAM A. GITTERE, et al., [9] Respondents. [10] 11 I. SUMMARY 12 Petitioner Darian Owens, an individual incarcerated at Ely State Prison, initiated a 13 habeas corpus action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and filed a First-Amended Petition (ECF 14 No. 18 (“Petition”)). Before the Court is Respondents’ Motion to Dismiss the Petition (ECF 15 No. 27 (“Motion”)). Owens filed a response (ECF No. 28). Respondents did not reply. For 16 the reasons discussed below, the Court grants the Motion in part and denies it in part. 17 II. BACKGROUND 18 In 2015, a jury convicted Owens of conspiracy to commit robbery, burglary while 19 in possession of a firearm, robbery with use of a deadly weapon (some involving victims 20 60 years of age or older), attempted robbery with use of a deadly weapon, and possession 21 of a firearm by an ex-felon. (ECF No. 22-39.) The state district court adjudicated Owens 22 a large habitual criminal and sentenced him to 32 consecutive sentences of life 23 imprisonment without the possibility of parole. (Id.) The Nevada Court of Appeals affirmed 24 the judgment on direct appeal. (ECF No. 23-28.) 25 Owens sought state postconviction relief, but his claims were denied without entry 26 of findings of fact and conclusions of law. (ECF Nos. 23-36, 23-44, 23-45, 24-1, 24-4.) 27 Owens appealed and the Nevada Supreme Court ordered a limited remand directing the 1 13.) The state district court did so, and the Nevada Supreme Court affirmed in part, 2 reversed in part, and remanded for consideration of certain claims that the state district 3 court had omitted from its consideration. (ECF Nos. 24-14, 24-17, 24-26.) The state 4 district court denied relief for the omitted claims and the Nevada Supreme Court affirmed 5 the denial of relief. (ECF No. 24-29, 24-36.) Remittitur issued on August 9, 2021. (ECF 6 No. 24-39.) 7 III. DISCUSSION 8 A. Exhaustion of Grounds 1, 3, and 4 9 1. Legal Standard—Exhaustion 10 A petitioner must exhaust state court remedies for a federal habeas corpus claim 11 before presenting them to the federal courts. 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (b)(1)(A). The exhaustion 12 requirement ensures the state courts, as a matter of comity, will have the first opportunity 13 to address and correct alleged violations of federal constitutional guarantees. Coleman v. 14 Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 730-31 (1991). “A petitioner has exhausted his [or her] federal 15 claims when he [or she] has fully and fairly presented them to the state courts.” Woods v. 16 Sinclair, 764 F.3d 1109, 1129 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838 , 17 844-45 (1999) (“Section 2254(c) requires only that state prisoners give state courts a fair 18 opportunity to act on their claims.”)). Full and fair presentation requires that a petitioner 19 present the substance of his or her claim to the state courts, including a reference to a 20 federal constitutional guarantee and a statement of facts that entitle the petitioner to relief. 21 See Scott v. Schriro, 567 F.3d 573, 582-83 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Picard v. Connor, 404 22 U.S. 270, 278 (1971)). To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, a claim must have been 23 raised through one complete round of either direct appeal or collateral proceedings to the 24 highest level of review available in state court. O'Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 844-45 . 25 A petitioner may reformulate his or her claims so long as the substance of his or 26 her argument remains the same. See Picard, 404 U.S. at 277-78 (“Obviously there are 27 instances in which the ultimate question for disposition will be the same despite variations [28] 1 in the legal theory or factual allegations urged in its support.”) (internal citations and 2 quotation marks omitted). Thus, a petitioner may provide additional facts in support of a 3 claim to the federal habeas court so long as those facts do not fundamentally alter the 4 legal claim that was presented to the state courts. See, e.g., Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 5 254, 260 (1986) (holding that supplemental evidence did not fundamentally alter the legal 6 claim considered by the state courts); Weaver v. Thompson, 197 F.3d 359, 364-65 (9th 7 Cir. 1999) (holding that facts adduced at an evidentiary hearing did not change the factual 8 basis of a claim). A claim is unexhausted, however, if additional alleged facts place the 9 claim in a significantly different and stronger evidentiary posture than the claim that was 10 presented to the state courts. See Dickens v. Ryan, 740 F.3d 1302, 1318-19 (9th Cir. 11 2014). “[T]his rule allows a petitioner who presented a particular [ineffective assistance of 12 counsel] claim, for example, that counsel was ineffective in presenting humanizing 13 testimony at sentencing, to develop additional facts supporting that particular claim.” 