TAHA v. BENSALEM TOWNSHIP

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA DARYOUSH TAHA, CIVIL ACTION Plaintiff, v. BUCKS COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA, NO. 12-6867 BUCKS COUNTY CORRECTIONAL FACILITY, Defendants. MEMORANDUM OPINION After almost eight years of contentious class action litigation, named Plaintiff Daryoush Taha files an unopposed motion for final approval of the parties’ amended settlement agreement, as well as a motion for attorneys’ fees, expenses, and a service award. Having reviewed and considered the motions and related filings, and having held a final fairness hearing, Plaintiff’s motions shall be granted, and the parties’ amended settlement agreement shall be finally approved. I. BACKGROUND The facts of this case have been detailed at length. See, e.g., Taha v. Bucks County, 2016 WL 2345998 (E.D. Pa. May 4, 2016). In brief, this action arises from an “Inmate Lookup Tool” (“ILT”) created by Defendants Bucks County Correctional Facility (“BCCF”) and Bucks County, through which they published on the internet information – such as photographs, state fingerprint identification numbers, arrest dates, and arrest charges – about individuals held or incarcerated at BCCF from 1938 onward. Launched in January 2011, the ILT was publicly searchable and included information for those, like Plaintiff Taha, whose criminal records were subsequently expunged. Defendants’ database was not secure, and several private companies republished Plaintiff’s booking photograph and other information about him on their websites. Plaintiff filed this action on December 7, 2012, and later amended his complaint to bring suit on behalf of himself and all persons whose criminal history record information was made available on the ILT. He alleged that Defendants’ publication of this information violated the anti-dissemination provisions of Pennsylvania’s Criminal History Record Information Act (“CHRIA”), 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 9101 et seq. The Court granted Plaintiff partial summary judgment on liability in March 2016, holding that the ILT violated the CHRIA by disseminating “criminal history record information” in a manner prohibited by the Act. Taha v. Bucks County, 172 F. Supp.3d 867, 872 (E.D. Pa. 2016). The Court dismissed, however, Plaintiff’s claim for “actual and real damages,” finding that Plaintiff did not suffer any actual injury – i.e., economic loss – resulting from Defendants’ actions. Id. The only outstanding issue was whether Defendants’ CHRIA violation was “willful,” thereby warranting punitive damages. See 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 9183(b)(2). In May 2016, the Court certified a punitive damages class consisting of “all persons whose criminal history record information was made available on the BCCF Inmate Lookup Tool.” Taha, 2016 WL 2345998 , at *4. Defendants pursued an interlocutory appeal, and the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed class certification. Taha v. County of Bucks, 862 F.3d 292, 309 (3d Cir. 2017). After engaging in discovery, the parties filed renewed cross-motions for summary judgment in September 2018, which required this Court to predict how the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would rule on two issues of first impression: the statute of limitations applicable to CHRIA violations, and the standard for determining whether a CHRIA violation is “willful” under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 9183(b)(2). See Taha v. Bucks County, 367 F. Supp.3d 320, 333 (E.D. Pa. 2019). The Court denied both parties’ motions, and the suit proceeded to trial for a jury to determine whether Defendants’ conduct was willful and, if so, the amount of punitive damages per class member. At the close of evidence, the jury returned a verdict finding Defendants committed willful violations and awarded each class member $1,000 in punitive damages, the statutory minimum amount. See 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 9183(b)(2). Final judgment was entered on July 2, 2019. Defendants filed an appeal in the Third Circuit, as well as several post-trial motions in this Court. All of Defendants’ post-trial motions were denied in a single opinion, see Taha v. Bucks County, 408 F. Supp.3d 628, 633 (E.D. Pa. 2019), and Defendants amended their Third Circuit appeal to include this decision as well as every interim order or judgment adverse to their interests issued during the course of the litigation. In early 2020, with this appeal still pending, the parties appeared before the Third Circuit’s Chief Mediator, Joseph Torregrossa, Esq., to attempt to negotiate the terms of a class action settlement. After three months of negotiations, an agreement was reached, and the Third Circuit subsequently granted the parties’ joint request for partial remand to allow this Court to rule on their