United Railroads of San Francisco v. City and County of San Francisco

Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court. This is a bill in equity brought by the appellant to prevent the construction of a municipal street railway on Market street and adjoining streets in San .Francisco with tracks on the. two sides of the plaintiff’s double track, for more than five blocks, and also to prevent the inci *519 dental cutting of the plaintiff’s tracks. The appellant claims the right by grant' and contract to forbid the proposed action and relies upon the Constitution of the United States, upon the state constitution which provides that private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation having first been made, arid upon Article XII, § 2 of the charter of the city, requiring it to consider offers for the sale of existing public utilities before constructing new ones. The answer denies that damage to the plaintiff will ensue from the new tracks and denies as matter of law that the plaintiff has the contract or property rights alleged. On application for a preliminary injunction the District Court held that the .plaintiff had failed to .make out a case for it, and'denied it, intimating an opinion against the plaintiff upon the matter of law involved. It then entered what is called, a final decree,.denying all relief to the plaintiff with costs to the defendant. 239 Fed. Rep. 987. The present appeal is from that decree. The franchise of the plaintiff to maintain its two tracks oh Market street was granted to its predecessor in title in September, 1879. At .that time by § 499 of the Civil Code of California, “two corporations may be permitted to use the same street, each paying an equal, portion for the construction of the track; but in no case must two railroad corporations occupy and use the same street or track for a distance of more'than -five, blocks.” The existence of this general law is the first ground relied upon for the assertion of exclusive rights in the street by the plaintiff. The other ground is the order of the Board of Supervisors of San Francisco granting the franchise, and especially § 5 which is as follows: “It shall be lawful for the Board of Supervisors of the city and county of San Francisco to grant to one other corporation, and no more, the right to'use either of the aforesaid streets for a distance of five blocks, and no more, upon the terms and *520 conditions specified in the 499th section of the civil code of this State. This section shall apply to persons and companies, as well as» corporations.” We agree with the District Court that these sections did not give to the plaintiff the right it claims. The section of the Code would seem to be a limitation of the powers conferred upon the Board of Supervisors by that and the adjoining sections, not a contract by the State, or an authority to the Board to contract, against a larger use of the streets. It most naturally is read as merely a general law declaring the present legislative policy of the State. Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co. v. Wheeling Bridge Co., 138 U. S. 287, 292; Williams v. Wingo, 177 U. S. 601; Wisconsin & Michigan Ry. Co. v. Powers, 191 U. S. 379, 387; San Jose-Los Gatos Interurban Ry. Co. v. San Jose Ry. Co., 156 Fed. Rep. 455, 458. But however this may be neither that section nor § 5 of the order granting the franchise purports in terms to prevent the city from itself establishing a parallel road. If it be true, as the plaintiff argues, that the grant or contract in § 5 of the order means what the statute means and is to be construed by that, we have suggested what seems to us the natural construction of the act. But in ■any event it is decided by Knoxville Water Co. v. Knoxville, 200 U. S. 22, that a covenant by a city not to grant to any other person or corporation a privilege similar to that granted to the covenantee does not restrict the city from itself exercising similar power; and it is assumed in that case, that the principle already is established as to legislative grants. 200 U. S. 34. That is the assumption also of an amendmént of § 499 by an Act of April 24, 1911. [Stats. 1911, c. 580.] The city now is given power to establish and operate transportation service by the amendment of § 499 just mentioned and by .the constitution of the State. Article, XI, § 19. Amendment approved October 10, 1911. The plaintiff took the risk of the *521 judicial interpretation of its franchise and of this possible event. Madera Water Works v. Madera, 228 U. S. 454. Of course, so far as the harm to the plaintiff is an inevitable consequence of the city’s doing what the plaintiff’s franchise did not make it unlawful for the city to do, the infliction of'that harm is not a taking of the plaintiff’s property that requires a resort to eminent domain. We understand that the municipal road now has been built, and the question is whether to retain the bill for a claim of damages. But as that would require new evidence and practically would present a new case, and as further, wfijh such light, as we now have, the right to damages seems at least doubtful, we deem it sufficient if the rights of the plaintiff, if any, in that regard, are reserved. The question is raised pointedly by Article I, § 14, of the Constitution of 1879. That provides that “private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation having first been made,” &c. The plaintiff seems to argue that this section entitles it to preliminary compensation for any considerable pecuniary detriment that the city may inflict by the establishment of the new road, however lawfully it may act. Courts and judges have differed widely in their interpretation of this class of provisions in statutes of different sorts; but we should suppose, until otherwise instructed by the Supreme Court of the State, that the damage referred to in this section of the state constitution in the main would be damage resulting from conduct that, like taking, would be tortious unless in proceedings under eminent domain or some law authorizing it on condition that damages be paid. As to crossing the plaintiff’s tracks we are inclined to agree with the District Court that the plaintiff’s franchise must be understood to be subject to this incident and that a taking by eminent domain was not necessary. Market Street Ry. Co. v. Central Ry. Co., 51 California, *522 583. Consolidated Traction Co. v. South Orange & Maplewood Traction Co., 56 N. J. Eq. 569, 574, et seq. 3 Dillon, Municipal Corporations, 5th ed., § 1241, p. 1983. If we are wrong and if the crossings or the manner of operating the parallel tracks should give or has given rise to any claim, the decree will be without prejudice to such claim. We assume in accordance with the plaintiff’s evidence and argument that the damage may be considerable and we think it just to leave open whatever ean be left open, but at present we cannot say that the loss is or. will be of such a character that it must be paid fór, and we are satisfied, that it is not such as to call for equitable relief. A general solicitation of offers for sale to the city óf any existing street railway in San Francisco was passed by the Board of Supervisors and was ordered to be sent and was sent to the plaintiff, among others. We agree with the District Court that Article XII, § 2 of the City Charter does not better the plaintiff’s case. Decree affirmed without prejudice to further proceedings to recover any damages to which the plaintiff may be entitled.