McCurdy v. United States

*265 Mr. Justice Brandeis delivered the opinion of the court. The Osage Tribe of Indians consisted in 1906 of two thousand persons. Their reservation, located in Oklahoma Territory between the Arkansas River and the Kansas state line, contained about a million and a half acres of fertile well-watered prairie land and of heavily timbered hill lands, largely underlaid with petroleum, natural gas, •coal and other minerals. At that time the United States held for the tribe a trust fund of. $8,373,658.54, received under various, treaties as compensation for relinquishing other lands. The annual income of the tribe from interest ón this trust fund and from rentals of grazing, oil, and gas lands was nearly $1,000,000; that is $500 for évery man, woman and child, in addition to the earnings of individuals. 1 Congress, concluding apparently 'that the enjoyment of wealth without responsibility was demoralizing to the Osages, decided upon the policy of gradual emancipation. By Act of June 28, 1906, 34 Stat. 539, it provided for an equal division among them of the trust fund and the lands. The trust fund was to be divided by placing to the credit of’ each member of the tribe his pro rata share which should thereafter be held for the benefit of himself and his heirs for the period of twenty-five years and then paid over to them respectively (§§ 4 and 5). 2 *266 The lands were to be divided by giving to each member the right to make, from the tribal lands, three selections of 160 acres each and to designate which of these should constitute his homestead. A commission was appointed to divide among the members also the remaining lands, after setting aside enough for county use, school-sites and other small reservations. The oil, gas, coal and other mineral rights were reserved to the tribe for the period of twenty-five years with provision for leasing the same. The homesteads'were made inalienable and non-taxable for twenty-five years or until otherwise provided by Congress. All other • allotted lands — which were known as “surplus lands,” were made inalienable for twenty-five years and non-taxáble for three years, except that power was vested with the Secretary of the Interior to issue to any adult member, upon his petition, a certificate of competency, authorizing him to sell all of his surplus lands; and upon its issue all his surplus lands became immediately taxable. By Act of April 18, 1912, § 5, 1 87 Stat. *267 86, 87, Congress authorized the Secretary of the Interior to pay to' any Osage allottee “in his discretion” “under rules and regulations to be prescribed by him and upon application therefor” all or part of the funds held for his benefit, provided the Secretary is satisfied either that the allottee is competent or that such payment would be to “the manifest best interests and welfare of the allottee.” In 1913 (apparently in March), the Secretary paid from the principal of. the trust funds held for Robert Panther, a non-competent 1 allottee, the sum of $1,750, which was applied in payment for a lot of land in the City of Paw-huska. The land when purchased was conveyed to one Brenner as trustee for Robert and Emma Panther, but soon after was conveyed by Brenner to Robert individually. The deed to Robert contained the following clause: “This conveyance is made and accepted with the understanding, and under the condition that the above described property is to be and remain inalienable and not subject to transfer, sale or incumbrance for a period of eighteen years from the 1st day of July, 1913, except by and with the express consent and approval of the Secretary of the Interior, or his successor in office.” The land was originally a part of the Osage Reservation and became part of Pawhuska when that town was established under the Osage Townsite Act (March 3, 1905, 33 Stat. 1061). When Oklahoma was admitted into the Union in 1907, the town became the City of Pawhuska and a part of Osage County. The land had passed into private ownership before 1908,: became taxable then under the laws of Oklahoma and taxejs were assessed thereon and *268 were paid until about the time of the conveyance to Brenner in trust for the Panthers. Then default was made and the land was sold by the county treasurer for failure to pay taxes for the second half of 191-2. In January, 1917, the United States tendered to the holder of the tax certificate and to the county treasurer the amount of the 1912 and 1913 taxes and penalties and demanded a redemption receipt. The tender was refused, because it did not include the taxes and penalties for 1914, 191.5 and 1916; and the county treasurer gave notice of intention to issue the tax deed. Thereupon the United States filed, in the federal District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, this suit against the county treasurer for an injunction to restrain the issue of the tax deed. The Government contended, that as the land had been bought for Panther and was by deed made inalienable without the consent of the Secretary of Interior, it was while so held an instrumentality lawfully employed by the Government for the protection of an Indian and as such exempt from taxation by the State or any subdivision thereof. On the other hand the county treasurer and' the city (which was permitted to intervene) contended that Congress had not authorized the Secretary of the Interior to invest the trust fund for the Indians’ benefit or to impose restriction on alienation of property purchased with money from that source; that the insertion in the deed' of the provision against alienation did not have the effect of exempting the land from