Collins Welch v. Vivo Toledo

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO WESTERN DIVISION LOLA T. COLLINS WELCH, CASE NO. 3:21 CV 2012 Plaintiff, v. JUDGE JAMES R. KNEPP II VIVO TOLEDO, et al., MEMORANDUM OPINION Defendants. AND ORDER BACKGROUND Pro se Plaintiff Lola T. Collins Welch has filed this action against Vivo Toledo and Cardinal or “Cardinal Group”. (Doc. 1). For the reasons that follow, this action is dismissed. On October 25, 2021, Plaintiff filed a brief Complaint containing the words “Rent Lease & Ejectment,” a purported explanatory paragraph in support of her allegations, and a request for monetary damages. See Doc. 1. She lists “Vivo Toledo/Cardinal” as Defendants in the caption. It appears Plaintiff’s Complaint concerns a residential lease with Vivo Toledo. Plaintiff states she signed a lease with Vivo Toledo after being evicted from Georgetown Village. The apartment manager demanded two months’ advance payments due to prior evictions on Plaintiff’s record. According to the Complaint, after Plaintiff moved into her apartment, she experienced nightmares, her roommate smoked marijuana, and “someone [either] Vivo or [her roommate] planted brown recluse . . . and two crickets.” Id. She apparently had difficulty paying rent and negotiated a late payment with Vivo, but “Vivo . . . put [her] in Toledo Municipal Court.” Id. The Complaint contains no specific allegations against Cardinal / Cardinal Group. STANDARD OF REVIEW Pro se pleadings are liberally construed. Boag v. MacDougall, 454 U.S. 364, 365 (1982) (per curiam); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). The district court, however, is required to dismiss an in forma pauperis action under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e) if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, or if it lacks an arguable basis in law or fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 328 (1989); Lawler v. Marshall, 898 F.2d 1196 (6th Cir. 1990); Sistrunk v. City of Strongsville, 99 F.3d 194, 197 (6th Cir. 1996). A claim lacks an arguable basis in law or fact when it is premised on an indisputably meritless legal theory or when the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327 . An action has no arguable factual basis when the allegations are delusional or rise to the level of the irrational or “wholly incredible.” Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 32 (1992). When determining whether the plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief may be granted, the Court must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true, and discern whether the complaint contains “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). The plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds for relief “requires more than labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Id. Although a complaint need not contain detailed allegations, its “factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all the allegations in the Complaint are true.” Id. The plaintiff must provide more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). The Court is “not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986). The Supreme Court further explained “a claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 556 U.S. at 678 . Additionally, “the plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully.” Id. This determination is a “context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. DISCUSSION Cardinal Group As an initial matter, Plaintiff fails to state a claim against Cardinal or “Cardinal Group.” Although this Court recognizes pro se pleadings are to be held to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers, Haines, 404 U.S. at 520-21 ; Jourdan v. Jabe, 951 F.2d 108, 110 (6th Cir. 1991), the Court is not required to conjure unpleaded facts or construct claims against defendants on behalf of a pro se plaintiff, see Bassett v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 528 F.3d 426, 437 (6th Cir. 2008). The complaint must give a defendant fair notice of what the plaintiff’s claim is and the grounds upon which it rests. Lillard v. Shelby Cty. Bd. of Educ., 76 F.3d 716 , 724 (6th Cir. 1996). Here, Plaintiff fails to meet even the most liberal reading of the Twombly and Iqbal standard as her pleading fails to connect any alleged occurrence to any specific injury, and fails to identify how Defendant Cardinal harmed her. Indeed, Plaintiff fails to include any factual allegations concerning Cardinal or Cardinal Group, and does not assert a discernable claim against the entity based on recognized legal authority. Merely listing a defendant in the caption of the complaint, but raising no specific factual allegations against the defendant, is insufficient to raise a plausible claim. See Gilmore v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 92 F. App’x 188, 190 (6th Cir. 2004). The Complaint against Cardinal or Cardinal Group does not satisfy the minimum pleading requirements of Federal Civil Rule 8 and any claims against this defendant are therefore dismissed. Lack of Federal Jurisdiction The remainder of Plaintiff’s Complaint appears to concern eviction proceedings in Toledo Municipal Court. This Court lacks jurisdiction to address Plaintiff’s state eviction claims. Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and, unlike state trial courts, do not have general jurisdiction to review all questions of law. See Ohio ex rel. Skaggs v. Brunner, 549 F.3d 468, 474 (6th Cir. 2008). Rather, federal courts have only the authority provided to them by the Constitution and Congress. Id. Consequently, “[i]t is to be presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the party asserting jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (internal citation omitted). Generally, the Constitution and Congress provide federal courts authority to hear a case only when diversity of citizenship exists between the parties, or when the case raises a federal question. Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1331 , 1332. Plaintiff’s Complaint on its face fails to demonstrate either federal question or diversity jurisdiction. She has failed to demonstrate a basis for an exercise of federal diversity jurisdiction over her apparent state law claims regarding her rent or eviction as she indicates that she and Defendant Georgetown Village are both citizens of Ohio. See Doc. 1, at 1, Doc. 1-1, at 2; see also Washington v. Sulzer Orthopedics, Inc., 2003 WL 22146143 , at *1 (6th Cir.) (“A plaintiff in federal court has the burden of pleading sufficient facts to support the existence of the court’s jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. In a diversity action, ‘the plaintiff must state all parties’ citizenships such that the existence of complete diversity can be confirmed.’”) (quoting Chem. Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 177 F.3d 210 , 222 n.13 (3d Cir. 1999)). Plaintiff’s Complaint on its face presents essentially a challenge to a rent dispute or eviction action based on Ohio law. Even with the Court’s liberal construction, Plaintiff alleges no claim arising under federal law for purposes of establishing federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 . Accordingly, there is no indication in the Complaint that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction to entertain Plaintiff’s claims. On that basis alone, this Court must dismiss the Complaint pertaining to Plaintiff’s eviction. Younger Abstention Even if Plaintiff had sufficiently alleged a federal claim to support jurisdiction, this Court cannot grant the relief she requests. The status of the state court proceedings is not clear from the face of the Complaint. To the extent proceedings against Plaintiff are still pending in the state court, however, this Court must abstain from hearing challenges to these proceedings. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 44-45 (1971). When an individual is the subject of an ongoing state action involving important state matters, she cannot interfere with the pending state action through a parallel federal action involving claims that could have been raised in the state case. Watts v. Burkhart, 854 F.2d 839, 844-48 (6th Cir. 1988). If the state defendant files such a case, Younger abstention requires the federal court to defer to the state proceeding. Id.; see also Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 15 (1987). Abstention is appropriate where: (1) the state proceedings are ongoing, (2) the state proceedings implicate important state interests, and (3) the state proceedings afford the plaintiff with an adequate opportunity to raise federal questions. Leveye v. Metro. Pub. Def. Office, 73 F. App’x 792, 794 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Younger, 401 U.S. at 43-45 ). Abstention is mandated whether the state-court proceeding is criminal, quasi-criminal, or civil in nature, so long as federal court intervention “unduly interferes with the legitimate activities of the state.” Younger, 401 U.S. at 44 . Regarding the third requirement of Younger, the relevant inquiry is whether the state proceedings afford an adequate opportunity to raise the federal claims. Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 430 (1979). The plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that state procedural law bars presentation of his or her claims. Pennzoil Co., 481 U.S. at 14 . When a plaintiff has not attempted to present his federal claims in the state court proceedings, the federal court should assume that state procedures will afford an adequate remedy, in the absence of “unambiguous authority to the contrary.” Id. at 15 ; see also Szarell v. Summit Cty. Ct. of Common Pleas, 2019 WL 3946191 , at *3 (N.D. Ohio) (finding third Younger factor satisfied where plaintiff failed to allege in the pleadings that state court proceedings did not or could not provide her with an opportunity to present her federal claim). Here, if the eviction or rent recoupment proceedings against Plaintiff are still pending, all three factors supporting abstention are present. Eviction proceedings pending in a municipal court implicate important state interests. See Dudley v. Michalak, 2008 WL 750554 , at *1 (N.D. Ohio) (applying Younger doctrine and abstaining from an eviction action in Toledo