Lane v. Darlington

Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court. This is a bill in equity brought by the appellees- to restrain the Secretary of the Interior from carrying out a resurvey of a part of the boundary of a Mexican grant. The plaintiffs hold the legal title to the grant and the adjoining land belongs to the United States. The boundary was surveyed by one Hancock and on June 22, 1872, the grant was patented. A bill to set aside the patent was dismissed in United States v. Hancock, 133 U. S. 193, (1890.) Doubts having arisen as to where a portion of the Hancock line on the northern boundary ran, the Land Department employed one Perrin to make a resurvey. It found and reestablished the original monuments except between Hancock’s stations 20 and 25, and attempted to fix the line between these also. In 1901 the resurvey was approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, but in 1902 on ah appeal, the Secretary of the Interior reversed the approval and ordered a new survey of the line between stations 20 and 25. This was made by one Sickler and was approved by the Secretary of the Interior on February 28, 1907. On September 5, 1913, the Secretary vacated the Sickler survey and ordered the reestablishment of the Perrin line. The present bill to restrain the carrying out of -this order was dismissed on motion fey the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia but the decree, was reversed and an injunction ordered by the Court of Appeals. The bill, of course, is not a bill, against the United States brought on the ground that it is claiming land *333 belonging to the plaintiffs. The bill does not seek to try. the title. It is brought on the ground that the power of the Secretary is exhausted, and it may be doubted whether that is a matter with which the plaintiff's have anything to do. But however that may be, the whole proceeding on behalf of the United States is simply an effort to fix the boundaries of its own land. It is recognized, it was recognized when the Perrin survey was set aside, that the United States has no authority to change the Hancock line; but it has a right for its own purposes to try to find out where that line runs and the fact that its conclusions may differ from that of the owners of the Hancock grant does not dimmish that right. So long as the United States has not conveyed its land it is entitled to survey and resurvey what it owns and to establish and reestablish boundaries, as well one boundary as another, the only limit being that what it thus does for its own information cannot affect the rights of owners on the other side of the line already existing in theory of law. If, as the result of the survey adopted, the United States should give patents for land thought by the plaintiffs to belong to them, “the courts can then in the appropriate proceeding determine who has the better title or right. To interfere now, is to take from the officers of the Land'Department the functions which the. law confides to them and exercise them by the court.” Litchfield v. The Register, 9 Wall. 575, 578. Minnesota v. Lane, 247 U. S. 243, 250. We know of no warrant for the notion that the power is exhausted.by a single exercise of it. Repeated retracement of lines, although, of course, exceptions, are well known, we believe, to the Land Department,- as, with the limitation that we have expressed, there is no reason why they should not be. The case is different when the act of the Seeretaiy is directed to a third person, as for instance, the approval of a map of the location of a railroad over public lands, where the approval operates as a *334 grant. Noble v. Union River Logging R. R. Co., 147 U. S. 165. See New Orleans v. Paine, 147 U. S. 261, 267. But this retracing of the Hancock line is not directed to the plaintiffs, but, as we have said, is an investigation by the United States on its own account. The plaintiffs gained no rights by the approval of the Sickler line; they lose none by the substitution of the Perrin line; These acts were neither adjudications nor agreements. The plaintiffs’ rights were fixed before. Even after land had been sold with reference to a survey and plat that had been approved, this Court refused to restrain the Secretary from making a new survey in Kirwan v. Murphy, 189 U. S. 35. See Lane v. United States ex rel. Mickadiet, 241 U. S. 201, 208. Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. United States, 227 U. S. 355. We are of opinion that the decision of the Court of Appeals was wrong. Decree of the Court of Appeals reversed, with directions to affirm the decree ' of - the Supreme Court dismissing ■ the bill.