Goodwin v. AT&T

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA [3] ANTONIO GOODWIN, ) 4 ) Plaintiff, ) Case No.: 2:23-cv-01950-GMN-DJA 5 vs. ) ) ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR [6] AT&T, ) JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS 7 ) Defendant. ) 8 ) ) [9] 10 Pending before the Court is the Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, (ECF No. 13), 11 filed by Defendant AT&T Corp. Pro se Plaintiff Antonio Goodwin filed a Motion to 12 Supplement the Records for the Time Period in Dispute, (ECF No. 26), which the Court 13 liberally construes1 as a response, and a second Response, (ECF No. 28), to which AT&T filed 14 a Reply, (ECF No. 30). 15 Also pending before the Court are Plaintiff’s Motion Seeking Motion from Defendant, 16 (ECF No. 23), and Motion to Strike, (ECF No. 29), in addition to AT&T’s First and Second 17 Motions to Strike, (ECF Nos. 18, 27). 18 For the reasons discussed below, the Court DENIES AT&T’s Motion for Judgment on 19 the Pleadings and Second Motion to Strike.2 The Court further DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion [21] 1 A document filed pro se is to be liberally construed. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). [22] 2 AT&T’s Second Motion to Strike contends that Plaintiff’s Motion Seeking Motion, (ECF No. 23), and Motion 23 to Supplement the Records, (ECF No. 26), should be stricken because they are amended complaints filed in violation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. The Court disagrees. Liberally construing the Motion Seeking Motion, it 24 appears Plaintiff is requesting discovery from AT&T to demonstrate it was his employer. Thus, while the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to the extent it seeks discovery, (Magistrate Judge Order, ECF No. 24), it declines to 25 strike this Motion from the docket. Next, the Court construes Motion to Supplement the Records for the Time Period in Dispute as a response to AT&T’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, not an attempt by Plaintiff to file an amended complaint. Accordingly, AT&T’s Second Motion to Strike is DENIED. 1 Seeking Motion from Defendant3 and Motion to Strike.4 Finally, the Court GRANTS AT&T’s 2 First Motion to Strike5 and Plaintiff’s Motion to Supplement the Record for the Time Period in 3 Dispute.6 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 This action arises from AT&T’s alleged discrimination and retaliation against its 6 employee, Plaintiff Antonio Goodwin. (See generally Am. Compl., ECF No. 10). AT&T filed 7 an Answer denying it ever employed. (Answer 2:19–26, ECF No. 12). AT&T’s denial is 8 predicated on an assertion by Paula M. Phillips, a Director-Legal Administrator for AT&T 9 Services, Inc., stating that she “conducted an exhaustive search of AT&T’s employment 10 records” and determined there were “no records of [Plaintiff] ever being employed by AT&T [12] 13 3 As stated, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to the extent it seeks. (Magistrate Judge Order, ECF No. 24). 14 4 Plaintiff seeks to strike AT&T’s Response, (ECF No. 27), and requests the Court impose sanctions on AT&T because it allegedly withheld discovery. (Pl.’s Mot. Strike at 3, ECF No. 29). Because the Court denies any 15 discovery request made by Plaintiff, it DENIES his Motion and declines to issue sanctions. 16 5 AT&T’s First Motion to Strike contends that Plaintiff’s Affidavit, (ECF No. 15), should also be stricken because it is an amended complaint filed in violation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. The Court agrees with AT&T that 17 liberally construing Plaintiff’s Affidavit, it constitutes an amended complaint filed in violation of Rule 15. “A party may amend its pleading once as a matter of course within: (A) 21 days after serving it, or (B) if the 18 pleading is one to which a responsive pleading is required, 21 days after service of a responsive pleading or 21 days after service of a motion under Rule 12(b), (e), or (f), whichever is earlier.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). 19 Otherwise, “a party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Plaintiff has already filed an amended complaint as a matter of course, (Am. Compl., 20 ECF No. 10), and this case is otherwise past the point where Plaintiff can amend without AT&T’s consent or the Court’s leave. “When a party files an amended complaint without the right to do so, it is properly stricken by the 21 Court.” Wilkins v. Macober, No. 2:16-cv-0475, 2022 WL 18027822 , at *2 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 30, 2022). Because Plaintiff filed his Affidavit without proper authorization, the Court grants AT&T’s First Motion to Strike, (ECF 22 No. 18), and STRIKES the Affidavit from the docket. 23 6 As explained above, the Court construes this filing as a response to AT&T’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. Nevertheless, the Court does not consider any argument or evidence in this filing in resolving 24 AT&T’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings to the extent it introduces argument and evidence beyond that contained in Plaintiff’s pleadings. See Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co. Inc., 896 F.2d 1542 , 25 1550 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding that “judgment on the pleadings is improper when the district court goes beyond the pleadings to resolve an issue”). 1 from January 2020 onward . . . either at AT&T’s headquarters or any other AT&T corporate 2 location.” (Paula Phillips Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. A to Answer, ECF No. 12-1). AT&T then filed its 3 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, (ECF No. 13). 4 II. LEGAL STANDARD 5 “After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move 6 for judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). “[J]udgment on the pleadings is proper 7 ‘when, taking all the allegations in the non-moving party’s pleadings as true, the moving party 8 is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Ventress v. Japan Airlines, 486 F.3d 1111 , 1114 9 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). 10 Motions for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) are 11 “functionally identical” to motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of 12 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 13 1989). Moreover, when reviewing a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 14 12(c), a court “must accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in 15 the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Fleming v. Pickard, 581 F.3d 922, 925 (9th 16 Cir. 2009). The allegations of the nonmoving party must be accepted as true while any 17 allegations made by the moving party that have been denied or contradicted are assumed to be 18 false. MacDonald v. Grace Church Seattle, 457 F.3d 1079, 1081 (9th Cir. 2006). 19 III. DISCUSSION 20 AT&T moves for judgment on Plaintiff’s Title VII claims, arguing they fail as a matter of 21 law because “[AT&T] was never Plaintiff’s employer” and “Title VII has no applicability 22 outside of the employer/employee relationship.”7 (Mot. J. Pleadings 4:14–17). AT&T’s [24] 7 AT&T also contends the Court should grant its Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings under Local Rule 7-2(d) 25 because Plaintiff failed to file a timely response to its Motion. (Reply 3:24–4:9, ECF No. 30). However, considering the fact that Plaintiff did file a response, albeit untimely, and because the Court disagrees with AT&T’s underlying argument, it refrains from granting AT&T’s Motion on this basis. 1 argument is well taken, as Title VII only protects employees, not non-employees. Adcock v. 2 Chrysler Corp., 166 F.3d 1290, 1292 (9th Cir. 1999). Thus, Plaintiff is “entitled to the 3 protections of Title VII only if [ ]he is an employee” of AT&T. Murray v. Principal Fin. 4 Group, Inc., 613 F.3d 943, 944 (9th Cir. 2010). However, whether Plaintiff was employed by 5 AT&T is a factual dispute not suitable for resolution at this stage. 6 The existence of affirmative defenses usually precludes judgment on the pleadings. See 7 Gen. Conference Corp. of Seventh-Day Adventists v. Seventh-Day Adventist Cong. Church, 887 8 F.2d 228 , 230 (9th Cir. 1989). However, where affirmative defenses raise only questions of 9 law, such affirmative defenses do not preclude judgment on the pleadings. See Unite Here 10 Local 19 v. Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians, 101 F. Supp. 3d 929, 934 (E.D. Cal. 11 2015) (citing 5C Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 12 1367 (3d ed. 2004)). “The motion for a judgment on the pleadings only has utility when all 13 material allegations of fact are admitted or not controverted in the pleadings and only questions 14 of law remain to be decided by the district court.” Id. If a defendant’s affirmative defenses 15 create material issues of fact, judgment on the pleadings is precluded. See Westport Ins. Corp. 16 v. N. California Relief, 76 F. Supp. 3d 869 , 882–83 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (finding that the 17 defendant’s affirmative defenses failed to create a material issue of fact and therefore did not 18 preclude judgment on the pleadings). 19 The Court cannot find there are no material facts in dispute. AT&T’s affirmative 20 defense—denying that it ever employed Plaintiff or exercised control over the terms and 21 conditions of his employment—is not a legal assertion. See Bautista v. PR Gramercy Square 22 Condo., 642 F. Supp. 3d 411 , 421 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (“Determining whether an employment 23 relationship exists is a ‘fact-specific’ endeavor.”). Rather, it raises a contested factual issue, as 24 Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint alleges he was employed by AT&T. (See generally Am. 25 Compl.). In this posture, it is not proper for the Court to “resolve potential conflicts between 1 the allegations in Plaintiff’s [Amended] Complaint and an attachment to [AT&T]’s Answer 2 provided in conjunction with an [a]ffirmative [d]efense, and [AT&T] cites no case in which a 3 Court properly undertook such a task at this early stage of the litigation (without converting the 4 motion to one for summary judgment, which no party requests the Court to do here).” Affiliated 5 FM Ins. Co. v. Hill Phoenix Inc., No. 22-cv-00450, 2023 WL 244494 , at *2 (D. Ariz. Jan. 18, 6 2023). Accordingly, AT&T’s Motion is DENIED. 7 Considering Plaintiff’s claims and filings, the Court finds that exceptional circumstances 8 exist justifying the appointment of counsel. To determine whether exceptional circumstances 9 exist warranting the appointment of counsel, a court must consider: (1) the likelihood of 10 success on the merits; and (2) the ability of the plaintiff to articulate their claims pro se in light 11 of the complexity of the legal issues involved. See Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th 12 Cir. 2009). . 13 The Court has denied AT&T’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. At this point, 14 Plaintiff has a likelihood of success on his claims. This case will now proceed to discovery and 15 then dispositive motions. To date, Plaintiff’s filings have been disjointed and unclear. The 16 Court anticipates that Plaintiff will encounter challenges conducting discovery and articulating 17 his arguments at the summary judgment stage. Whether Plaintiff was employed by AT&T, and 18 if he was discriminated against in the course of his employment, are two issues of sufficient 19 complexity that the Court finds appointment of counsel is warranted. 20 IV. CONCLUSION 21 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that AT&T’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, 22 (ECF No. 13), is DENIED. 23 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that AT&T’s First Motion to Strike, (ECF No. 18), is 24 GRANTED. Plaintiff’s Affidavit, (ECF No. 15), is HEREBY STRICKEN from the docket. [25] 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that AT&T’s Second Motion to Strike, (ECF No. 27), is 2 || DENIED. 3 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion Seeking Motion, (ECF No. 23), 4 DENIED. 5 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion to Supplement the Records for 6 || the Time Period in Dispute, (ECF No. 26), is GRANTED. 7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion to Strike, (ECF No. 29), is 8 || DENIED. 9 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that this case be referred to the Pro Bono Program for 10 || appointment of counsel for the purposes identified herein, unless Plaintiff notifies the Court 11 || that he does not desire appointment of counsel. 12 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff shall have until June 8, 2024, to notify the 13 || Court if he does not desire appointment of counsel. 14 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall forward this Order to the 15 || Pro Bono Liaison. 16 DATED this 9 _ day of May, 2024. [18] 19 Gloria avarro, District Judge United es District Court [25] Page 6 of 6