proposed settlement agreement. The parties propose a claims-made settlement, providing for a minimum aggregate payment by Defendants to the class of $3.5 million, and a maximum aggregate payment to the class of $10 million. Under the terms of the agreement, each class member will be entitled to receive $600, or 60% of the jury award. The proposal also contemplates programmatic relief for expungement and addiction services for clients of the Bucks County Public Defender, consisting of 5% of the difference between the aggregate amount distributed to class members and the $10 million ceiling. The settlement agreement provides that Defendants will pay fees and expenses to class counsel. Defendants have agreed to pay class counsel $4 million, which would encompass $3,538,165.34 in fees and $461,834.66 in expenses. The proposed fee and expense award will be paid separately from the monetary relief available for class members, and will therefore not decrease the benefit obtained for the class. The settlement agreement also includes a proposed service award of $30,000 for class representative Taha, to be paid from the $10 million available for the class. Although Defendants filed a partial objection to class counsel’s requested fee and expense award, arguing that class counsel impermissibly failed to include certain pre-settlement notice costs as a litigation expense, this dispute has since been resolved by the parties, with class counsel agreeing to deduct $60,830.53 in pre-settlement notice costs from its fee and expense award. Accordingly, there are presently no objections either to the requested fee and expense award or to the proposed service award. On May 19, 2020, Plaintiff filed an unopposed motion for preliminary approval of the parties’ settlement agreement. On June 2, 2020, following a hearing, the Court granted preliminary approval of the settlement, subject to minor revisions, and approved the proposed notice to class members. The claims administrator, Analytics Consulting LLC (“Analytics”), proceeded to publish notice of the settlement in the Doylestown Intelligencer and Bucks County Courier Times. Analytics also mailed, by first-class mail, a settlement notice packet to all eligible class members. This packet included the claimant’s unique claim number and instructions for filing a claim. Class members could submit a claim electronically via a website maintained by Analytics, or could mail a paper copy claim form back to Analytics. Settlement notice packets were mailed to 40,319 eligible claimants, and 3,374 packets were returned as undeliverable. These 3,374 records were then sent to Experian to identify updated addresses, and 1,928 packets were re-mailed, leaving a total of 1,446 undeliverable claims forms. A total of 10,232 valid class claims were received.1 A final settlement fairness hearing was held on October 1, 2020. II. FINAL SETTLEMENT APPROVAL Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 requires that a class action “may be settled . . . only with the court’s approval.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). Before granting final approval, a court must hold a hearing and determine that the settlement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). This requires a court to “independently and objectively analyze the evidence and circumstances before it in order to determine whether the settlement is in the best interest of those whose claims will be extinguished.” In re Cendant, 264 F.3d 201, 231 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting In re Gen. Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel Tank Prods. Liab. Litig., 55 F.3d 768, 785 (3d Cir. 1995)). “[T]here is an overriding public interest in settling class action litigation,” In re Warfarin Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d 516, 535 (3d Cir. 2004), and “[t]he law favors settlement, particularly in class actions and other complex cases where substantial judicial resources can be conserved by avoiding formal litigation,” Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 784 . Accordingly, “when evaluating a settlement, a court should be ‘hesitant to undo an agreement that has resolved a hard-fought, multi-year litigation.’” In re Comcast Corp. Set-Top Cable TV Box Antitrust Litig., 333 F.R.D. 364 , 378 (E.D. Pa. 2019) (quoting In re Baby Prods. Antitrust Litig., 708 F.3d 163 , 1 At the time of the final settlement fairness hearing, Analytics was still in the process of reviewing and validating all of the submitted claims. On October 23, 2020, Analytics recommended that 9,488 claims be accepted as valid, 863 claims be rejected as invalid, and 19 claims be considered pending. Pursuant to an agreement between the parties, claimants were provided 14 days to cure invalid claims. Analytics then updated its figures, recommending that 9,741 claims be deemed valid, 641 claims be rejected as invalid, and 3 claims be considered pending. At this point, class counsel requested the Court intervene to rule on the validity of 275 of these claims, namely, the 3 pending claims as well as 272 of the 641 claims rejected by Analytics as invalid. In response, Bucks represented that it did not dispute the validity of the 3 pending claims, raising the total number of undisputed valid claims to 9,744 and bringing the number of disputed claims down to 272. The Court found all 272 disputed claims to be valid. Analytics further represented that it had found an additional 216 valid claims, bringing the total number of valid class claims to 10,232. 