Municipal Court). And there is no suggestion in the Complaint that any purported claim asserted by Plaintiff in this federal lawsuit is barred in the state action. A contrary ruling by this Court would unduly interfere with state court proceedings. Therefore, even assuming a properly asserted federal claim, this Court must abstain from hearing Plaintiff’s claims to the extent they are still pending in state court. Rooker-Feldman Doctrine Plaintiff does not clearly indicate what she hopes to accomplish by asserting her claim. To the extent the state court proceedings are complete and Plaintiff’s Complaint constitutes an appeal of a judgment in the hopes of obtaining a reversal of that judgment, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to consider this claim pursuant to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See Dist. of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 483 (1983); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 415-16 (1923). “Where federal relief can only be predicated upon a conviction that the state court was wrong, it is difficult to conceive [of] the federal proceeding as, in substance, anything other than a prohibited appeal of the state-court judgment.” Catz v. Chalker, 142 F.3d 279, 295 (6th Cir. 1998) (quoting Keene Corp. v. Cass, 908 F.2d 293, 296-97 (8th Cir. 1990) (quoting Pennzoil Co., 481 U.S. at 25 )), amended on other grounds, 243 F.3d 234 (6th Cir. 2001). Federal appellate review of state court judgments can only occur in the United States Supreme Court. See Feldman, 460 U.S. at 483 ; Rooker, 263 U.S. at 415-16 . Therefore, to the extent Plaintiff seeks relief from the consequences of a state court proceeding, the Court lacks jurisdiction to consider such a claim. Res Judicata Finally, to the extent the state court proceedings have concluded and Plaintiff seeks to litigate her eviction or rent payment dispute again in a different court in the hopes of achieving a different result, she is barred from doing so. Plaintiff cannot file an action in federal court to relitigate matters previously decided in state court proceedings. Federal courts must give the same preclusive effect to a state-court judgment as that judgment receives in the rendering state. 28 U.S.C. § 1738 ; Abbott v. Michigan, 474 F.3d 324, 330 (6th Cir. 2007); Young v. Twp. of Green Oak, 471 F.3d 674, 680 (6th Cir. 2006). To determine the preclusive effect of a prior state court judgment would have on the present federal action, the Court must apply the law of preclusion of the state in which the prior judgment was rendered. Migra v. Warren City School District Board of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984). In Ohio, the doctrine of res judicata encompasses the two related concepts of claim preclusion and issue preclusion. State ex rel. Davis v. Pub. Emp. Ret. Bd., 120 Ohio St. 3d. 386, 392 (2008). “Claim preclusion prevents subsequent actions, by the same parties or their privies, based on any claim arising out of a transaction that was the subject matter of a previous action.” Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St. 3d 379, 382 (1995). Claim preclusion also bars subsequent actions whose claims “could have been litigated in the previous suit.” Id. By contrast, issue preclusion, or collateral estoppel, prevents the “relitigation of any fact or point that was determined by a court of competent jurisdiction in a previous action between the same parties or their privies,” even if the causes of action differ. Id. Issue preclusion applies when a fact or issue “(1) was actually and directly litigated in the prior action; (2) was passed upon and determined by a court of competent jurisdiction; and (3) when the party against whom [issue preclusion] is asserted was a party in privity with a party to the prior action.” Thompson v. Wing, 70 Ohio St.3d 176, 183 (1994). Here, it appears Plaintiff is challenging the validity of her eviction or other state court proceedings related to her rent payments. But per the allegations of Plaintiff’s Complaint, these issues are or were pending in Toledo Municipal Court. Even if the causes of action in this action are new, if the state court proceedings are complete, then the facts necessary to support those claims were determined by the state court. This Court must give full faith and credit to that judgment. Plaintiff is therefore barred from relitigating those matters in this Court. For all of the above reasons, the Court finds Plaintiff’s Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, good cause appearing, it is ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion to proceed in forma pauperis (Doc. 2), be and the same hereby is, GRANTED; and it is FURTHER ORDERED that this action is DISMISSED pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e); and it is FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for a Protection Order (Doc. 3), be and the same hereby is DENIED; and the Court FURTHER CERTIFIES, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (a)(3), that an appeal from this decision could not be taken in good faith. s/ James R. Knepp II UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE