Camacho v. Northeastern University

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK JASON CAMACHO and on behalf of all other persons similarly situated, Plaintiff, OPINION AND ORDER – against – 18 Civ. 10693 (ER) NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY, Defendant. Ramos, D.J.: Northeastern, with its main campus in Boston, Massachusetts, participated in a college fair in Manhattan. Later that same month, it was served with a complaint alleging that a blind New Yorker, Jason Camacho, had attended that fair, gone to Northeastern’s website, and run into several web-design-based barriers that prevented him from accessing information through his screen-reader software. Northeastern now moves this Court to dismiss Camacho’s amended complaint because the Court does not have personal jurisdiction over it and because Camacho has failed to allege injury sufficient to convey standing. �e Court finds that it does not have personal jurisdiction and, on that basis, GRANTS Northeastern’s motion.1 I. BACKGROUND Northeastern University is a post-secondary school chartered under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and with a main campus in Boston. Decl. of Alysa Gerlach (“Gerlach Dep.”) ¶ 3, Doc. 23. It has no offices, bank accounts, or other physical presence in 1 In light of Camacho’s submission of a declaration providing factual support for this Court’s jurisdiction, Doc. 28, it is likely that he has Article III standing to bring this lawsuit. But, given the Court’s finding that it does not have personal jurisdiction over Northeastern, the Court does not decide the issue of subject-matter jurisdiction in this opinion. New York. Id. ¶ 4–6. As part of its recruiting efforts, its admissions team travels the country to visit prospective students. In 2018, the team collectively attended over 1000 admission events. Decl. of Elizabeth Cheron (“Cheron Decl.”) ¶ 3, Doc. 22. One of these events was a college fair that took place at the Javits Center in New York City in November 2018. Decl. of Jon Bernstein (“Bernstein Decl.”) ¶ 3, Doc. 21. Jason Camacho attended that fair, as well. First Amended Compl. (“Compl.”) ¶ 33, Doc. 15. Camacho is a blind resident of Brooklyn, New York. Id. ¶ 20. He currently attends the Catholic Guild for the Blind and avers that he intends to attend a four-year college to obtain a bachelor’s degree. Decl. of Jason Camacho (“Camacho Decl.”) ¶¶ 4, 5, Doc. 28. While at the fair, he spoke “to representatives of several colleges,” but, finding that the information they offered was “limited,” he left. Id. ¶ 8. He does not allege that he spoke with anyone representing Northeastern College, and neither Northeastern’s records nor the people staffing Northeastern’s table suggest he, or any visually impaired person, approached the table that day. Bernstein Decl. ¶¶ 4, 5. Camacho avers that he spent the next several days on his computer, researching the colleges that had attended the fair. Camacho Decl. ¶ 8. During this research, he went to Northeastern’s website, located at www.northeastern.edu. Compl. ¶ 34. To browse the website, he attempted to use screen-reader software called JAWS, which reads aloud each element on a webpage, allowing a visually impaired user to navigate the page. Id. ¶¶ 25, 26, 32. He alleges that certain aspects of the design of Northeastern’s website prevented him from obtaining useful information. Generally, he alleges that images and links on the website sometimes did not contain any associated text, which prevented his screen reader from being able to tell him about the contents of those elements. Id. ¶ 36. More specifically, he avers that a pop-up box prevented him from being able to use his screen reader to navigate to a net-price calculator he wished to use to calculate his anticipated financial aid. Camacho Decl. ¶ 11. �e calculator is operated by the College Board at npc.collegeboard.org/app/northeastern. Decl. of Brian Murphy Clinton (“Clinton Decl.”) ¶ 4, Doc. 30. Northeastern’s website allows prospective students to schedule a visit and tour and request additional information from admissions staff. Compl. ¶ 10. �e website does not allow recruits to apply online; instead, prospective students must apply through third-parties �e Common Application, Inc. and the Coalition for College. Clinton Decl. ¶ 7. Nine days after he visited the fair at the Javits Center, Camacho filed a lawsuit under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12181 et seq., as well as the New York Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law § 296 , New York State Civil Rights Law § 40-c(2), and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794 . Class Action Compl., Doc. 1. In the complaint, which he amended in March 2019, he alleged that his difficulties in collecting information about Northeastern violated his rights under each of these laws, and he demanded injunctive relief along with statutory damages. Compl. at 28, 29. He also sought to certify a class of those who have faced similar difficulties. Id. ¶¶ 53–60. Northeastern filed a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b) arguing that this Court could not exercise personal jurisdiction over it or, in the alternative, that Camacho had not suffered injury sufficient to establish Article III standing and thus subject-matter jurisdiction. Doc. 20. It supplemented its motion with several declarations from Northeastern staff. See Bernstein, Cheron, Gerlach, and Clinton Decls. Camacho supplemented his opposition to the motion with his own declaration. See Camacho Decl. II. RULE 12(b)(2) AND PERSONAL JURISDICTION “A plaintiff opposing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction has the burden of establishing that the court has jurisdiction over the defendant.” BHC Interim Funding, LP v. Bracewell & Patterson, LLP, No. 02 Civ. 4695 (LTS) (HBP), 2003 WL 21467544 , at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2003) (citing Bank Brussels Lambert v. Fiddler Gonzalez & Rodriguez, 171 F.3d 779, 784 (2d Cir. 1999)). To meet this burden where there has been no discovery or evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff must plead facts sufficient for a prima facie showing of jurisdiction. Id. �e Court construes all of the plaintiff’s allegations as true and resolves all doubts in his favor. Casville Invs., Ltd. v. Kates, No. 12 Civ. 6968 (RA), 2013 WL 3465816 , at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 2013) (citing Porina v. Marward Shipping Co., 521 F.3d 122, 126 (2d Cir. 2008)). “However, a plaintiff may not rely on conclusory statements without any supporting facts, as such allegations would ‘lack the factual specificity necessary to confer jurisdiction.’” Art Assure Ltd., LLC v. Artmentum GmbH, No. 14 Civ. 3756 (LGS), 2014 WL 5757545 , at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 4, 2014) (quoting Jazini v. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., 148 F.3d 181, 185 (2d Cir. 1998)). As 12(b)(2) motions are “inherently . . . matter[s] requiring the resolution of factual issues outside of the pleadings,” courts may rely on additional materials when ruling on such motions. John Hancock Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Universale Reinsurance Co., No. 91 Civ. 3644 (CES), 1992 WL 26765 , at *1 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 1992); accord Darby Trading Inc. v. Shell Int’l Trading and Shipping Co., 568 F. Supp. 2d 329, 334 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). In a diversity action, personal jurisdiction is determined in accordance with the law of the forum in which the federal court sits. Whitaker v. Am. Telecasting, Inc., 261 F.3d 196 , 208 (2d Cir. 2001). In New York, this determination involves a two-step analysis. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Robertson-Ceco Corp., 84 F.3d 560, 567 (2d Cir. 1996). �e Court must first determine whether personal jurisdiction is appropriate pursuant to the state’s general jurisdiction statute, C.P.L.R. § 301, or its long-arm jurisdiction statute, C.P.L.R. § 302.2 If and only if the Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction is deemed appropriate according to New York law, the second step is an evaluation of whether the Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. Chloe v. Queen Bee of Beverly Hills, LLC, 616 F.3d 158 , 163–64 (2d Cir. 2010). III. DISCUSSION �e parties principally dispute whether C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1) grants this Court personal jurisdiction over Northeastern.3 Under § 302(a)(1), a court examines “(1) whether the defendant ‘transacts any business’ in New York and, if so, (2) whether this cause of action ‘aris[es] from’ such a business transaction.” Best Van Lines, Inc. v. Walker, 490 F.3d 239, 246 (2d Cir. 2007) (citing Deutsche Bank Sec., Inc. v. Mont. Bd. of Invs., 850 N.E.2d 1140, 1142 (N.Y. 2006)). Ultimately, a defendant transacts business within the meaning of § 302(a)(1) when it purposefully “avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities [in New York], thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” Fischbarg v. Doucet, 880 N.E.2d 22, 26 (N.Y. 2007) (quoting McKee Elec. Co. v. Rauland-Borg Corp., 229 N.E.2d 604, 607 (N.Y. 1967)). “As for the second part of the test, a suit will be deemed to have arisen out of a party’s activities in New 2 C.P.L.R. § 302(a) allows a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-domiciliary defendant who: (1) “transacts any business within the state or contracts anywhere to supply goods or services in the state;” (2) “commits a tortious act within the state . . .;” (3) “commits a tortious act without the state causing injury to person or property within the state . . . ;” or (4) “owns, uses or possesses any real property situated within the state.” 3 In his opposition, Camacho only argues that this Court has specific jurisdiction over Northeastern. Additionally, although he cites C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(2) once in his brief, he presents no arguments or authority supporting his position that Northeastern committed any tortious act against him in New York. See also Weeahandi v. Am. Statistical Ass’n, No. 14 Civ. 7688 (AT), 2015 WL 5821634 , at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2015) (finding that neither the ADA nor the New York or New York City Human Rights laws sound in tort for the purposes of § 302(a)(2)). �e Court thus focuses only on § 302(a)(1). York if there is an articulable nexus, or a substantial relationship, between the claim asserted and the actions that occurred in New York.” Best Van Lines, 490 F.3d at 246 (internal quotations and alterations omitted). Camacho points to three transactions that could bring Northeastern within the reach of § 302(a)(1) for the purposes of his claim, but he focuses the majority of his arguments on urging the Court to find that Northeastern’s operation of northeastern.edu suffices. �e Court begins its analysis there. A. �e Website Operating a website that may be accessed from New York, without more, does not bring the operator within the jurisdiction of New York courts. Best Van Lines, 490 F.3d at 253 . To determine whether the operation of a website amounts to the transaction of business in New York, courts typically look at the degree of interactivity offered by the website. See Touro College v. Fondazione Touro University Rome Onlus, No. 16 Civ. 3136 (DAB), 2017 WL 4082481 , at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2017); see also Best Van Lines, 490 F.3d at 252 (suggesting that this interactivity framework is helpful for determining whether a defendant transacted business in New York). If the website is purely passive — that is, if it is only for the posting of information — then the operation of the website does not rise to the level of a transaction for the purposes of New York jurisdiction. See Best Van Lines, 490 F.3d at 252 (quoting Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 1119, 1124 (W.D. Pa. 1997)). If the website allows for transactions to be completed, for example by allowing the purchase of goods or services, then the website is fully interactive and can support the exercise of New York’s jurisdiction over those transactions. See id. Many websites, however, fall within a middle category, “permit[ing] the exchange of information between users in another state and the defendant.” Citigroup Inc. v. City Holding Co., 97 F. Supp. 2d 549, 565 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (citing Zippo, 952 F.Supp. at 1124 ). �is middle category may be a basis for jurisdiction “depending on the level and nature of the exchange.” Id. Northeastern’s website falls within this middle category of websites that mix interactive and non-interactive features. It mainly focuses on providing visitors with information about Northeastern’s operations, including, as plaintiff alleges: school location and hours, curriculum and programs of instruction, academic calendars, course and admission prerequisites, cost of tuition, available financial aid, career services, accreditation, faculty, campus security, transfer credits, textbooks, and other vital information needed by prospective students in order to make an informed decision about [Northeastern]. Compl. ¶ 30. �e website does provide some level of interactivity, though. It allows students the ability to schedule appointments with admissions counselors, for example. Camacho points a Net Price Calculator, as well, which allows students to input their financial information and receive an estimate of the amount of financial aid for which they could qualify. Camacho does not provide any information in his complaint or declaration about where on the website this calculator is located. Northeastern, by contrast, declares that this calculator is hosted and operated on a separate domain by the College Board, not Northeastern. A review of the website confirms that Northeastern does not host a Net Price Calculator (rather, it provides a link to the calculator hosted by the College Board). See Diaz v. Kroger Co., No. 18 CIV. 7953 (KPF), 2019 WL 2357531 , at *7 n.10 (S.D.N.Y. June 4, 2019) (conducting independent review of website referenced in the complaint to resolve factual dispute). �e Net Price Calculator is not on northeastern.edu; the Court will not consider it for purposes of determining whether Northeastern’s website is interactive. 