175 (3d Cir. 2013)). “The decision of whether to approve a proposed settlement of a class action is left to the sound discretion of the district court.” In re Nat’l Football League Players Concussion Injury Litig., 821 F.3d 410, 436 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting In re Prudential Ins. Co. Am. Sales Practice Litig. Agent Actions, 148 F.3d 283, 299 (3d Cir. 1998)). In determining whether a proposed class action settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate, the recently amended provisions of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 require courts to consider whether: (A) the class representative and class counsel have adequately represented the class; (B) the proposal was negotiated at arms’ length; (C) the relief provided for the class is adequate, taking into account: (i) the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal; (ii) the effectiveness of any proposed method of distributing relief to the class, including the method of processing class-member claims; (iii) the terms of any proposed award of attorney’s fees, including timing of payment; and (iv) any agreement required to be identified under Rule 23(e)(3); and (D) the proposal treats class members equitably relative to each other. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). The factors set forth in Rule 23(e)(2) augment, rather than replace, the traditional factors developed by courts to assess the fairness of a class action settlement. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) Advisory Committee Note (“The goal of [the Rule 23(e)(2)] amendment is not to displace any factor, but rather to focus the court and the lawyers on the core concerns of procedure and substance that should guide the decision whether to approve the proposal.”). In the Third Circuit, courts must continue to analyze the factors propounded in Girsh v. Jepson, 521 F.2d 153 (3d Cir. 1975), which are (1) the complexity, expense, and likely duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings and amount of discovery completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6) the risk of maintaining the class through trial; (7) the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery; and (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of the attendant risks of litigation. Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 437 . “A court may approve a settlement even if it does not find that each of these factors weighs in favor of approval.” In re N.J. Tax Sales Certificate Antitrust Litig., 750 F. App’x 73 , 77 (3d Cir. 2018). Additionally, a presumption of fairness will exist where, as here, a settlement has been negotiated at arms’ length, discovery was sufficient, the settlement proponents are experienced in similar matters, and there are few objectors. Warfarin, 391 F.3d at 535 . Bearing in mind that there is some overlap between the Rule 23(e) and Girsh factors, each will be considered in turn. a. Rule 23(e) Factors i. Adequacy of Representation and Arms’ Length Negotiations Class counsel and class representative Taha have adequately represented the class during the course of this litigation. They have seen the litigation through a jury trial as well as two Third Circuit appeals, and in the process have engaged in extensive discovery and motions practice. Having observed class counsel throughout the litigation, the Court is satisfied that counsel vigorously represented the class. The proposed settlement agreement is also the product of arms’ length negotiations. The parties appeared before the Third Circuit’s Chief Mediator, Joseph Torregrossa, Esq., and negotiated the proposed agreement over the course of several months. “[T]he participation of an independent mediator in settlement negotiations virtually [e]nsures that the negotiations were conducted at arm’s length and without collusion between the parties.” Rose v. Travelers Home and Marine Ins. Co., 2020 WL 4059613 , at *7 (E.D. Pa. July 20, 2020) (alterations in original) (quoting Bellum v. Law Offices of Frederic I. Weinberg & Assocs., P.C., 2016 WL 4766079 , at *6 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 3, 2016)). These factors weigh in favor of approval. ii. Adequacy of Relief The proposed settlement agreement provides adequate relief for the class. First, the “relief that the settlement is expected to provide to class members” is adequate when weighed against “the cost and risk involved in pursuing a litigation outcome.