Blocher v. MindGeek USA Inc.

— 2 — 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 5 * * * 6 JORDAN FLEMING BLOCHER, Case No. 3:23-cv-00209-MMD-CLB 7 Plaintiff, ORDER v. — 8 — MINDGEEK USA INC., — 9 — Defendants. — 10 — — 11 — 12 I. SUMMARY 13 Pro se Plaintiff Jordan Fleming Blocher sues Defendant MindGeek USA Inc. after 14 videos depicting Plaintiff being sexually assaulted appeared on Pornhub.com 15 (“Pornhub”), a pornographic website Defendant operates. (ECF No. 1-1 (“Complaint”).) 16 Before the Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss all of Plaintiff’s claims (ECF No. 6 17 (“Motion”)).1 As further explained below, the Court will grant the Motion. 18 II. BACKGROUND 19 Unless otherwise noted, the following allegations are adapted from the Complaint. 20 Defendant operates Pornhub, a popular pornographic website, where third-party 21 users can share sexually explicit videos and images. (ECF Nos. 1-1 at 7; 6 at 2.) 22 In 2018, Plaintiff suspected that her then-boyfriend had surreptitiously recorded 23 videos of Plaintiff and uploaded them “to content sites for a profit.” (ECF No. 1-1 at 7.) 24 Plaintiff later confirmed her suspicions when she saw these videos on Pornhub. (Id.) 25 Then, from April 2020 to June 2020, Plaintiff “was tortured in her home,” “repeatedly 26 drugged without her consent,” and repeatedly sexually assaulted by a group of men who 27 videotaped the incident (“2020 Assault”). (Id. at 7-8.) Videos of the 2020 Assault “were — 28 — 2 “made so many videos [of Plaintiff] that it became impossible to keep them a secret from 3 her.”3 (Id. at 8.) 4 The Complaint is somewhat unclear, but Plaintiff appears to assert claims under 5 Nevada and California law as well as federal constitutional law: (1) negligence under 6 Nevada law, (2) several criminal-law claims under the California Penal Code, and (3) 7 involuntary servitude in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. 8 III. DISCUSSION 9 Defendant moves to dismiss all of Plaintiff’s claims. The Court first addresses 10 Plaintiff’s California criminal-law claims. The Court then addresses whether Defendant is 11 entitled to Section 230 immunity against Plaintiff’s negligence and Thirteenth Amendment 12 claims. Lastly, the Court will determine whether to grant Plaintiff leave to amend the 13 claims it agrees with Defendant should be dismissed. 14 A. State-Law Criminal Claims 15 Construing the Complaint liberally, Plaintiff asserts several California criminal-law 16 claims based on allegations of Plaintiff being sexually assaulted and the nonconsensual 17 distribution of sexually explicit images of Plaintiff. (Id. at 11.) To the extent Plaintiff asserts 18 claims under the California Penal Code, the Court dismisses these claims because 19 Plaintiff lacks standing to assert criminal claims, no matter how personally aggrieved she 20 may be. See Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614 , 619 (1973) (noting that “a private 21 citizen lacks a judicially cognizable interest in the prosecution or nonprosecution of 22 another”); Dix v. Superior Ct., 807 P.2d 1063, 1066 (Cal. 1991) (“No private citizen, 23 however personally aggrieved, may institute criminal proceedings independently[.]”) 24 (citations omitted); Wiley v. Vea, Case No. 19-00195 JMS-WRP, 2019 WL 3225703 , at — 25 — 2The Complaint does not specify who “released” the videos of the 2020 Assault. 26 (See ECF No. 1-1 at 8.) 27 3It is unclear from the face of the Complaint whether Plaintiff’s current boyfriend uploaded any of these videos onto Defendant’s website. (See ECF No. 1-1 at 8.) For 28 purposes of resolving Defendant’s Motion, the Court infers that Plaintiff’s current 2 “Plaintiff lacks standing to assert criminal claims”) (citations omitted). Accordingly, the 3 Court grants Defendant’s Motion on the California criminal-law claims and dismisses the 4 claims with prejudice. 5 B. Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 6 Defendant next moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s negligence and Thirteenth Amendment 7 claims with prejudice, arguing that it is immune from suit under Section 230 of the 8 Communications Decency Act of 1996 (“CDA”), 47 U.S.C. § 230 . (ECF No. 6 at 6-8.) 9 Plaintiff does not address this argument at all in her response.4 (See generally ECF No. 10 16.) As explained further below, the Court agrees with Defendant that dismissal is 11 warranted under Section 230. 12 Section 230 of the CDA “protects certain internet-based actors from certain kinds 13 of lawsuits.” Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc., 570 F.3d 1096, 1099 (9th Cir. 2009). As relevant 14 here, Section 230(c)(1) provides that “[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer 15 service shall be treated as a publisher or speaker of any information provided by another 16 information content provider.” 47 U.S.C. § 230 (c)(1). The CDA also expressly preempts 17 “any State or local law that is inconsistent with [Section 230].” Id. at § 230(e)(3). “The 18 majority of federal circuits have interpreted the CDA to establish broad federal immunity 19 to any cause of action that would make service providers liable for information originating 20 with a third-party user of the service.” Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 , 1118 21 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Congress enacted the CDA to 22 advance “two parallel goals”: “‘to promote the free exchange of information and ideas 23 over the Internet and to encourage voluntary monitoring for offensive or obscene — 24 — 4Although the Court recognizes Plaintiff’s pro se status, it also advises Plaintiff that 25 “[t]he failure of an opposing party to file points and authorities in response to any motion, except a [summary judgment] motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 or a motion for attorney’s 26 fees, constitutes a consent to the granting of the motion.” LR 7-2(d). That is, under the Local Rules, because Plaintiff fails to file any points and authorities responding to any of 27 Defendant’s arguments in its Motion, Plaintiff therefore consents to the granting of Defendant’s Motion. See id. For these reasons, Local Rule 7-2(d) provides another 28 independent basis on which the Court may grant Defendant’s Motion. — 2 — 339 F.3d 1119 , 1122 (9th Cir. 2003)). 3 In Barnes, the Ninth Circuit created a three-prong test to determine whether 4 Section 230 immunity applies. 570 F.3d at 1100-01 . “Immunity from liability exists for ‘(1) 5 a provider or user of an interactive computer service (2) whom a plaintiff seeks to treat, 6 under a state law cause of action, as a publisher or speaker (3) of information provided 7 by another information content provider.’” Dyroff v. Ultimate Software Grp., Inc., 934 F.3d 8 1093, 1097 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Barnes, 570 F.3d at 1100-01 ). “When a plaintiff cannot 9 allege enough facts to overcome Section 230 immunity, a plaintiff’s claims should be 10 dismissed.” Id. (citing Kimzey v. Yelp! Inc., 836 F.3d 1263, 1268-71 (9th Cir. 2016)). 11 For the reasons below, the Court finds that Defendant satisfies all three prongs of 12 the Barnes test, warranting dismissal of the Complaint. 13 1. Defendant is an Interactive Computer Service Provider 14 Defendant, which operates Pornhub, argues that it is a provider of an interactive 15 computer service (“ICS”) under Section 230—an assertion Plaintiff does not dispute. 16 (ECF No. 6 at 7; see also ECF No. 16.) The CDA defines an ICS as “any information 17 service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer access 18 by multiple users to a computer server.” 47 U.S.C. § 230 (f)(2). Federal courts have held 19 that websites where users can share videos fall within the CDA’s definition of an ICS. 20 See, e.g., Does 1-6 v. Reddit, Inc., 51 F.4th 1137 , 1139, 1141 (9th Cir. 2022) (concluding 21 that defendant-website, where third-party users shared “sexually explicit images and 22 videos” of minors, is an “interactive computer service” provider); Doe v. Reddit, Inc., Case 23 No. SACV 21-00768 JVS (KESx), 2021 WL 5860904 , at *3 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 7, 2021) 24 (concluding the same because “Reddit provides a system that enables computer access 25 by multiple users to a server”) (citation omitted). 26 The Court agrees that Defendant—operator of Pornhub, a website where users 27 can share sexually explicit images and videos—is an ICS provider because it “provides a 28 system that enables computer access by multiple users to a server.” Doe, 2021 WL 2 Barnes prong. 3 2. Plaintiff Treats Defendant As a “Publisher” 4 Next, the Court must determine whether Plaintiff “seeks to treat [Defendant], under 5 a state law cause of action, as a publisher or speaker.” Barnes, 570 F.3d at 1100 . The 6 Court finds that she does. 7 “[S]ubsection 230(c)(1) precludes liability when the duty the plaintiff alleges the 8 defendant violated derives from the defendant’s status or conduct as a publisher or 9 speaker.” Id. at 1102, 1107 . Relevant to this second Barnes prong, “what matters is 10 whether the cause of action inherently requires the court to treat the defendant as the 11 ‘publisher or speaker’ of content provided by another.” Id. at 1101-02 “Rooted in the 12 common sense and common definition of what a publisher does,” a defendant-website’s 13 activity counts as “publication” if it “involves reviewing, editing, and deciding whether to 14 publish or to withdraw from publication third-party content.” Id. at 1102 ; see also Fair 15 Hous. Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.Com, LLC, 521 F.3d 1157 , 117016 71 (9th Cir. 2008) (“[A]ny activity that can be boiled down to deciding whether to exclude 17 material that third parties seek to post online is perforce immune under section 230.”) 18 (citation omitted). 19 Here, Plaintiff appears to assert negligence and Thirteenth Amendment claims 20 based on allegations that Plaintiff’s former boyfriend and others surreptitiously filmed her 21 and posted several videos on Pornhub, some of which depicting the 2020 Assault. (ECF 22 No. 1-1 at 7-8.) As for the negligence claim, Plaintiff merely asserts that “the negligence 23 of [Defendant] is clear,” and that she has suffered mental anguish and “extreme social 24 stigma” due to the circulation of these videos on the website.5 (Id. at 8-9.) As for the — 25 — 5Even assuming Section 230 does not immunize Defendant, Plaintiff still fails to 26 plead a plausible negligence claim. Besides merely stating that “the negligence of [Defendant] is clear,” and alleging having suffered mental anguish and “extreme social 27 stigma,” Plaintiff alleges no facts from which the Court can reasonably infer that (1) Defendant owed a duty of care to Plaintiff, (2) Defendant breached that duty, or (3) 28 Defendant’s breach proximately caused Plaintiff’s injury. (See ECF No. 1-1 at 7-9.) See 2 that Defendant’s actions “have violated the Thirteenth Amendment.”6 (Id. at 14.) Plaintiff 3 plainly bases both claims on Defendant’s publication practices—that is, “activit[ies] that 4 can be boiled down to deciding whether to exclude material that third parties seek to post 5 online” that are normally “immune under section 230.” Roommates.Com, LLC, 521 F.3d 6 at 1170-71. The Court finds that Plaintiff, through her negligence and Thirteenth 7 Amendment claims, seeks to hold Defendant liable as a publisher. Accordingly, 8 Defendant satisfies the second Barnes prong. 9 3. Defendant Published Third-Party Content 10 Finally, the Court evaluates whether the published videos depicting Plaintiff 11 constitute third-party content for Section 230 purposes. Accepting Plaintiff’s allegations 12 as true and drawing reasonable inferences in her favor, the Court finds that the alleged 13 videos were created by third parties—Plaintiff’s ex-boyfriend, her current boyfriend, and 14 other unidentified individuals. (Id. at 7-8.) Plaintiff does not allege any facts suggesting 15 that Defendant “create[d] or develop[ed] the specific content at issue” or otherwise 16 “materially contributed to the content posted” on Pornhub. Dyroff, 934 F.3d at 1097, 1099 . 17 Because Plaintiff does not allege facts indicating that Defendant “required users to post 18 specific content, made suggestions regarding the content of potential user posts, or — 19 — 20 also Sanchez ex rel. Sanchez v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 221 P.3d 1276, 1280 (Nev. 2009); Sparks v. Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity, Inc., 255 P.3d. 287, 296-97 (Nev. 2011). — 21 — 6Even assuming Defendant is not entitled to Section 230 immunity, Plaintiff still 22 fails to allege a plausible Thirteenth Amendment claim. As Defendant points out, Plaintiff has not pleaded any additional facts indicating that Defendant subjected her to involuntary 23 servitude. (ECF No. 6 at 5-6.) To be sure, the Thirteenth Amendment provides that “[n]either slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States,” and 24 that “Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.” U.S. Const. amend. XIII §§ 1-2. However, “[t]here is not a private right of action under the 25 Thirteenth Amendment; rather, plaintiffs must instead base such claims on one of the statutes implementing” it. Simpson v. Agatone, Case No. 2:15-cv-00254-RFB-CWH, 2018 26 WL 5074677 , at *4 (D. Nev. Sept. 5, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, 2018 WL 5045197 (Oct. 17, 2018) (citing Del Elmer v. Metzger, 967 F. Supp. 398, 402 (S.D. 27 Cal. 1997 ) (collecting cases)). Plaintiff does not base her claim on any such statute. Even assuming such a private right of action exists, Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant 28 forced her to work in any way resembling involuntary servitude. This serves as an 2 concludes that Defendant also satisfies the third Barnes prong and is thus entitled to 3 Section 230 immunity against the negligence and Thirteenth Amendment claims as 4 alleged in the Complaint. 5 For these reasons, the Court grants Defendant’s Motion on the negligence and 6 Thirteenth Amendment claims and dismisses them without prejudice. 7 C. Leave to Amend 8 Finally, the Court considers whether it will grant Plaintiff leave to amend. The Court 9 has discretion to grant leave to amend and should freely do so “when justice so requires.” 10 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); see also Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir. 11 1990). Nonetheless, the Court may deny leave to amend if it will cause: (1) undue delay; 12 (2) undue prejudice to the opposing party; (3) the request is made in bad faith; (4) the 13 party has repeatedly failed to cure deficiencies; or (5) the amendment would be futile. 14 See Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008). Facts 15 raised for the first time in a plaintiff’s opposition papers should be considered by the Court 16 in determining whether to grant leave to amend or to dismiss the complaint with or without 17 prejudice. See Orion Tire Corp. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 268 F.3d 1133 , 1137-38 18 (9th Cir. 2001). 19 The Court recognizes the practical hurdles Plaintiff faces as a pro se litigant and 20 sympathizes with Plaintiff’s plight. However, in taking the Complaint’s allegations as true 21 and drawing reasonable inferences in Plaintiff’s favor, the Court finds that amendment of 22 the Complaint would be futile. Therefore, the Court dismisses Plaintiff’s negligence and 23 Thirteenth Amendment claims without prejudice but without leave to amend. Additionally, 24 the Court dismisses Plaintiff’s California criminal-law claims with prejudice and without 25 leave to amend. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 || IV. CONCLUSION 2 The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited several cases 3 || not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and 4 || determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the 5 || motion before the Court. 6 It is therefore ordered that Defendant MindGeek USA Inc.’s motion to dismiss (ECF 7 || No. 6) is granted. 8 It is further ordered that the Clerk of Court enter judgment accordingly and close 9 || this case. 10 DATED THIS 8" Day of August 2023. — 11 — — 12 — 13 □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ 14 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE — 15 — — 16 — — 17 — — 18 — — 19 — — 20 — — 21 — — 22 — — 23 — — 24 — — 25 — — 26 — — 27 — — 28 —