Anderson v. Garza

PEARSON, J. UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO EASTERN DIVISION JOSHUA GARY ANDERSON, ) ) CASE NO. 4:22CV0718 Petitioner, ) ) JUDGE BENITA Y. PEARSON v. ) ) WARDEN F. GARZA, ) MEMORANDUM OF OPINION ) AND ORDER Respondent. ) [Resolving ECE No. 6] Pending is Respondent’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 6). The Court has been advised, having reviewed the record, the parties’ briefs, and the applicable law. For the reasons that follow, the Court dismisses the petition for failure to (1) state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and (2) properly exhaust administrative remedies. I. Background Pro Se Petitioner Joshua Gary Anderson is a court-martialed prisoner currently confined in FCI Elkton in Lisbon, Ohio, which is located within the Northern District of Ohio.' On May 1, 2022,” he filed a Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (ECF No. 1). ' According to the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) website (http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/) (last visited Sept. 28, 2023), Petitioner has a May 19, 2035 release date. > Under Sixth Circuit precedent, the petition is deemed filed when handed to prison authorities for mailing to the federal court. Cook v. Stegall, 295 F.3d 517, 521 (6th Cir. 2002). Even though the Court did not receive the petition until May 3, 2022, Petitioner dated his petition on May 1, 2022. See Brand v. Motley, 526 F.3d 921, 925 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that the date the prisoner signs the document is deemed under Sixth Circuit law to be the date of handing to officials) (citing Goins v. Saunders, 206 Fed.Appx. 497 , 498 n. 1 (6th Cir. 2006) (per curiam)). (4:22CV0718) Petitioner is a prolific litigant, whom has sought release from incarceration prior to the filing of the present Petition. See Anderson v. United States, No. 22-0125/NA, 82 M.J. 276 (C.A.A.F. March 22, 2022) (writ-appeal petition summarily dismissed for lack of jurisdiction); Jn re Anderson, No. 201200499, 2022 CCA LEXIS 3 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Jan. 5, 2022) (dismissing petition for extraordinary relief in the nature of a writ of habeas corpus for lack of jurisdiction); In re Anderson, No. 201200499, 2021 WL 1884633 (N-M. Ct.Crim.App. May 11, 2021) (per curiam) (petition for extraordinary relief in the nature of a writ of habeas corpus denied); Anderson v. Bolster, No. 1:19cv75(LO/TCB), 2020 WL 5097516 (E.D. Va. Aug. 27, 2020) (granting respondent’s renewed motion to dismiss § 2241 petition for writ of habeas corpus filed when petitioner was a prisoner at FCI Petersburg); Jn re Anderson, NUCCANo. 201200499, 2020 CCA LEXIS 72 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. March 11, 2020) (denying petition for lack of jurisdiction). Petitioner is serving a 30-year sentence having pleaded guilty before a military trial judge to offenses including rape of a child, conspiracy to rape a child, taking indecent liberties with a child, possession and distribution of child pornography, communicating a threat, and more. See United States vy. Anderson, No. 201200499, 2013 WL 3242397 , at *1 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. June 27, 2013). In addition to ordering Petitioner incarcerated, the military judge ordered that he be dishonorably discharged. The court-martial convening authority approved the sentence as adjudged. See id. Petitioner sets forth two grounds in support of the within Petition. First, Petitioner claims he is entitled to a four-for-one day credit towards his sentence for each day that he was confined in immediate association with a foreign national in violation of Article 12 of the (4:22CV0718) Uniform Code of Military Justice (“UCMJ”), 10 U.S.C. § 812 . Second, Petitioner claims he is entitled to a five-for-one day credit towards his sentence for each day he was allegedly subjected to cruel and unusual punishment under Article 55 of the UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 855 , and in violation of the Eighth Amendment by virtue of having his trust account encumbered by Warden Justin Andrews when he was confined at FCI Petersburg. See ECF No. | at PageID #: 6; 7-19. II. Standard of Review Respondent has filed a pre-answer motion to dismiss the § 2241 Petition. Rules 4 and 5 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts permit a respondent to file a pre-answer motion to dismiss a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 , and those rules may be applied to § 2241 petitions. See Rule 1(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts. Courts have considered pre-answer motions to dismiss § 2241 petitions alleging a failure to exhaust administrative remedies under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). See, e.g., Cook v. Spaulding, 433 F. Supp.3d 54, 56-57 (D. Mass. 2020). “To survive a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss, [the petition] must allege ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Traverse Bay Area Intermediate Sch. Dist. v. Mich. Dep’t of Educ., 615 F.3d 622, 627 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); see Cook, 433 F. Supp. 3d at 55. When making the determination to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) the court will accept all well-pleaded facts as true and make all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co. v. Youth Alive, Inc., 732 F.3d 645, 649 (6th Cir. 2013). Pro se pleadings are construed liberally. Haines (4:22CV0718) v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (pro se complaints are held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers). III. Analysis A. Grounds Asserted in the § 2241 Petition 1. Petitioner Cannot Challenge the Conditions of his Confinement Via a Petition for Habeas Relief Petitioner concedes that violations of 10 U.S.C. § 812 concern the conditions of his confinement. See Petitioner’s Memorandum in Opposition (ECF No. 10) at PageID #: 165. Prisoners challenging the conditions of their confinement must do so through a civil rights action. See Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475 , 487-88 1973). “[A] § 2241] habeas petition is not the appropriate vehicle for challenging the conditions of [a prisoner’s] confinement.” Hernandez v. Lamanna, 16 Fed.Appx. 317, 320 (6th Cir. 2001). “[H]abeas review is limited to claims challenging the fact or duration of a prisoner’s confinement, and constitutional challenges to the conditions of a confinement are more appropriately brought in a § 1983 civil rights action.” Richards v. Taskila, No. 20-1316, 2020 WL 6075666 , at *1 (6th Cir. Sept. 3, 2020). 2. Ground Two Section 855, Title 10 provides: Punishment by flogging, or by branding, marking, or tattooing on the body, or any other cruel or unusual punishment, may not be adjudged by any court-martial or inflicted upon any person subject to this chapter. The use of irons, single or double, except for the purpose of safe custody, is prohibited. Petitioner alleges that in 2020 Warden Andrews at FCI Petersburg acted outside of his authority by encumbering his trust account; and that the encumbrance on his account forced him to choose between purchasing things such as toothpaste, deodorant, stamps, and medications, thereby (4:22CV0718) amounting to cruel and unusual punishment in violation of Article 55 of the UCMJ and the Eighth Amendment. See ECF No. | at PageID #: 15-19; see also Informal Resolution Attempt (ECF No. 1-33). Only after a prisoner has exhausted his remedies through the BOP may the inmate then seek judicial review pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 . United States y. Wilson, 503 U.S. 329 , 335 1992). Respondent argues that Petitioner failed to exhaust his administrative remedies set forth at 28 C.F.R. § 542.10 et seg.’ relative to Petitioner’s allegations that he was subjected to cruel and unusual punishment in violation of 10 U.S.C. § 855 and the Eighth Amendment. See ECF No. 6 at PageID #: 141-42. Respondent also argues that those alleged constitutional violations cannot be brought via a habeas petition. See ECE No. 6 at PageID #: 137-38. Petitioner’s Memorandum in Opposition (ECF No. 10) does not address these arguments. Accordingly, these claims have been waived, abandoned, and conceded and are rejected as a matter of law. See, e.g., Santo’s Italian Café LLC v. Acuity Ins. Co., 508 F. Supp.3d 186, 207 (N.D. Ohio 2020) (‘It is well understood . . . that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded.”) (quoting Lewis v. Cleveland Clinic Found., No. 1:12CV3003, 2013 WL 6199592 , at *4 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 27, 2013)). > 28 C.F.R. § 542.14 (a) requires a grievance to be filed with the warden within 20 days of the event complained of. See Jordan v. Lemaster, No. 0:22-CV-43-REW, 2023 WL 4052485 , at *6 (E.D. Ky. June 16, 2023) (denying a pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 224 ] filed by a court-martialed prisoner demanding at least 12 years of credit against his sentence for alleged violations of 10 U.S.C. §§ 812 and 855). Therefore, the Court will dismiss Ground Two for failure to properly exhaust administrative remedies. In addition, these claims have been waived, abandoned, and conceded and are rejected as a matter of law. 3. Ground One a. Petitioner claims he is entitled to a four-for-one day credit towards his sentence for each day that he was confined in immediate association with a foreign national in violation of Article 12 of the UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 812 . Section 812 provides: No member of the armed forces may be placed in confinement in immediate association with-- (1) enemy prisoners; or (2) other individuals-- (A) who are detained under the law of war and are foreign nationals; and (B) who are not members of the armed forces. (Emphasis added.) Petitioner urges a broad interpretation of § 812 that would grant him relief simply for being housed near foreign nationals. See ECF No. 10 at PageID #: 169-70. Petitioner, however, was not confined to a cell with foreign nationals.4 The following testimonial exchange between Mr. Felix Larkin, Assistant General Counsel in the Office of the Department of Defense and Rep. John Anderson addresses the legislative intent behind the phrase “immediate association”: MR. ANDERSON: [I]s there any place in the code that expresses prohibition against confining our men in foreign jails? 