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) Advisory Committee Note. Each class member will receive $600, which is 60% of what the jury awarded. This figure is reasonable, as the risks and costs associated with the still-pending Third Circuit appeal could be significant. This case has presented several complicated legal issues over the years, some of which go to the heart of Defendants’ liability in this matter. If the Third Circuit were to disagree with this Court’s rulings on these issues, the jury verdict could be vacated, or the class could be precluded from recovery altogether. Moreover, Defendants have indicated that, were the appeal to continue, they would seek to have the Third Circuit refer issues of first impression to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which could prolong the proceedings by years and further increase costs. Given these risks, a 60% recovery is reasonable and adequate. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(i). Second, the proposed agreement provides an effective method of distributing relief. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(ii). The claims process established by the proposed agreement is not “unduly demanding.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) Advisory Committee Note. Rather, it is quite simple: Class members simply had to access the website maintained by Analytics and enter their claim number and a few other details. Alternatively, class members could return their claim forms to Analytics by mail. No additional documentation was required for a class member to submit a claim. Further, the notice and claims process resulted in a claims rate of approximately 25%, suggesting that the process was effective. See, e.g., Ward v. Flagship Credit Acceptance LLC, 2020 WL 759389 , at *13 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 13, 2020) (finding 20.5% participation rate to be “a very high claims rate”). Next, and as discussed further below, the requested attorneys’ fee and expense award is reasonable. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(iii). The fee award does not decrease the benefit available to the class, and no class members have objected to the proposed fee and expense award after having received notice of the amount requested. Further, Defendants’ partial objection to class counsel’s fee and expense award has since been resolved. Finally, there are no side agreements between the parties. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(iv). This factor weighs in favor of approval. iii. Whether the Proposed Agreement Treats Class Members Equitably Relative to Each Other The proposed settlement agreement also treats class members equitably relative to each other. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(D). Each class member will receive the same amount: $600, or 60% of the jury award. This factor weighs in favor of approval. Accordingly, all of the Rule 23(e) factors are met. b. Girsh Factor Analysis i. Complexity, Expense, and Likely Duration of the Litigation The first Girsh factor requires a court to evaluate the complexity, expense, and likely duration of the litigation. This factor “captures the probable costs, in both time and money, of continued litigation.” Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 437 (quoting Warfarin, 391 F.3d at 535-36 ). As described above, if this action were to continue, the parties would likely expend a significant amount of time and money on the appeal, which could result in a remand for a new trial. The litigation could be further protracted should the Third Circuit decide to certify issues of first impression to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Because continued litigation would likely be lengthy and expensive, settlement is reasonable. This factor favors approval. ii. Reaction of the Class to the Settlement The second Girsh factor asks the court to evaluate the reaction of the class to the proposed settlement agreement. “In an effort to measure the class’s own reaction to the settlement’s terms directly, courts look to the number of and vociferousness of the objectors.” Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 812 . Courts must be cautious about inferring support based on a limited number of objections. Prudential, 148 F.3d at 318 . Thus, in most cases, “a small proportion of objectors does not favor derailing [the] settlement.” Bell Atl. v. Bolger, 2 F.3d 1304 , 1314 (3d Cir. 1993). Here, a total of seven objections to the proposed settlement agreement were filed. One of these objections – that of Ms. Gemma Fendler – has since been withdrawn. Ms. Fendler instead spoke in support of the settlement at the final fairness hearing. Only the following six objections remain. Dr. Jamal Aljari, a medical doctor, objects to the terms of the proposed settlement, stating that he has lost millions of dollars due to the Bucks County Police Department releasing his expunged criminal records to a hospital, which then denied Dr. Aljari employment. He states that the hospital then sent his criminal record information to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Practitioner Data Bank, where it continues to exist to this day. Because of this, Dr. Aljari states that he has had difficulty getting insurance to practice medicine, and cannot work in any hospital. He asks the Court to order that his criminal records be removed from the National Practitioner Data Bank. The Court acknowledges the significant stress the public release of Dr. Aljari’s criminal information has placed on his personal and professional life. However, the relief Dr. Aljari requests is beyond the scope of this lawsuit. To the extent Dr. Aljari has claims against parties other than Defendants, these claims will not be extinguished by the approval of the proposed settlement agreement. Further, despite his objection, Dr. Aljari has filed a claim form to participate in the settlement. Accordingly, his objection cannot be sustained. Mr. Howard Haberstick objects to the proposed settlement, stating that due to the publication of his criminal records by Defendants, he has had substantial difficulty finding adequate employment since his incarceration and was unable to adequately care for his ailing parents. But the relief in this case is now limited to punitive damages, and does not encompass compensatory damages for Mr. Haberstick or any other class member for the individual losses they may have suffered as a result of Defendants’ conduct. Further, despite his objection, Mr. Haberstick has filed a claim form to participate in the settlement. Accordingly, his objection cannot be sustained. Mr. Eric Brinkerhoff objects to the settlement, stating that it is insufficient to vindicate the constitutional rights that, according to Mr. Brinkerhoff, have been violated by Defendants. He suggests that the Court instead provide monetary compensation to habitual offenders, individuals convicted of “heinous” felonies, and individuals who have exhausted all appeals, and grant all others either amnesty or a new trial. This relief is not authorized by the CHRIA, and is outside the scope of this lawsuit. Mr. Brinkerhoff’s objection cannot be sustained. Ms. Lisa Brocco objects to the proposed settlement, stating that $600 is insufficient to compensate her for the injuries she suffered as a result of her alleged false arrest and incarceration. She states that her reputation has been ruined, and that she has been unable to find adequate employment due to her criminal history. To the extent, however, that Ms. Brocco’s injuries do stem from Defendants’ publication of her criminal records on the ILT, the Court did not certify compensatory damages for class treatment. Ms. Brocco’s objection cannot be sustained. Mr. Michael Anthony Herder objects to the settlement as insufficient and asserts a claim for $73 million, stating that he is innocent of the offenses for which he was convicted. He states that “this lawsuit is proof that my rights were in fact violated,” and notes that he had to pay over $600 in fines and fees associated with his cases. There is no basis to sustain Mr. Herder’s objection. The present suit is limited to whether Defendants violated the CHRIA by disseminating criminal records on the ILT. Mr. Herder’s concerns are outside the scope of this action. Finally, Mr. Michael Leach objects to the settlement in a single sentence, providing no reason for his objection. An objection to a class action settlement must “state with specificity the grounds for the objection.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(5)(A). Without more, there is no basis to sustain Mr. Leach’s objection. In sum, while the Court appreciates and carefully considers each of the six objections to the proposed settlement agreement, they do not provide a basis to deny final approval. Further, the percentage of class members who have objected is very small, comprising approximately 0.00015% of the 40,319 class members to whom notice was sent. See, e.g., Cendant, 264 F.3d at 234-35 (finding the second Girsh factor “weighed strongly in favor of the Settlement” where only .0008% of the class objected). This factor favors approval. iii. Stage of the Proceedings and Amount of Discovery Completed The third Girsh factor asks courts to evaluate the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed, in order to “determine whether counsel had an adequate appreciation of the merits of the case before negotiating.” Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 813 . “[P]ost discovery settlements are more likely to reflect the true value of the claim and be fair.” In re Linerboard Antitrust Litig., 296 F. Supp. 2d 568, 578 (E.D. Pa. 2003). As noted, this suit has been litigated for almost eight years. There was extensive discovery, and the case has gone to trial. It has even been to the Third Circuit on two separate occasions (and remains pending there now, subject to this Court’s resolution of the present matter). The Court is satisfied that all parties had a full appreciation of the merits of this suit before negotiating the proposed settlement agreement. This factor favors approval. iv. Risks of Establishing Liability and Damages “The fourth and fifth Girsh factors survey the possible risks of litigation in order to balance the likelihood of success and the potential damage award if the case were taken to trial against the benefits of an immediate settlement.” Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 439 (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 319 ). While a trial has been conducted and a jury has issued a verdict as to Defendants’ liability, this case does continue to pose risk at the appellate level where, as discussed, the resolution of several novel and complicated legal issues could result in a vacated verdict or even preclude class recovery. These factors favor approval. v. Risk of Maintaining the Class Action Through Trial The sixth Girsh factor asks a court to consider the risk of maintaining the class action through trial, in order to evaluate whether the class action, “if tried, would present intractable management problems.” Id. at 440 (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 321 ). Because the Third Circuit has already affirmed class certification, and because this case has already been to trial, this factor is not relevant to the current inquiry and is therefore neutral. vi. Ability of Defendants to Withstand a Greater Judgment The seventh Girsh factor asks courts to assess the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment. This factor “is most relevant when the defendant’s professed inability to pay is used to justify the amount of the settlement.” Id. at 440. Class counsel asserts that Defendants stressed during settlement negotiations that Bucks County would not have the funds to cover the jury verdict of over $40 million, noting that the County’s general fund balance was, in February 2020, only $25.5 million. According to class counsel, Defendants have argued that the Covid-19 pandemic has only further depleted the County’s available resources. Nevertheless, should the judgment eventually be affirmed by the Third Circuit, the Bucks County taxpayers would have to find a way to fund the jury award. This factor is therefore neutral. But “it should be noted that these are difficult economic times,” and while Bucks County may be able to withstand greater judgment, “it is more preferable to have a settlement that Defendants consider a funding priority, as opposed to the potential for an unfunded judicial mandate following a trial and appeals years from now.” See Alves v. Main, 2012 WL 6043272 , at *21 (D.N.J. Dec. 4, 2012). vii. Range of Reasonableness of the Settlement Fund in Light of the Best Possible Recovery and Range of Reasonableness of the Settlement Fund to a Possible Recovery in Light of all the Attendant Risks of Litigation The eighth and ninth Girsh factors ask courts to consider “whether the settlement represents a good value for a weak case or a poor value for a strong case.” Warfarin, 391 F.3d at 538 . “The factors test two sides of the same coin: reasonableness in light of the best possible recovery and reasonableness in light of the risks the parties would face if the case went to trial.” Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 440 (quoting Warfarin, 391 F.3d at 538 ). “[T]he present value of the damages plaintiffs would likely recover if successful, appropriately discounted for the risk of not prevailing, should be compared with the amount of the proposed settlement.” Id. (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 322 ). As noted, each class member will receive $600, or 60% of the $1,000 jury award. Given that “the outcome of this litigation [remains] uncertain,” and given that any continued litigation will be “inevitably time-consuming and expensive,” a 60% guaranteed recovery for class members is reasonable. See N.J. Tax Sales, 750 F. App’x at 82. It is also “well within a reasonable settlement range when compared with recovery percentages in other class actions.” Warfarin, 391 F.3d at 538-39 (approving settlement for approximately 33% of best possible recovery); Vista Healthplan, Inc. v. Cephalon, Inc., 2020 WL 1922902 , at *21 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 21, 2020) (approving settlement for approximately 11.5% of best possible recovery). These factors favor approval. In sum, the Girsh factors favor approval. For all the reasons stated above, the settlement agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate to protect the interests of the class members. Plaintiff’s motion to approve the settlement shall be granted. III. ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND EXPENSES Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[i]n an action certified as a class action, the court may award reasonable attorney’s fees and nontaxable costs that are authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). Courts must conduct a “thorough judicial review” of class counsel’s request for a fee award, Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 819 , using either the lodestar method or the percentage-of-recovery method. The percentage-of-recovery method is “generally favored in common fund cases,” In re Rite Aid Corp. Sec. Litig., 396 F.3d 294, 300 (3d Cir. 2005), as it “allow[s] courts to award fees from the fund ‘in a manner that rewards counsel for success and penalizes it for failure,’” Prudential, 148 F.3d at 333 (quoting Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 821 ). The lodestar method, on the other hand, is employed most often in the statutory fee shifting context, or in cases where the nature of the settlement prevents the court from determining its exact value. Id. “A district court has discretion to determine which type of case the settlement most resembles and which calculation method to apply.” Dungee v. Davison Design & Dev. Inc., 674 F. App’x 153, 156 (3d Cir. 2017). Here, counsel urges that the lodestar method is appropriate. The Court agrees. The CHRIA is a fee-shifting statute, allowing individuals who prevail on their claims to receive an award for attorneys’ fees and costs. 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 9183(b). “[A]s a general rule, the method of determining reasonable attorneys’ fees under fee-shifting provisions in Pennsylvania is the lodestar method.” Branch Banking & Trust Co. v. Angino Law Firm, P.C., 809 F. App’x 102 (3d Cir. 2020). Further, because this is a claims-made settlement – the total value of which is dependent on how many individuals end up submitting claims – the lodestar method is appropriate. See Dungee, 674 F. App’x at 156 (affirming district court’s application of the lodestar method to a claims-made settlement). Accordingly, the reasonableness of the proposed fee and expense award will be assessed under the lodestar method. a. Lodestar Analysis Courts perform the lodestar analysis by first “multiplying the number of hours reasonably worked on a client’s case by a reasonable hourly billing rate for such services based on the given geographical area, the nature of the services provided, and the experience of the attorneys.” Rite Aid, 396 F.3d at 305 . The resulting figure is the lodestar amount, which is a “presumptively reasonable fee” for class counsel’s services. See Planned Parenthood of Cent. N.J. v. Att’y Gen. of N.J., 297 F.3d 253 , 265 n.5 (3d Cir. 2002). After calculating the lodestar amount, the court will then calculate the lodestar multiplier, determined by dividing the requested fee by the lodestar figure. In re AT&T Corp. Sec. Litig., 455 F.3d 160, 164 (3d Cir. 2006). Where this calculation results in a “significant negative multiplier,” it will “suggest[] that [the plaintiff’s] fee request is reasonable.” Comcast, 333 F.R.D. at 389. Class counsel has submitted summaries of each firm’s fees and expenses indicating that they expended a total of 11,878 hours on this litigation, resulting in a lodestar of $6,304,594. The number of hours billed by these firms is high but reasonable, given the length of this matter as well as its complexity. Class counsel’s hourly billing rates are reflective of the skill and experience of the lawyers involved. These rates range from $100 per hour to $775 per hour, and cumulatively result in an average hourly rate of approximately $530 per hour. This is consistent with the prevailing market rate in this District for similar services. See, e.g., Harshbarger v. Penn Mutual Life Ins. Co., 2017 WL 6525783 , at *6 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 20, 2017) (finding an average hourly rate of $508 to be “well within the range of what is reasonable and appropriate in this market”). Class counsel’s $6.3 million lodestar figure is reasonable. Further, although class counsel presents a lodestar of $6.3 million, the agreement reached by the parties, if approved, will result in class counsel receiving a significantly smaller sum. The agreement provides for class counsel to receive a total award of $4 million, inclusive of fees and expenses. Class counsel has reported a total of $461,834.66 in expenses accrued during the course of this litigation, resulting in a proposed fee award of $3,538,165.34. This figure divided by the lodestar amount results in a negative multiplier