14 Poyson v. Ryan, 879 F.3d 875, 895 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Moormann v. Schriro, 426 15 F.3d 1044, 1056 (9th Cir. 2005)). However, “[i]t does not mean . . . that a petitioner who 16 presented an ineffective assistance of counsel claim below can later add unrelated 17 alleged instances of counsel’s ineffectiveness to his claim.” Id. 18 2. Legal Standard—Procedural Default and Martinez 19 A claim that has not been fairly presented may be deemed technically exhausted 20 if the petitioner has defaulted on the claim in state court and no longer has a remedy in 21 that court. Woods, 764 F.3d at 1129 (citing Coleman, 501 U.S. at 732 ). Where a petitioner 22 “has defaulted his federal claims in state court pursuant to an independent and adequate 23 state procedural rule,” review of the claims in federal habeas proceedings “is barred 24 unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result 25 of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the claims 26 will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750 . To 27 demonstrate cause, the petitioner must establish that some external and objective factor [28] 1 impeded efforts to comply with the state’s procedural rule. See, e.g., Maples v. Thomas, [2] 565 U.S. 266, 280, 289 (2012) (finding cause to excuse procedural default due to attorney 3 abandonment but remanding for a determination of prejudice); McCleskey v. Zant, 499 4 U.S. 467 , 497 (1991) (holding that, for cause to exist, the external impediment must have 5 prevented the petitioner from raising the claim). “[T]o establish prejudice, [a petitioner] 6 must show not merely a substantial federal claim, such that ‘the errors . . . at trial created 7 a possibility of prejudice,’ but rather that the constitutional violation ‘worked to his actual 8 and substantial disadvantage.’” Shinn v. Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. 1718 , 1733 (2022) (citing 9 Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 494 (1986) and quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 10 152, 170 (1982)). 11 With one exception, Nevada’s cause and prejudice standards are functionally 12 identical to the federal standards for cause and prejudice. See Robinson v. Ignacio, 360 13 F.3d 1044 , 1052 n.3 (9th Cir. 2004); Mitchell v. State, 122 Nev. 1269, 1273-74 (2006). 14 That exception is for a procedurally defaulted claim of ineffective assistance of trial 15 counsel in accordance with Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012). The Nevada Supreme 16 Court does not recognize Martinez as authority for cause to overcome a state procedural 17 bar under Nevada law. Brown v. McDaniel, 130 Nev. 565 , 570-76 (2014). Thus, a Nevada 18 federal habeas petitioner who relies only on Martinez as a basis for overcoming a state 19 procedural bar can successfully argue that the state courts would hold the claim 20 procedurally barred, but that he or she has a potentially viable argument for cause and 21 prejudice under federal law. 22 Cause to excuse a procedural default of an ineffective assistance of trial counsel 23 claim under Martinez exists where: (1) the claim of “ineffective assistance of trial counsel” 24 is “substantial”; (2) the “cause” consisted of there being “no counsel” or only “ineffective” 25 counsel during the state collateral review proceeding; (3) the state collateral review 26 proceeding was the “initial” review proceeding for the “ineffective-assistance-of-trial27 counsel claim”; and (4) state law requires that an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel [28] 1 claim be raised in an initial-review collateral proceeding. Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413 , 2 423 (2013) (quoting Martinez, 566 U.S. at 18-19 ). A claim is “substantial” if it has “some 3 merit.” Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14 . A claim is “insubstantial” if “it does not have any merit or 4 . . . is wholly without factual support.” Id. at 16 . 5 3. Ground 1 6 Ground 1 of the Petition alleges Owens’s sentences violate the Eighth Amendment 7 prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. (ECF No. 18 at 10–12.) Owens claims 8 the sentences are grossly disproportionate to: (A) the crimes because he was only 18 9 years old when they were committed; and (B) his codefendants, in exchange for guilty 10 pleas, received sentences of only 3 to 12 years and 4 to 13.5 years, respectively.1 (Id.) 11 Respondents move to dismiss Ground 1(B) as unexhausted alleging that Owens 12 failed to present to the Nevada appellate courts operative facts supporting a claim that 13 his sentence is cruel and unusual because it is disproportionate to the sentences of his 14 codefendants. (ECF No. 27 at 12.) The state court record shows Owens failed to allege 15 operative facts concerning the codefendants’ sentences to support his Eighth 16 Amendment claim. (ECF No. 23-20 at 12-14; ECF No. 23-28.) The newly advanced 17 operative facts place Owens’s Eighth Amendment claim in a significantly different and 18 stronger evidentiary posture than was presented to the state appellate courts. 19 Accordingly, the Court finds Ground 1(B) is unexhausted. 20 4. Ground 3 21 Ground 3 of the Petition alleges trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in 22 violation of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments by failing to investigate and move to 23 suppress Owens’s statements to police. (ECF No. 18 at 20-25.) Owens claims counsel 24 should have moved to suppress his statements as: (A) involuntary because Owens was [27] 1The Court will subdivide claims raised in Grounds 1 and 3 for clarity and reference. [28] 1 intoxicated; and (B) because they were obtained in violation of Missouri v. Seibert, 542 2 U.S. 600 , 617 (2004).2 (Id.) 3 Respondents contend Owens did not fairly present a Seibert claim to the Nevada 4 appellate courts. (ECF 27 at 13.) The state court record demonstrates Owens did not 5 fairly present a claim under Seibert to the state courts during the postconviction 6 proceedings. (ECF No. 23-45 at 18-22; ECF No. 24-36 at 4-6.) Thus, the Court finds the 7 claim is unexhausted. Respondents point out that the claim is technically exhausted and 8 procedurally defaulted. (ECF No. 27 at 13-14); see, e.g., NRS §§ 34.726, 34.810. Owens 9 does not suggest any means by which he could overcome the procedural bar in state 10 court or assert Martinez as a basis to overcome procedural default. Because Owens 11 alleges trial counsel was ineffective, and the factual basis concerning the claim is not 12 wholly frivolous or without any factual bases, the Court will defer ruling whether Ground 13 3(B) must be dismissed as procedurally defaulted until the merits of Ground 3 are fully 14 briefed. 15 Respondents also seek dismissal of Ground 3 to the extent Owens raises a 16 substantive claim that police violated his rights to be free of unreasonable seizures or 17 against self-incrimination because Owens did not raise those claims in the state appellate 18 proceedings. (ECF No. 27 at 12.) The state court record supports Respondents’ 19 contention as Owens did not assert a substantive claim that, with respect to his 20 statements, police violated his “constitutional rights to be free of unreasonable seizures, 21 due process of law, a fair trial, and right against self-incrimination” under the Fourth, Fifth, 22 Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments. (ECF Nos. 23-20, 23-28.) The Court finds Ground 3 23 is unexhausted as to any substantive claims involving Owens’s statements to police. [26] 27 2Seibert held that Miranda warnings given mid-interrogation, after defendant gave unwarned confessions, were ineffective and thus, a confession repeated after warnings 28 was inadmissible at trial. Seibert, 542 U.S. at 611-17. 1 5. Ground 4 2 Ground 4 of the Petition alleges trial counsel was ineffective for failing to 3 investigate probable cause and challenge the legality of a search warrant for a mobile 4 tracking device. (ECF No. 18 at 25-27.) Respondents allege Ground 4 is unexhausted. 5 (ECF No. 27 at 10-14.) The Court finds Ground 4 is exhausted because the Supreme 6 Court of Nevada addressed this claim in its order affirming the denial of the postconviction 7 petition. (ECF No. 24-36 at 3-4.) 8 B. Cognizability of Grounds 1 and 4 9 1. Legal Standard 10 When conducting habeas review, a federal court is limited to deciding whether a 11 conviction violates the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. 28 U.S.C. § 12 2254(a); Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991); Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107 , 13 119 (1982). “Thus, a habeas corpus petition must allege a deprivation of one or more 14 federal rights to present a cognizable federal habeas corpus claim.” Burkey v. Deeds, 824 15 F. Supp. 190, 192 (D. Nev. 1993); see Fields v. Waddington, 401 F.3d 1018, 1021 (9th 16 Cir. 2005) (“[T]o alert the state court, a petitioner must make reference to provisions of 17 the federal Constitution or must cite either federal or state case law that engages in a 18 federal constitutional analysis.”). 19 2. Ground 1 20 Ground 1 of the Petition alleges Owens’s sentence violates the Eighth 21 Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment but also alleges a 22 violation of the Nevada Constitution. (ECF No. 18 at 10-12.) Respondents allege Ground 23 1 is not cognizable to the extent that it alleges a violation of the Nevada Constitution. 