taxation by the State; and that it was not the intention of Congress to do so. It was also contended that such exemption was not within the powers of Congress as limited by Article IV, § 3, and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments of the Constitution; since before imposing the restriction by deed, the land had become a part of the private property subject to the jurisdiction of the State, A decree was entered granting, in effect, an injunction against taxation during the period of restric *269 tion. of alienation; and the case is brought here bn direct appeal under § 238 of the Judicial Code, on the ground that constitutional questions are involved. The jurisdiction of this court was questioned; but the case is properly here. The constitutional question is substantial, was properly raised below, and was passed upon there. We have, however, no occasion to consider it; since all questions involved in the case are before us, Northwestern Laundry v. Des Moines, 239 U. S. 486, 491, and there are other grounds on which the decree must be reversed. Under the Act of June 28, 1906, the Secretary of the Interior had no authority to release or to invest any part of the principal of the trust fund held for Panther. His authority to release rests wholly upon § 5 of the Act of April 18,1912. That section confers upon him, if application is made therefor, discretion whether to release or to withhold. If the release “would be to the manifest best interests and welfare of the allottee” it may be made although the allottee is not competent, as that term is defined in § 9 of the act. The Secretary- is authorized to prescribe the rules and regulations under which such releases shall be made; but he is not given authority to exercise control of any property in which the funds released may thereafter be invested, or otherwise to create with the released funds a governmental, instrumentality for the protection of the Osages. Congress apparently believed that, in order to prepare the Indian for complete independence, he must be educated in self-control, and that this could best be done by committing to him gradually the care of his property. That course necessarily involved-the risk of some property being lost through improvidence. - But in the case of the Osages the risk was not attended,by serious danger. Even if the whole trust fund should be released and, despite supervision, improvidently spent, the legally competent allottee would *270 still have his homestead and his share in valuable undivided oil, gas and coal rights; and the legally incompetent, his surplus lands in addition. There is nothing in the act or in the facts to which it applies that indicates a purpose to extend governmental control to property in which released funds may be invested. And there are in both the Act of 1906 and in that of 1912 provisions which show that Congress intended to restrict the tax exemption. By § 2 of the Act of 1906 the surplus lands became taxable after three years, even if they remained inalienable. By § 7 of the Act of 1912 both the lands and funds of allottees or their heirs are protected against claims arising prior to competency, inheritance or removal of restrictions; but it is expressly provided “That nothing herein shall be construed so as to exempt any such property from liability for taxes.” The regulations issued under date of June 26, 1912, afford no support to the Government’s contention. They provide, among other things, that: (a) “One who has not received a certificate of competency, but who has made good use of all moneys paid to him and has properly used the lands and rentals under his control belonging to his minor children may be considered competent to handle his trust funds.” (b) (In case of adults neither aged, physically disabled, nor incompetent to a degree requiring legal guardianship, the applicant must agree) “ to abide by a stipulation in the claim that the money is to be deposited in bank to his credit and expended under the supervision of the superintendent, subject to instructions from the Indian Office, if the Secretary o'f the Interior so directs.” Like the act under which they are framed, these regulations contemplate supervision of the expenditure of money, not control of the property, if any, for which the money is expended. They tend to confirm the contention of the appellants that after the money is paid out of the bank it *271 and property in which it may be invested are to be free from any restriction. Under the Act of 1906, the Secretary of the Interior when applied to. for a certificate of competency was confronted with serious alternatives. If he issued the certificate, all the allottee’s surplus lands— about 495 acres 1 — would at one time be freed from restrictions on alienation and become .subject to disposition by him without governmental control. If the Secretary refused to issue the certificate, the allottee would (unless the certificate were granted later) remain, until the end of the twenty-five year period, in the enjoyment of the income merely; and at the end of that period, he or his heirs though unaccustomed to the control of property, would get absolute dominion at one time over the (a), homestead, (b) surplus lands, (c) the trust fund ($3,928.50), 2 and (d) his share of the interest in the oil, gas, coal and mineral rights. The Act of 1912 made possible the release of parts of the trust fund from time to time. The risks to be incurred at any one time could be made quantitatively as small as the Secretary of the Interior might deem advisable; and by the regulations the risk was reduced in degree, by virtue of the requirement that the money must be “deposited in bank and expended under supervision of the superintendent} subject to instructions from the Indian Office, if the Secretary of the Interior so directs.” The policy of education and development through the bank account had been tried and found promising. 3 The regulations greatly extended *272 the field of operation by providing that one legally incompetent might get such release where he had made good use of the moneys theretofore paid him or of the lands under his control. It is education through the responsibility for spending, not the property purchased with released moneys, which constitutes the instrumentality employed by the Government in fitting the individual Osage Indian to take his full part as a citizen of the United States. Furthermore, in the case at bar it is not shown that the money released from the. trust was invested directly in property restricted as to alienation. Apparently Panther’s money had been released six months before the deed to him was executed and was used to pay for a conveyance of the land to Brenner, as trustee for Robert and Emma Panther. What the terms of the trust were, does not appear. But there is nothing in the record to indicate that a restriction upon the alienation of the land was among them or that the Secretary of the Interior expressly reserved control over the property or its procéeds. It may well be that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs then believed that an ordinary trust of the property for a short period would best advance the interests of Panther. It is consistent with the facts shown that the restriction upon alienation inserted in the deed was not a continuation of control reserved by the Secretary of the Interior, but a bringing under his control of a part of Panther’s estate theretofore freed. In this respect and others the present case differs from United States v. Thurston County, 143 Fed. Rep. 287, much relied upon by the Government. There is also a clear distinction between the present case and those like United States v. Rickert, 188 U. S. 432, where it was sought to tax property, the legal title of which was in the United States and which was held by it for the benefit of Indians. 1 *273 While an Indian is still a ward of the Nation, there is power in Congress even to reimpose restrictions on property already freed; Brader v. James, decided this day, ante, 88 - but Congress did not confer upon the Secretary of the Interior authority to exercise such power under the circumstances of this case or to give to property purchased with released funds immunity from state taxation. The decree is reversed with directions to dismiss the bill. ° Reversed. Footnotes [1] Annual Reports, Dept. Interior (1905), pp. 306-312; (1908), pp. 448,451. [2] See. 4. That" all funds belonging to the Osage tribe, and all moneys due, and all moneys that may become due, or may hereafter be found to be due the said Osage tribe of Indians, shall be held in trust by the United States for the period of twenty-five years from and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and seven, except as herein provided: . - . . . Sec. 5. That at the expiration of the period of twenty-five years from and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and seven, the lands, mineral interests, and moneys, herein provided for and held in *266 trust by the United States shall be the absolute property of the individual members of the Osage tribe, according to the roll herein provided for, or their heirs, as herein provided, and deeds to said lands shall be issued to said members, or to their heirs, as herein provided, and said moneys shall be distributed to said members, or to their heirs, as herein provided, and said members shall have full control of said lands, moneys, and mineral interests, except as hereinbefore provided. [1] Act of April 18,1912, § 5: Sec. 5. That the Secretary of the Interior,’ in his discretion, hereby is authorized, under rules and regulations to be prescribed by him and upon application therefor, to pay to Osage allottees, including the blind, insane, crippled, aged, or helpless; all or part of the funds in the Treasury of the United States to their individual credit: Provided, That he shall be first satisfied of the competency of the allottee or that the release of said individual trust funds would be to the manifest best interests and welfare of the allottee: Provided further, That no trust ..funds of a minor or a person above mentioned who is incompetent shall be released and paid over except to a guardian of such person duly appointed by the proper court and after the filing by such guardian *267 and approval by the court of a sufficient bond conditioned to faithfully administer the funds released and the avails thereof. [1] Act of April 18, 1912, § 9: Sec. 9. The word “competent,” as used in this Act, shall mean a person to whom a certificate has been issued authorizing alienation of all lands comprising his allotment, except his homestead. [1] Report of Com. of Indian Affairs (1912), p. 63. [2] Report of Com. of Indian Affairs (1910), p. 47. [3] Report of the Com. of Indian Affairs (1912), pp. 64, 66: “As the keynote of Indian progress has been individualism, perhaps the most effective general action taken during the fiscal year was the sending of a personal letter to each superintendent handling individual Indian funds in order to impress upon his mind a móst important- consideration — that the funds of an able-bodied Indian should be handled in such a way as not to weaken his moral stamina as a man.” [1] See United States v. Pearson, 231 Fed. Rep. 270.