of approximately .56. In other words, counsel will only be compensated for approximately 56% of their time worked during the course of this litigation. This negative multiplier “provides additional support for the requested attorneys’ fees.” Blofstein v. Michael’s Family Rest., Inc., 2019 WL 3288048 , at *11 (E.D. Pa. July 19, 2019). In sum, the number of hours billed by class counsel is reasonable given the lengthy history of this highly contested litigation. The average hourly billing rates submitted by class counsel is also reasonable, especially given that counsel will be compensated for only a fraction of the time it spent pursuing these complicated claims on behalf of the class. Notably, no class members have objected to the proposed fee award. Plaintiff’s proposed fee award shall be granted. b. Reasonable Litigation Expenses “Counsel for a class action is entitled to reimbursement of expenses that were adequately documented and reasonably and appropriately incurred in the prosecution of the class action.” Vista Healthplan, Inc. v. Cephalon, Inc., 2020 WL 1922902 , at *32 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 21, 2020) (quoting In re Safety Components, Inc. Sec. Litig., 166 F. Supp. 2d 72, 108 (D.N.J. 2001)). Class counsel has adequately documented their expenses, which amount to a total of $461,834.66 and comprise costs associated with, among other things, professional fees (such as those associated with expert witnesses), computer research, copying, transportation, and pre-settlement notice distribution. As noted, payment of these costs will not decrease the benefit obtained for the class. These expenses were necessary for class counsel’s competent handling of this case, and are reasonable. Plaintiff’s proposed expense award shall be granted. IV. SERVICE AWARD Finally, class counsel requests a $30,000 service award for class representative Taha, to be paid from the $10 million available for the class. “Payment awards to class representatives lie within the discretion of the trial court and may be provided as a reward for the benefit visited on the class.” Hall v. Accolade, Inc., 2020 WL 1477688 , at *10 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 25, 2020) (quoting In re Plastic Tableware Antitrust Litig., 1995 WL 723175 , at *2 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 4, 1995)). Such awards must be closely reviewed in light of the “fear that incentive awards may lead named plaintiffs to expect a bounty for bringing suit or to compromise the interests of the class for personal gain.” Altnor v. Preferred Freezer Servs., 197 F. Supp.3d 746, 770 (E.D. Pa. 2016) (quoting Hadix v. Johnson, 322 F.3d 895, 897 (6th Cir. 2003)). To determine the propriety of a service award, courts evaluate (1) the risk involved for the named plaintiff in pursuing the litigation; (2) any personal difficulties suffered by the named plaintiff in light of the litigation; (3) the duration of the litigation; (4) the degree of the named plaintiff’s personal involvement in the litigation; and (5) the named plaintiff’s personal benefit solely in his capacity as a member of the class. McGee v. Ann’s Choice, Inc., 2014 WL 2514582 , at *3 (E.D. Pa. June 4, 2014). Class representative Taha has expended a substantial amount of his time for the benefit of the class. As noted, this litigation has been ongoing for almost eight years, and during this time Taha has participated in extensive discovery and served as a witness at trial. As class counsel notes, though Taha’s criminal record has been expunged, his criminal history will be forever public due to this litigation. Further, the proposed service award, while high, is nevertheless “in line with awards in similar class action litigation.” See In re Janney Montgomery Scott LLC Financial Consultant Litig., 2009 WL 2137224 , at *12 (E.D. Pa. 2009) (awarding each named plaintiff $20,000, where the total settlement was $2.8 million); see also Godshall v. Franklin Mint Co., 2004 WL 2745890 , at *6 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 1, 2004) (awarding each named plaintiff $20,000, where the total settlement was $1,125,000); Bonett v. Educ. Debt Servs., Inc., 2003 WL 21658267 , at *7 (E.D. Pa. May 9, 2003) (awarding named plaintiff $4,000, where the total settlement was $22,000). No class member has objected to Taha’s proposed service award. Plaintiff’s motion for a $30,000 service award shall be granted. V. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motions for final approval of the class action settlement and for an award of attorneys’ fees and reimbursement of expenses as well as for a service award for class representative Taha shall be granted. The parties’ amended settlement agreement shall be finally approved. An appropriate order follows. November 30, 2020 BY THE COURT: /s/Wendy Beetlestone, J. _______________________________ WENDY BEETLESTONE, J.