4 Petitioner does make an unsupported allegation that he was placed in a cell at FCI Edgefield with a foreign national in 2015. See ECF No. 1 at PageID #: 9. Petitioner, however, has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies regarding that incident. (4:22CV0718) MR. LARKIN: No; but this one prevents them being confined with enemy prisoners of war or foreign nationals not members [of the military] in the same cell. MR. ANDERSON: [U]nder this code, could a commanding officer have an enlisted man . . . confined in a foreign jail? MR. LARKIN: Yes, he could, for a short time or whatever time is necessary. But if they are so confined they may not be in immediate association with any [foreign nationals]. United States vy. Wise, 64 M.J. 468, 476 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (quoting Uniform Code of Military Justice: Hearings on H.R. 2498 Before a Subcommittee of the House Committee on Armed Services, 81st Cong. 915 (1949), reprinted in Index and Legislative History, Uniform Code of Military Justice (1950) (not separately paginated) (emphasis added).° Whether Petitioner’s claims are examined against the prior or current version of § 812, the congressional intent makes clear that a violation of Article 12 of the UCMJ requires evidence that he was confined to the same cell with certain foreign nationals — evidence that Petitioner does not even allege that he has. “In the interpretation of statutes, the function of the courts is easily stated. It is to construe the language so as to give effect to the intent of Congress.” United States vy. Am. Trucking Ass’ns, 310 U.S. 534, 542 (1940). Congressional Committee reports are the authoritative source of the legislature’s intent because they represent “the considered and collective understanding of those Congressmen involved in drafting and studying proposed legislation.” Garcia v. United States, 469 U.S. 70, 76 (1984) (quoting Zuber y. Allen, 396 U.S. 168, 186 (1969)). > See also United States vy. McPherson, 73 M.J. 393, 400 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (Baker, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“The legislative history demonstrates the overriding purpose of Article 12, UCMJ, was to prohibit confinement of a servicemember in the same cell with a foreign national, particularly one engaged in military service, in times of war.”’) (4:22CV0718) b. Petitioner improperly attempts to shift the burden of proof to Respondent. See ECF No. 10 at PageID #: 172-73. Specifically, Petitioner declares “Respondent has not attempted to obtain information from the BOP about whether [Petitioner] was, or currently is, confined in immediate association with foreign nationals.” ECF No. 10 at PageID #: 172. Without agreement from Respondent that Petitioner was confined to a cell with a foreign national(s), it is not enough for Petitioner to simply list the names of individuals whom he believes to be foreign nationals, see ECF Nos. 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, and 1-14), without additional information that: (1) he was confined to the same cell as such individuals; (2) such individuals are the type of foreign national described in § 812; and, (3) Petitioner is entitled to the relief he seeks. See Erie Cnty., Ohio v. Morton Salt, Inc., 702 F.3d 860, 867 (6th Cir. 2012) (court need not “accept conclusory allegations or conclusions of law dressed up as facts.”) (citing Ashcroft v. Igbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Jgbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556 ). Petitioner has failed to meet this minimal plausibility requirement. c. Finally, a four-for-one day sentencing credit Petitioner believes he should be awarded by the Court is not a proper remedy for violations of 10 U.S.C. § 812 . There is no express remedy provided for a violation of Article 12 of the UCMJ. And the Court declines to find that Congress intended § 812 to allow prisoners to shorten their sentences due to the nationality of other (4:22CV0718) inmates or the BOP’s housing decisions. Rather, the statute is aimed at shielding the United States from foreign enemies obtaining its military secrets. Therefore, the Court will dismiss Ground One for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. IV. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons and those that have been articulated in the memoranda of the points and authorities on which Respondent relies, Respondent’s Motion to Dismiss (ECE No. 6) is granted, and this action is dismissed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2243 . The Court certifies, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (a)(3), that an appeal from this decision could not be taken in good faith, and that there is no basis upon which to issue a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253 (c); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b). IT IS SO ORDERED. September 29, 2023 /s/ Benita Y. Pearson Date Benita Y. Pearson United States District Judge