4 Cf. Ye Old Time Keeper, Inc. v. C.R. Martin Auctioneers, Inc., No. 18 Civ. 4377 (ADS)(ARL) 2018 WL 1832930 , at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 17, 2018) (finding a passive website that referred users to a third-party site with interactive features was not interactive for purposes of personal jurisdiction).5 Northeastern’s website is similar to websites other courts have found to fall within this middle category. For example, in Touro College, the court found a college website that allowed users to “download program information” and access an admission form as part of the middle category. 2017 WL 4082481 , at *9. It also allowed prospective students to contact the college’s staff for more information. Id. In Sullivan v. N.J. Strong Licensing LLC, the court found that a gym website that allowed members to manage their profile and apply to advertise in the gym was in the middle category, as well. No. 18 Civ. 7753 (RA), 2019 WL 3066492 , at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 12, 2019). Like these sites, Northeastern’s website primarily serves to connect users to the college without allowing those users to directly engage in its business. Indeed, to receive any educational service, a user would need to, at some point, go to one of Northeastern’s campuses or offices, none of which are in New York. Cf. id. (noting that a New York website user would need to travel out of state in order to receive a service). Camacho fails to convince the Court otherwise. He (with a parenthetical quotation 4 �e website does host a “College Cost Estimator,” though. See MyinTuition, Ne. U. Student Fin. Servs. (last visited Oct. 11, 2019), https://studentfinance.northeastern.edu/myintuition/ (linked to from https://studentfinance.northeastern.edu/financial-tools-and-calculators/, referenced in Clinton Decl. ¶ 4). It does not allow for a student to complete any transactions, and Camacho does not allege that he encountered it at all in his website visit. �erefore, it does not change the Court’s analysis of whether the website is fully interactive, and it does not change the Court’s alternative analysis of whether Camacho’s claims arose from the interactive features. 5 In opposition to this proposition, Camacho cites Gil v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 257 F. Supp. 3d 1340, 1345 (S.D. Fla. 2017) appeal filed (11th Cir. Aug. 1, 2017). But Gil addresses third-party services incorporated into the defendant’s website, not tools located on another domain entirely. It is irrelevant to this analysis. contained within another citation, Doc. 27 at 9) points the Court to a single case where a court found a website anything like Northeastern’s to be sufficiently interactive to allow the exercise of personal jurisdiction by virtue of its interactivity alone.6 �e case, Thomas Publishing Co. v. Industrial Quick Search, Inc., involved a business that made its money by running display advertisements against search results of manufacturing and industrial companies. 237 F. Supp. 2d 489, 491 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). �e court there found that the website allowed users “to submit company listings, track product areas, and submit e-mails directly to IQS’s sales department.” Id. at 492 . �ose features directly enabled advertisers to transact business with the company and made the site fully interactive, allowing the exercise of personal jurisdiction on their own; Northeastern’s website contains no such feature. No feature on Northeastern’s website approximates those in Thomas Publishing. No student is able to complete any transactions solely on the website, as the listings business features in Thomas Publishing allowed. Camacho does not allege in his complaint or aver in his declaration anything to the contrary, so the Court must conclude that the website is part of the middle category of interactivity. With Camacho having failed to show the Northeastern website is fully interactive, “the question then, is whether [Northeastern] purposefully targeted New York users through [its] website.” Touro College, 2017 WL 4082481 , at *10 (citing Best Van Lines, 490 F.3d at 252 ). But Camacho has entirely neglected to make a prima facie case that the answer is “yes.” His complaint mentions no webpages directed at New York recruits, for example, and his declaration does not indicate he came across any web-specific marketing efforts directed at the state. 6 Camacho also cites Chloe v. Queen Bee of Beverly Hills, LLC, 616 F.3d 158, 170 (2d Cir. 2010). But that case is completely irrelevant for this proposition because it involves a site that allowed users to purchase and have shipped to them physical goods. Id. �erefore, Northeastern’s operation of its website is not a business transaction aimed at New York. See id. at *11. Even it if were, the interactive elements of the website do not give rise to the claim at hand. Camacho alleges in his complaint that he generally had difficulty with the website due to the lack of alt-text and similar features. In his declaration, he brings a new claim that pop-up boxes were interfering with his ability to navigate to the net price calculator. Neither of these claims implicate the only parts of the website even approaching interactivity: the calculator itself (assuming, for the moment, it is properly considered in this analysis) and contact forms. Accordingly, no part of the website provides a sufficient basis to allow this Court to exercise specific jurisdiction over Northeastern under CPLR §302. B. Recruiting Within New York State and Serving Students from New York Camacho puts forth two other potential bases for specific jurisdiction: Northeastern’s recruiting efforts within New York and the revenue it earns from students from New York. Both are easily disposed of. Even assuming that they are transactions directed at New York, they have nothing to do with the claim at issue here.7 In the case of recruiting efforts, Camacho does not allege that he interacted with Northeastern’s staff even once at the Javits college fair. Nor does he allege that any Northeastern representative or signage directed him to the university’s website or otherwise directly enticed him to interact with the features that posed barriers to him. �ere must be some nexus between the recruiting efforts and the allegedly discriminatory website, but Camacho has failed to even 7 Northeastern attempts to argue that recruiting efforts alone cannot support a claim for personal jurisdiction, citing Meyer v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, No. 13 Civ. 3128 (CM), 2014 WL 2039654 , at*3–*4 (S.D.N.Y. May 14, 2014). But that case addresses a claim of general, not specific, jurisdiction, and has no bearing to the case at hand. attempt to articulate one. See Best Van Lines, 490 F.3d at 246 ; see also Licci v. Lebanese Can. Bank, SAL, 960 N.Y.S.2d 695 , 703 (2012) ([T]he “arise-from” prong [of analysis under § 302(a)(1)] limits the broader “ transaction-of-business” prong to confer jurisdiction only over those claims in some way arguably connected to the transaction.”). �e case of the New York students attending Northeastern is even more attenuated. Camacho’s memorandum of law argues without support in his complaint or declaration, that Northeastern makes nearly $192 million per year from about 2800 students that attend the school from New York. Doc. 27 at 5–6. But a memorandum of law is “not evidence at all,” Gianullo v. City of New York, 322 F.3d 139, 142 (2d Cir. 2003) — for the purposes of a motion to dismiss for personal jurisdiction, complaints and declarations are. �e Court does not consider this unsupported allegation. Even if the Court were to consider it, Camacho’s argument would fall short because the revenue from current New York students is irrelevant to Camacho’s claims of having difficulty on Northeastern’s website. Moreover, he did not attempt to visit parts of the Northeastern’s website that serve current students. Camacho cites Excelsior College v. Frye for the proposition that having students from New York exposes a school to suit in the state. 306 F. Supp. 2d 226, 229 (S.D. Cal. 2008). But Excelsior deals with an online school whose online students lived in New York. Id. �e transactions in Excelsior that gave rise to the complaint had a nexus to the claim alleged because the education of those students occurred online. Id. Here, not only has Camacho failed to establish that Northeastern is an online school, he has also failed to establish that he had any difficulty in accessing online educational services. Camacho has failed to make a prima facie case that any transaction Northeastern conducted in New York gave rise to his claims. Accordingly, this Court does not have personal jurisdiction under C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1). Because it has determined that it does not have personal jurisdiction under New York law, it does not examine whether exercising jurisdiction comports with the Due Process Clause. C. Jurisdictional Discovery In a final effort to develop a jurisdictional foundation for his lawsuit, Camacho asks the Court for leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery. That request is DENIED. Camacho has not made out a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction, and he has not indicated to the Court what additional information he could discover from Northeastern that would save his case’s future in this District. See G3100 N. Am., Inc. v. Paris, No. 14 Civ. 3885 (VEC), 2014 WL 6604790 , at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2014) (citing Jazini v. Nissan Motor Co., 148 F.3d 181 , 186 (2d Cir. 1998)). IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Northeastern’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint under 12(b)(2) is GRANTED, although Camacho is granted leave to refile in a court that can exercise jurisdiction over Northeastern. Camacho’s request for jurisdictional discovery is DENIED. The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion, Doc. 20, and close the case. It is SO ORDERED. Now York, New York ae Edgardo Ramos, U.S.D.J.