Cox v. Wood

Mr! Chief Justice White delivered. the opinion óf the court. The appellant,'conformably tp the Selective Draft Law of May 18, 1917, c. 15, 40 Stat. 76, was called to compulsory military, duty and in December,' 1917, was en *4 gaged ip performing it at Camp Funston,'Kansas. On the third of that month he petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus to be directed to the general commanding the camp to discharge him from further service. The ground of the petition was that, although Congress had the power to call the citizens of the United States, the national militia, to compulsory service in virtue of the militia clause of the Constitution (Article I, § 8), that power-was limited to the character of services specified in the militia clause, viz: “To execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions.” Further alleging, that it had been officially declared that the call to service for which the draft had been made under the act was avowedly for the purpose of military duty in a foreign country, it was charged that the call was illegal and the right to the writ existed.. Before the allowance of a rule on the petition, through the United States district attorney, the general who was named as respondent in the petition moved to. dismiss because the facts alleged constituted no . ground foi>the relief which was prayed and hence, as a return stating such facts would require a discharge of tRe rule for habeas corpus if issued, none should Re ordered. On the. 20th of December the matter was submitted by consent of the United States district attorney and the petitioner to the court for its action upon the petition and the motion to dismiss. On the 4th of January, 1918, the court sustained the motion of the district attorney and dismissed the -petition. In the opinion by which this conclusion was abstained it was pointed out, conformably to the statement which we have. made.concerning the petition^ that the “petitioner, aftey affirming the validity of said Conscription Act of May 18, 1917, pleads what he calls his constitutional immunity from military service beyond the territorial limits of the United States. .Such claim of constitutional immunity rests upon'the contention that ho conscription act can be *5 passed except under that part of § 8, Art. I, of the Constitution, which provides that 'The Congress shall have power ... to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions’. . . .” On the day the judgment was rendered, January 4th, an appeal to this court was prayed and allowed, the assignments of error then made for that purpose reasserting the want, of power in Congress to require a citizen to. render compulsory military, service beyond the territorial limits of the United States. When.on December 3rd the petition was filed in the-lower court, various cases calling in question the constitutionality of the Selective Draft Law of May 18, 1917, were on the docket of this court and approaching hearing; and they were argued here on December 13th and 14th, before the decision below was rendered, January 4tb, sustaining the motion to dismiss. Béfore that argument, however, at the request of counsel for the present appellant, permission was given to file a brief in those cases as a friend of the court and such brief was filed and considered in passing upon the cases which were decided on January 7th, 1918. Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 U. S. 366. Coming to consider the elaborate contentions and arguments.supporting them made in.the present case, it is indisputable that they all rest upon the assumption as to the exclusive character of the delegation made to Congress by the militia clause (Article I, § 8) and the restriction, as to the use of the military force raised under such delegation, resulting from the provisions in the clause relied upon, that is, the prohibition of compulsory service beyond the territorial limits of the United States. But we are of opinion that we are not now called upon to consider these contentions as a matter of original inquiry, because the fundamental mistake upon which all the *6 arguments rest, and the error in the conclusion which they are advanced to sustain, were pointed out and conclusively established by the decision sustaining the Selective Draft Law recently announced in the Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 U. S. 366. This result is apparent since on the face of the opinion delivered in those cases the constitutional power of Congress to compel the military service which the assailed law commanded was based on the following propositions: (a) That the power of Congress to compel military • service and . the duty of the citizen'to render it when called for were derived from the authority given to Congress by the Constitution to declare war,and .to raise armies., (b) That those powers were not qualified or restricted by the provisions of the militia clause, and hence the aüthority in the exercise of the war power to raise armies and use them when raised was not subject to limitations as to usé of the militia, if any, deduced from the'militia clause. ' And (c) that from these principles-it also fóllows that the power to call for military duty under the- authority to declare war, and, raise 'armies and the duty of the citizen to servé when called were coterminous with .the constitutional grant from which the authority was derived and .knew no limit deduced from-a separate, and for the purpose of the' war power, wholly incidental, if not irrelevant and subordinate, provision concerning the militia, found in the Constitution. Our duty to .affirm is therefore made clear. . But before so ordering, we must notice a suggestion made by the Government that, because of . impertinent and scandalous passages' contained in 'the byief, of thé appellant, the brief should be stricken from the files. Considering the passages referred to and making every allowance for intensity of zeal and ah extreme of earnest-' ness on .the part- of. counsel, we are nevertheless constrained to the conclusion that the passages justify .the ' terms of censure by ,-which they are characterized .in the *7 suggestion made by the Government. But despite this conclusion, which we regretfully reach, we see no useful purpose to be subserved by granting the motion to strike. On the contrary, we think the passages on their face are so obviously intemperate afid so patently unwarranted that if, as a result of permitting the passages to remain on the files, they should come under future observation, they would but serve to indicate to what intemperance of statement an absence of self-restraint or forgetfulness of decorum will lead, and would therefore admonish of the duty, to be sedulous to obey and respect the limitations which an adhesion to them, must exact. Affirmed,.