24 (ECF No. 27 at 16-17.) Owens contends the claims in Ground 1 are based on federal law 25 and his mention of the state constitution and state law is for comparison purposes only. 26 (ECF No. 28 at 2-3.) The Court finds Ground 1 is cognizable only to the extent that it 27 alleges violations of federal law. [28] 1 3. Ground 4 2 Ground 4 of the Petition alleges trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in 3 violation of the state and federal constitutions by failing to investigate probable cause and 4 challenge the validity of a search warrant for a mobile tracking device. (ECF No. 18 at 255 27.) Respondents allege Ground 4 is not cognizable to the extent it alleges a violation of 6 the Nevada Constitution. (ECF No. 27 at 16-17.) Owens contends Ground 4 is based on 7 federal law and any mention of the state constitution or state decisional law is for 8 comparison purposes only. (ECF No. 28 at 2-3.) The Court finds Ground 4 is cognizable 9 only to the extent that it alleges violations of federal law. 10 C. Conclusory Grounds 11 In “Additional Grounds 1-7” of the Petition, Owens alleges: 12 1. Trial Counsel was ineffective for failing to use a peremptory challenge to strike Juror Number 8 for bias. [13] 2. Trial Counsel was ineffective for failing to request a proposed 14 jury instruction on voluntariness of statements. 15 3. Appellate Counsel was ineffective for failing to raise and challenge the District Court’s abuse of discretion for failing to 16 excuse Juror Number 8. 17 4. Appellate Counsel was ineffective for failing to raise and challenge the District Court’s abuse of discretion for failing to 18 excuse Juror Number 11. 19 5. Appellate Counsel was ineffective for failing to raise and challenge the District Court’s abuse of discretion for failure to 20 recuse itself for implied bias. 21 6. Appellate Counsel was ineffective for failing to raise and challenge the District Court’s failure to give a jury instruction 22 on the voluntariness of statements. 23 7. Mr. Owens requested an evidentiary hearing. 24 (ECF No. 18 at 29.) Owens attempts to allege facts supporting Additional Grounds 1-7 by 25 incorporating his superseded petition. (Id. (referring to ECF No. 7).) Respondents move 26 to dismiss Additional Grounds 1-7 in the Petition as conclusory because they do not 27 include allegations of specific facts supporting each ground for relief. (ECF 27 at 14-16.) [28] 1 Owens counters that incorporation of a section of an amended or supplemental brief 2 asking the Court to consider previously filed pro se briefs is “incredibly commonplace.” 3 (ECF No. 28 at 4 n.1.) 4 Under Rule 2(c) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases, a petition must 5 specify all grounds for relief and “state the facts supporting each ground.” Notice pleading 6 is not sufficient to satisfy the specific pleading requirements for federal habeas petitions. 7 Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655-56 (2005). Mere conclusions of violations of federal 8 rights without specifics do not state a basis for habeas corpus relief. Id. at 649 . Conclusory 9 allegations unsupported by specific facts are subject to summary dismissal. Blackledge 10 v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). A claim for relief is facially plausible when the pleading 11 alleges facts that allow the court to draw a reasonable inference that the petitioner is 12 entitled to relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A district court need not 13 “review the entire state court record of habeas corpus petitioners to ascertain whether 14 facts exist which support relief.” Adams v. Armontrout, 897 F.2d 332, 333 (8th Cir. 1990). 15 Rather, to comply with Rule 2(c), “a petitioner must state specific, particularized facts 16 which entitle him or her to habeas corpus relief for each ground specified.” Id. at 334 . 17 Rule 10 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits adoption by reference to 18 other pleadings: “A statement in a pleading may be adopted by reference elsewhere in 19 the same pleading or in any other pleading or motion.” In the context of habeas corpus 20 proceedings, a petitioner may incorporate by reference an appended supporting brief, 21 through clear and repeated reference to the brief; however, the mere attachment of 22 documents to the petition, without any clear incorporation by reference, is insufficient to 23 incorporate the facts and legal issues of those documents into the petition. See Dye v. 24 Hofbauer, 546 U.S. 1, 4 (2005); see Walton v. Hill, 652 F. Supp. 2d 1148, 1170-71 (2009) 25 (although not preferable, a petition could explicitly incorporate by reference arguments 26 set out in exhibits); see also Rule 4, Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United [28] 1 States District Courts (directing the inquiry at the motion to dismiss stage to “the petition 2 and any attached exhibits.”). 3 The Court’s Local Rules of Practice provide that claims may not be incorporated 4 by reference to a superseded pleading; they may only be incorporated by specific 5 references to a document that is attached to the federal petition. See LR 15-1 (an 6 amended pleading must be complete in and of itself without reference to the superseding 7 pleading and must include copies of all exhibits referred to in the proposed amended 8 pleading); LSR 3-3(a) (a petitioner may not state a claim for habeas corpus relief by 9 incorporating language from a document not attached to the petition; rather, “if a petitioner 10 intends to state a claim by incorporation of language from a separate document, that 11 document must be filed with the petition as an exhibit.”) The Court’s instructions on its 12 website for habeas corpus petitions explain that “Local Rule LR 15-1 requires that any 13 amended pleading be complete in itself, without reference to any prior pleading” because 14 an amended petition supersedes a prior petition.3 15 Here, the allegations contained in Additional Grounds 1-6 of the Petition fail to state 16 specific facts supporting those claims for relief as required by Rule 2(c) of the Rules 17 Governing 2254 Cases. (ECF No. 18 at 29.) The attempt to incorporate the factual 18 allegations set forth in the superseded petition is prohibited by LR 15-1(a) and LSR 319 3(a). Moreover, the superseded petition was not attached as an exhibit to the Petition. 20 Thus, the Court finds the allegations in Additional Grounds 1-6 are conclusory. Because 21 Owens has not requested an opportunity to file a second amended petition, the Court will 22 dismiss the claims in Additional Grounds 1-6 without prejudice. The Court will defer 23 consideration of the request for an evidentiary hearing in Additional Ground 7 until review 24 on the merits. [27] 3See 2254-Habeas-Petition-NOT-Sentenced-to-Death-Packet.pdf (uscourts.gov). [28] 1 IV. OPTIONS FOR A MIXED PETITION 2 A federal court may not entertain a habeas petition unless the petitioner has 3 exhausted all available and adequate state court remedies for all claims in the petition. 4 See Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 510 (1982). A “mixed petition” containing both 5 exhausted and unexhausted claims is subject to dismissal. Id. In the instant case, the 6 Court finds Grounds 1(B) and 3(B) are unexhausted and Ground 3 is unexhausted to the 7 extent it raises a substantive claim that police violated Owens’s rights against self8 incrimination or unreasonable seizures. 9 Because the Petition is mixed, Owens has three options: (1) file a motion to dismiss 10 seeking partial dismissal of only the unexhausted claims; (2) file a motion to dismiss the 11 entire Petition without prejudice in order to return to state court to exhaust the 12 unexhausted claims; or (3) file a motion for other appropriate relief, such as a motion for 13 a stay and abeyance, asking this Court to hold his exhausted claims in abeyance while 14 he returns to state court to exhaust the unexhausted claims. 15 V. CONCLUSION 16 It is therefore ordered that Respondents’ Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 27) is 17 granted in part and denied in part. The Motion is denied as to Ground 4 of the Petition. 18 The Motion is granted as to Ground 1(B), any substantive claims alleged in Ground 3, 19 and the Additional Grounds 1-6, as set forth in this order. The Court defers its decision 20 whether Owens can establish cause and prejudice to overcome the default of Ground 21 3(B) without prejudice to Respondents’ reassertion of defenses in their answer. The Court 22 also defers consideration of the request for an evidentiary hearing contained in Additional 23 Ground 7 until review on the merits of the Petition. 24 It is further ordered that by April 21, 2023, Owens must either: (a) file a motion 25 seeking dismissal of Grounds 1(B) and the substantive allegations in Ground 3; (b) file a 26 motion to dismiss the entire Petition without prejudice in order to return to state court to 27 exhaust Grounds 1(B) and the substantive allegations in Ground 3; or (c) file a motion for [28] 1 || other appropriate relief, such as a motion for a stay and abeyance, asking this Court to 2 || hold his exhausted claims in abeyance while he returns to state court to exhaust Grounds 3 || 1(B) and the substantive claims alleged in Ground 3. 4 It is further ordered that failure to timely comply with this order will result in the 5 || dismissal of Owen’s mixed Petition without further advanced notice. 6 DATED THIS 5" Day of April 2023. 7 ALA 8 MIRANDAM.DU-—s—is 9 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE