Radecki v. Bank of America, N.A.

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 TIM RADECKI, Case No. 2:22-cv-01726-ART-EJY 4 Plaintiff, ORDER v. [5] BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., et al., [6] Defendants. [7] 8 This case involves a dispute over the validity of the parties’ claim to title 9 over a property located in Las Vegas, Nevada. Now pending are three motions: 10 Defendant Bank of America, N.A.’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff Tim Radecki’s First 11 Amended Complaint (ECF No. 40); Defendant Bank of America, N.A.’s Motion to 12 Expunge Lis Pendens (ECF No. 41); and Defendant National Default Servicing 13 Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff Tim Radecki’s First Amended Complaint 14 (ECF No. 54). For the reasons stated, the Court will grant each of these motions. 15 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 16 Non-party borrowers purchased the property at issue, 6507 Copper Smith 17 Court, North Las Vegas, NV 89084, in February of 2008, subject to a mortgage 18 held by non-party Countrywide Bank, FSB in the amount of $179,550. (ECF Nos. 19 40-1, 40-2.) The next month, Fannie Mae acquired the loan, which it continues 20 to own today. (ECF 40-3.) Defendant Bank of America, N.A. (“BANA”) is the loan 21 servicer for Fannie Mae and the current beneficiary of record of the Deed of Trust. 22 (ECF No. 40-4.) Defendant National Default Servicing Corporation (“NDSC”) is the 23 current trustee under the Deed of Trust. (Id.) 24 The borrowers became delinquent on their loan in 2009. (ECF No. 40-5.) 25 Three Notices of Default were recorded against the property in 2010. (Id.) The 26 borrowers filed for bankruptcy in 2011, listing the property as one of their assets. 27 (ECF No. 40-8.) The bankruptcy court issued a bankruptcy discharge as to the 28 borrowers on June 1, 2011. (ECF No. 40-9.) 1 Because the borrowers also failed to pay HOA assessments, the HOA 2 foreclosed on the property in 2013. (ECF Nos. 40-10, 40-11.) Plaintiff Tim Radecki 3 purchased the property at the HOA foreclosure sale for $29,000. (ECF No. 404 11.) 5 In 2014, Plaintiff commenced a quiet-title action against BANA and 6 recorded a lis pendens against the property, arguing that the HOA sale 7 extinguished the Deed of Trust held by BANA. (ECF Nos. 40-12, 40-13.) The state 8 court disagreed, finding the Plaintiff’s arguments failed because of the Housing 9 and Economic Recovery Act’s (“HERA”) Federal Foreclosure Bar, 12 U.S.C. § 10 4617(j)(3). (ECF No. 40-3.) 11 The current litigation stems from the 2022 Notice of Default recorded 12 against the property by NDSC following the conclusion of the prior quiet-title 13 action and the lifting of COVID restrictions. (ECF No. 40-4.) Attached to the 2022 14 Notice of Default was an affidavit of authority to exercise the power of sale that 15 was attested to by BANA and identified BANA as the holder of the Note, the 16 beneficiary of the Deed of Trust, and the servicer of the debt secured by the Deed 17 of Trust. (Id.) 18 In September of 2022, Plaintiff filed this action in state court and recorded 19 a lis pendens against the property. (ECF Nos. 1-1, 1-6.) BANA subsequently 20 removed the action to this Court. (ECF No. 1.) 21 Plaintiff later filed a First Amended Complaint requesting declaratory and 22 injunctive relief quieting title in his favor. (ECF No. 39.) Plaintiff alleges that NRS 23 106.240 extinguished Defendants’ interest in the property because the debt 24 secured by the Deed of Trust became “wholly due” more than ten years before 25 Plaintiff filed the complaint. Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants violated various 26 state and federal laws in their pursuit of foreclosure. 27 BANA moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 28 and to expunge the lis pendens. (ECF Nos. 40, 41.) NDSC joined both of BANA’s 1 motions. (ECF Nos. 42, 43.) Plaintiff responded to both motions (ECF Nos. 46, 2 47), and BANA replied. (ECF Nos. 48, 49). NDSC joined in BANA’s reply. (ECF No. 3 50.) NDSC then filed its own Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended 4 Complaint. (ECF No. 54.) Plaintiff responded (ECF No. 55), and NDSC replied 5 (ECF No. 60). 6 On December 1, 2023, Defendants recorded a Notice of Sale and scheduled 7 a foreclosure sale of the property for January 12, 2024. (ECF No. 62-6.) On 8 December 27, 2023, Plaintiff filed Emergency Motions for Temporary Restraining 9 Order and Preliminary Injunction (ECF Nos. 62, 63) seeking to enjoin the 10 foreclosure. BANA filed its responses on January 3, 2024. (ECF Nos. 67, 68.) The 11 Court held an oral argument on the motions on January 5, 2024. On January 12 11, 2024, the Court filed an Order denying Plaintiff’s emergency motions. The 13 parties then filed a joint status report requesting adjudication of the pending 14 motions to dismiss. (ECF No. 72.) 15 II. DISCUSSION 16 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) allows for challenges based on a failure to state a 17 claim upon which relief can be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a 18 motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter to “state a 19 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 , 678 20 (2009). But even a facially plausible claim may be dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. 21 P. 12 (b)(6) for “lack of a cognizable legal theory.” Solida v. McKelvey, 820 F.3d 22 1090, 1096 (9th Cir. 2016). Thus, to survive a motion to dismiss a claim must be 23 both facially plausible and legally cognizable. 24 Plaintiff has not stated a legally cognizable claim for relief under NRS 25 106.240. The statute provides that any lien created by a mortgage or deed of trust 26 terminates “at the expiration of 10 years after the debt secured by the mortgage 27 or deed of trust according to the terms thereof or any recorded written extension 28 thereof become wholly due.” NRS 106.240. The Nevada Supreme Court recently 1 held that under NRS 106.240, a debt becomes wholly due only according to two 2 things: “(1) the ‘terms thereof,’ referring to the mortgage or deed of trust, or (2) 3 ‘any recorded written extension thereof.’” LV Debt Collect, LLC v. Bank of New 4 York Mellon, 534 P.3d 693 , 697 (Nev. 2023) (quoting NRS 106.240). “Thus, when 5 there is no recorded extension of the due date, the terms of the mortgage or deed 6 of trust dictate when the debt becomes wholly due.” Id. Here, the Deed of Trust 7 and Note provide that the debt becomes wholly due on March 1, 2038. (ECF Nos. 8 40-1, 40-2.) Based on that date, NRS 106.240 cannot terminate Defendants’ lien 9 on the property until 2048. 10 To shift the timeline up, Plaintiff points to various events that he argues 11 made the debt “wholly due” at an earlier date. Plaintiff argues that the bankruptcy 12 discharge made the debt wholly due at the time it was issued. Alternatively, 13 Plaintiff alleges that some correspondence between Defendants and the 14 borrowers before the borrowers filed for bankruptcy accelerated the debt and 15 made it wholly due for purposes of NRS 106.240. Finally, Plaintiff argues that 16 BANA is judicially estopped from claiming that the debt was not fully accelerated 17 through correspondence with the borrowers because of arguments it has made 18 in other litigation. 19 Each of these arguments fail for the same reason: the Nevada Supreme 20 Court has stated that only the terms of a mortgage or deed of trust, or any 21 recorded written extension thereof, may make a debt wholly due for the purposes 22 of NRS 106.240. LV Debt Collect, LLC, 534 P.3d at 697. Neither the bankruptcy 23 discharge nor any unrecorded correspondence can make the debt wholly due for 24 purposes of NRS 106.240 as a matter of law. Moreover, Plaintiff’s judicial estoppel 25 argument conflates “acceleration” of a debt and a debt becoming “wholly due” 26 under NRS 106.240, which are distinct concepts. Plaintiff has not alleged any 27 facts or legal theories that support his NRS 106.240 claim under the rule laid out 28 by LV Debt Collect. The Court will therefore dismiss count one of the First 1 Amended Complaint.1 2 Plaintiff’s second cause of action alleges that Defendants violated NRS 107 3 by having BANA, the purported beneficiary of the Deed of Trust, execute the 4 Affidavit of Authority to Exercise the Power of Sale under NRS 107.0805. (ECF 5 No. 40-4.) According to Plaintiff, NDSC, as the trustee, is the only entity with the 6 authority to execute the Affidavit of Authority. The Court disagrees. 7 The statute plainly authorizes the “beneficiary, the successor in interest of 8 the beneficiary, or the trustee” to execute the affidavit of authority required for 9 non-judicial foreclosure. NRS 107.0805(1)(b); see also TRP Fund V, LLC v. Nat'l 10 Default Servicing Corp., No. 2:22-cv-830-JCM-DJA, 2023 WL 2328117 , at *3 (D. 11 Nev. Mar. 2, 2023) (“Only NRS 107.0805 directly governs who many execute an 12 affidavit of authority, and it expressly authorizes a beneficiary to do so.”) Given 13 the clear statutory language here, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not alleged a 14 cognizable claim under NRS 107.0805. The Court will therefore dismiss count 15 two of the First Amended Complaint. 16 Plaintiff’s third cause of action seeks declaratory and injunctive relief. 17 Plaintiff requests an order from this Court based on his NRS 107 and NRS 18 106.240 claims finding that the foreclosure is void for failure to comply with NRS 19 107, that the foreclosure not be had, and that the Deed of Trust is terminated by 20 operation of NRS 106.240. Because the Court is dismissing the first and second 21 causes of action, the Court will also dismiss this request for declaratory relief 22 that is derivative of those causes of action. 23 Plaintiff also seeks an order enjoining foreclosure on the property. For the 24 reasons stated in the Court’s Order denying Plaintiff’s emergency motions for [25] 26 1 Plaintiff seemingly abandons his NRS 106.240 claim in his Response to NDSC’s Motion to Dismiss, recognizing that his arguments cannot be reconciled with LV Debt Collect, 27 LLC’s holding that “a deed of trust can only be presumed satisfied when 10 years have passed after the last possible date the deed of trust is in effect as shown by the maturity 28 date on the deed of trust.” (ECF No. 55 at 2.) 1 injunctive relief (ECF No. 70), the Court dismisses this request for injunctive relief 2 as well. 3 Finally, in the event the Court does not extinguish the Deed of Trust, 4 Plaintiff seeks an order from this Court enforcing the bankruptcy discharge and 5 voiding all post discharge claims by Defendants for additional monetary amounts 6 like late fees, penalties, and collection costs. Essentially, Plaintiff requests 7 declaratory relief finding the foreclosure wrongful if it includes any amount 8 accrued after the date of the borrower’s bankruptcy discharge in the amount 9 sought in foreclosure. Plaintiff also requests an accounting of every amount 10 claimed due so any post discharge claims may be excised from the amount sought 11 in foreclosure. 12 Plaintiff’s argument is that he should benefit from the discharge of the 13 borrower’s personal liability and not have to satisfy the entire lien on the property. 14 This argument conflicts with bankruptcy law. “[D]ischarge of a debt of the debtor 15 does not affect the liability of any other entity on, or the property of any other 16 entity for, such debt.” 11 U.S.C. § 524 (e). A “discharge relieve[s] the Debtor of his 17 personal liability for his prebankruptcy debts, but [does] not affect the 18 [corresponding] liens.” In re Mirchou, 588 B.R. 555, 571 (Bankr. D. Nev. 2018). 19 “[A] discharge extinguishes only ‘the personal liability of the debtor.’” Johnson v. 20 Home State Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 83 (1991) (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 524 (a)(1)). Plaintiff 21 therefore may not rely on the borrower’s discharge to avoid paying post discharge 22 claims to satisfy the lien on the property. Moreover, a bankruptcy discharge does 23 not eliminate contractual provisions. See Siegel v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., [24] 143 F.3d 525, 531 (9th Cir. 1998). Defendants are permitted to pursue any post 25 discharge charges allowed by the terms of the Deed of Trust, provided they are 26 not pursued against the borrowers. Here, they may be pursued in foreclosure to 27 satisfy the entire lien on the property. Because the Court finds that Defendants 28 may pursue post discharge claims in foreclosure, there is no need for the 1 accounting that Plaintiff requests. 2 Plaintiff’s final argument, raised in response to NDSC’s Motion to Dismiss 3 and not pled in his complaint, is that the six-year statute of limitations provided 4 by NRS 11.190 bars Defendants from pursuing post discharge claims that 5 accrued more than six years before Defendants began pursuing them.2 The 6 problem with this argument is that NRS 11.190 does not appear to apply to the 7 nonjudicial foreclosure at issue. “NRS 11.190 serves only to bar judicial actions; 8 thus, they are inapplicable to nonjudicial foreclosures.” Facklam v. HSBC Bank 9 USA for Deutsche ALT-A Sec. Mortg. Loan Tr., 401 P.3d 1068 , 1071 (Nev. 2017). 10 “Nonjudicial foreclosure is neither a civil nor a criminal judicial proceeding. It is 11 not commenced by filing a complaint with the court.” Id. The foreclosure at issue 12 here is a nonjudicial foreclosure. It was not commenced by filing a complaint, but 13 rather by recording a Notice of Default and Election to Sell Under Deed of Trust. 14 (ECF No. 40-4.) NRS 11.190 is inapplicable here. The Court will therefore dismiss 15 Plaintiff’s third cause of action for failure to state a plausible claim for relief. 16 The Court has discretion to grant leave to amend and should freely do so 17 “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); see also Allen v. City of Beverly 18 Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir. 1990). Nonetheless, the Court may deny leave 19 to amend if it will cause: (1) undue delay; (2) undue prejudice to the opposing 20 party; (3) the request is made in bad faith; (4) the party has repeatedly failed to 21 cure deficiencies; or (5) the amendment would be futile. See Leadsinger, Inc. v. 22 BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008). 23 Here, the Court will deny leave to amend because amendment would be 24 futile. Plaintiff’s NRS 106.240 and NRS 107 claims both fail as a matter of law, 25 and there is no plausible set of facts that would make either claim viable. [26] 27 2 In his brief, Plaintiff cites to NRS 11.090(1) seemingly in error. The case Plaintiff cites to support his argument cites to NRS 11.190. See Clayton v. Gardner, 813 P.2d 997 , 998 28 n.1 (Nev. 1991). 1 || Plaintiff's third cause of action similarly cannot be cured with leave to amend, as 2 || much of it is derivative of the other causes of action. The arguments that are not 3 || derivative also fail as a matter of law and cannot be cured with amendment. 4 Finally, the Court will expunge the lis pendens recorded against the 5 || property. NRS 14.015 requires that a court must either be satisfied “[t]hat the 6 || party who record the notice is likely to prevail in the action” or “has a fair chance 7 || of success on the merits in the action.” Given the dismissal of all claims without 8 || leave to amend, Plaintiff meets neither standard. III. CONCLUSION 10 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss 11 || Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint are both GRANTED. (ECF Nos. 40, 54.) 12 || Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint is therefore dismissed with prejudice and 13 || without leave to amend. 14 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant BANA’s Motion to Expunge Lis 15 || Pendens is GRANTED. (ECF No. 41.) 16 The Clerk of the Court is direct to enter judgment accordingly. [17] 18 DATED THIS 19t# day of March 2024. 19 dan 20 Aras / ANNE R. TRAUM 21 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE