United States v. $933,000.00 in U.S. Currency

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. Civ. No. 13-01170 (MAJ) $933,000 IN U.S. CURRENCY, Defendant in rem. OPINION AND ORDER I. Introduction Before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 58) filed by Aguas Del Caribe Inc. (“AGUAS”) and Luis Santana Mendoza (“Santana”) (collectively “Claimants”) challenging the Civil Forfeiture Complaint (the “Complaint”) (ECF No. 2) brought by Plaintiff the United States of America (the “Government”). On February 27, 2013, the Government initiated the instant civil action in rem to enforce the forfeiture of $933,000.00 in U.S. currency because it is allegedly traceable or involved in various criminal offenses. Id. Specifically, the Complaint alleges that the Defendant property is subject to forfeiture pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 981 (a)(1)(A) (civil forfeiture) and 982(a)(1) (criminal forfeiture) as property involved in a transaction or attempted transaction in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956-1957 (laundering of monetary instruments, and engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity, respectively), and 21 U.S.C. § 881 (a)(6), as money furnished or intended to be furnished in exchange for a controlled substance. Id. at 2 ¶ 6. Claimants contest the Government’s forfeiture action on several grounds. They argue first that the Government’s delay in litigating this action constitutes a violation of their Fifth Amendment Due Process rights. (ECF No. 58). Second, that the Complaint fails to meet the pleading requirements of Rule G(2) of the Supplemental Rules of Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims (“Supplemental Rules”). Id. Third, that the Government fails to satisfy various other Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act (“CAFRA”) procedural requirements. Id. And lastly, that the forfeiture constitutes an excessive fine in contravention of the Eighth Amendment. Id. For the reasons detailed below, Claimants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED. II. Background1 On February 27, 2013, the Government initiated the instant civil forfeiture action against $933,000 in U.S. currency. (ECF No. 2). Claimant Santana is the owner of various construction companies, including Claimant AGUAS, and PAIRO CRL (“PAIRO”). (ECF No. 2-1 at 6). The Complaint alleges that in 2011, Homeland Security Investigations (“HSI") initiated an investigation regarding the unusual financial transactions between Juan R. Zalduondo (“Zalduondo") and others, including Santana, in various financial institutions. Id. at 3 ¶ 7. Between September 30, 2011, and May 29, 2012, Zalduondo deposited $3,246,980 in U.S. currency in various financial institutions. Id. at 4 . Most of the monies deposited were in the form of currency or cash notes of twenty-dollar bill denominations, wrapped in bundles held together by rubber bands. Id. Notably, some of these notes “contained 1 The Court recounts the facts as detailed in the Complaint and attached Declaration therein from a special agent with the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Homeland Security Investigations. (ECF No. 2-1). markings similar to the ones utilized by drug trafficking organizations to maintain accountability of the ill-gotten proceeds.” Id. According to interviews conducted by “Cornerstone Agents” and the Declaration’s affiant of the financial institutions’ managers and employees who witnessed the voluminous currency deposits, Zalduondo stated on various occasions that he did not know for certain the exact amount of currency or cash money he was depositing. Id. The majority of the deposits were set aside and inspected by a United States Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) narcotics detector dog and CBP chemist. Id. During the inspections, the narcotics detector dog alerted positive to the odor of narcotics, and the CBP chemist found cocaine and/or heroin at trace levels on the currency. Id. at 5 . The Complaint goes on to state that in September or October of 2011, Zalduondo made two cash deposits that amounted to $520,000 in U.S. currency at Banco Santander de Puerto Rico (“BSPR”). Id. He provided no supporting documentation, and simply alleged the cash originated from the sale of real estate property. Id. Thereafter, on November 21, 2011, Zalduondo opened a corporate bank account at La Puertorriquena Credit Union (“LPCU”) and made an initial cash deposit of $303,000 in U.S. currency. Id. When asked about the source of the funds, he presented a signed contract showing an alleged sale of shares between his company JUAZA and Santana’s company PAIRO. Id. The contract between PAIRO and JUAZA indicated that on or about October 5, 2012, Santana purchased 50% of JUAZA’s shares for $1,160,000. Id. at 7 . According to the contract, Santana was to pay in the following instalments: $250,000 in managers check on October 2, 2011; $300,000 in cash on November 15, 2011; $300,000 in cash on December 15, 2011; and $310,000 in cash on January 12, 2012. Id. In February 2012, BSPR followed up with Zalduondo to obtain supporting documentation for the $520,000 deposited in the fall of 2011. Id. at 5 . Zalduondo presented the same contract he presented to LPCU. Id. PRDT tax return information revealed that from 2007-2010, Santana reported a taxable net income of less than $13,000 each year. Id. at 10 . PAIRO, which was incorporated in October 2011, had not yet filed any tax returns. Id. at 11 . According to a purported settlement agreement between Santana and the Puerto Rico Department of Treasury (“PRDT”), he had an unreported dividend income of $10,345,843.26. Id. at 7 . It is estimated Santana was to pay $1,374,109.86 to the PRDT for taxes in arrears. Id. In June 2012, HSI agents witnessed a meeting between Zalduondo, Santana, and a Leticia Rivera-Marrero and Luis Lugo-Emmauelli. Id. at 9 . On June 23, 2012, Santana, Leticia Rivera-Marrero, and a Jacinto Delgado Claudio made a cash deposit of $933,000. Id. A Vargas-Ruiz was also present and presented a draft of the aforementioned settlement agreement to justify the deposit.2 Id. Thereafter, HSI agents interviewed employees at the branch regarding the deposit. Id. They noted that the cash was carried in three sport bags; packed in the form of currency or cash notes of twenty dollar bill denominations; wrapped in bundles that were held together with rubber bands; emanated a peculiar odor; appeared to be moist as if it had been stored in a humid enclosure for an extended period of time; that Santana mentioned he was not certain how much cash he was depositing; and that the source was from his construction business over the years. Id. In addition, the Declaration notes that Santana is a convicted felon who served a year in federal prison for violations of 21, U.S.C. Sections 331 (a), 333(a)(2), and 18 U.S.C. 2 It is unclear from the face of the Complaint who Vargas-Ruiz is. § 371.3 Id. at 6. It further notes that between 2008 and 2009, Santana was the President of a construction company called CAMODA INC. Id. at 6. During this time, he was a business associate of Carlos Morales-Dávila, who is a former federal fugitive and leader of a drug trafficking organization responsible for the importation of multi-kilogram quantities of cocaine and heroin, as well as the murder of individuals belonging to or associated with rival drug trafficking organizations. Id. The two opened a bank account together at Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria on behalf of CAMODA INC., in which both appeared as signers. Id. at 6. Toll records also revealed that Santana had been in contact with Morales-Dávila at least four times during the period of August 2012 to September 2012. Id. at 11 ¶ 18. On the same day the Government launched the forfeiture action, it simultaneously filed a motion to stay the forfeiture proceedings due to the ongoing criminal investigation involving potential claimants, a motion to seal the case, and a motion for issuance of a warrant in rem. (ECF Nos. 1, 3, 4).4 The Court granted all three and regularly checked in with the Government until 2015. (ECF Nos. 9-11, 13, 17, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 35). Thereafter, the case was transferred to the district judge presiding over the related criminal matter. (ECF No. 37). Once transferred, the Court also granted the Government’s request to stay the case during the pendency of the related criminal action, which is still ongoing. (ECF Nos. 34-37). The stay was ultimately lifted on September 3 Introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of any food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic that is adulterated or misbranded; intent to defraud or mislead; and conspiracy to commit offense or to defraud United States, respectively. (ECF No. 2-1 at 6). 4 The instant action is related to a series of civil forfeiture cases brought by the Government against various defendants in rem property, all stemming from a related criminal prosecution, United States v. Morales-Dávila et al., 14-cr-00754. See United States v. $577,728.85 in U.S. Currency, et al., 12-cv-01803; United States v. $170,000 in U.S. Currency et al., 13cv-01318; United States v. $2,880.00 in U.S. Currency et al., 15-cv-01715. The claimants and the grounds on which they challenge these forfeiture actions are not uniform across these cases, for that reason, the Court will only discuss the instant matter at bar. 25, 2023, and transferred to the undersigned’s docket on November 1, 2023. (ECF Nos. 43, 44, and 47). On November 17, 2023, the Government filed a Notice of Publication, after which the Claimants filed their Verified Claim. (ECF Nos. 53, 55). Now comes the instant motion. (ECF No. 58). III. Legal Standard Civil forfeiture actions must comply with the heightened pleading requirements of Supplemental Rule G(2), which demands that the complaint "state sufficiently detailed facts to support a reasonable belief that the government will be able to meet its burden of proof at trial." Supp. R. G(2)(f). Applied here, the Government’s civil forfeiture action must comply with the more stringent pleading requirements of the Supplemental Rules rather than the liberal provisions of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. See United States v. One Parcel of Real Prop. With Bldg., Appurtenances, & Improvements Known as 304-390 W. Broadway, S. Bos., Mass., 964 F.2d 1244 , 1248 (1st Cir. 1992) (“[T]he Admiralty Rules demand more particularity in the crafting of forfeiture complaints than is generally required in authoring complaints under the Civil Rules.”). While the Court accepts as true all factual allegations and draws reasonable inferences in the Government's favor—the heightened pleading standard requires more than mere conclusory allegations. Cebollero-Bertrán v. P.R. Aqueduct & Sewer Auth., 4 F.4th 63, 69-70 (1st Cir. 2021); United States v. Mondragon, 313 F.3d 862, 865 (4th Cir. 2002). However, the allegations in the complaint need not stand alone when a supporting affidavit details the factual allegations underlying the complaint. United States v. $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d 240 , 252 (D.P.R. 2022) (citing United States v. 4492 S. Livonia Rd., 889 F.2d 1258, 1266 (2d Cir. 1989) (the affidavit, which had “the dates, circumstances, location and parties to the alleged drug transactions as well as the drugs and drug paraphernalia seized from the premises, cured any defect in the complaint”). To determine whether a complaint complies with Supplemental Rules G(2)(f) and E(2)(a), courts look to the totality of the evidence. Medina-Rodríguez v. $3,072,266.59 in U.S. Currency, 471 F. Supp. 3d 465 , 474-75 (D.P.R. 2020). While the Government is not required at the pleading stage to meet its ultimate burden of establishing the application of forfeiture by a preponderance of the evidence, it “may not seize and continue to hold property upon conclusory allegations that the defendant property is forfeitable.” United States v. $1,399,313.74 in U.S. Currency, 591 F. Supp. 2d 365, 369 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). The Government is also not required to allege in the complaint all of the facts and evidence at its disposal. United States v. Eleven (11) New Util. Vehicles, 13-cv1776, 2014 WL 4385734 , at *10 (D.P.R. Sept. 4, 2014). It is sufficient for the Government to “simply plead enough specific facts for the claimant to understand the government's theory ... and undertake her own investigation." Id. The issue is one of pleading, not proof at trial. $1,399,313.74 in U.S. Currency, at 370. This is in line with Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), which dictates that the Court must determine whether the Complaint, construed in the proper light, “alleges facts sufficient to make out a cognizable claim.” Eleven (11) New Util. Vehicles, 2014 WL 4385734 , at *1. As is the case here, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007). IV. Applicable Law and Analysis i. Standing While not disputed by the Government, as a preliminary matter, Claimants must demonstrate that they have standing to intervene in this action. United States v. $30,800.00 In United States Currency, 21-cv-1527, 2023 WL 2673439 , at *3 (D.P.R. Mar. 29, 2023) (“Standing is a threshold question in civil forfeiture cases.”). Both statutory and constitutional are required. $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d at 249. Statutory standing is satisfied by simply complying “with the procedures and deadlines for filing a claim set out in Supplemental Rule G.” United States v. $8,440,190.00 in U.S. Currency, 719 F.3d 49 , 57–58 (1st Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Ltd. From Alexander Hamilton to Marquis de Lafayette Dated July 21, 1780, 15 F.4th 515 , 521 (1st Cir. 2021). As for constitutional standing, “at the initial stages of intervention, the requirements are not arduous and typically any colorable claim on the defendant property suffices.” Id. Claimants filed their verified claim within the timelines prescribed by the Supplemental Rules. (ECF No. 55). The verified claim also complies with the substantive requirements of Supplemental Rule G(5). Id. Therefore, the Court finds that statutory standing is satisfied. Claimants have also alleged a colorable claim on the Defendant property, and thus, constitutional standing at this juncture is satisfied. ii. Fifth Amendment Due Process Violation Beginning with Claimants’ first argument, Claimants maintain this action should be dismissed pursuant to the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause “due to the Government’s unreasonable and unsupported delay” in prosecuting this action. (ECF No. 58 at 5). In evaluating whether significant delays in civil forfeiture actions deprive a claimant of their property in violation of the Fifth Amendment Due Process clause, the Supreme Court in U.S. v. $8,850 adopted the test developed in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972) to determine if a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial has been violated. 461 U.S. 555 (1983). “The Court observed that the specific due process concern spurred by inaction in a forfeiture case mirrors the concern of undue delay encompassed in the right to a speedy trial.” United States v. $307,970.00, in U.S. Currency, 156 F. Supp. 3d 708, 716 (E.D.N.C. 2016) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The test requires weighing the “length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant.” $8,850, 461 U.S. at 556 . “None of these factors is a necessary or sufficient condition for finding unreasonable delay. Rather, these elements are guides in balancing the interests of the claimant and the Government to assess whether the basic due process requirements of fairness have been satisfied in a particular case.” Id. at 565 . While the issue before the Supreme Court in $8,850 pertained to the delay in filing the forfeiture action after the property was seized, courts have routinely recognized that the protection of due process extends “also to the conduct of the action once it has been filed.” United States v. $59,074.00 in U.S. Currency, 959 F. Supp. 243 , 250 (D.N.J. 1997) (citing United States v. Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d 1154, 1163 (2d Cir.1986); see also $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d at 260 (“The First Circuit Court of Appeals clarified, however, that delays after filing a complaint, where there is no prejudice to the claimant, do not violate due process”) (citing United States v. Zorrilla-Echevarría, 671 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir. 2011));5 United States v. $307,970.00, in U.S. Currency, 156 F. Supp. 3d 708, 716 (E.D.N.C. 2016) (“No one would argue that the due process rights of the accused criminal defendant are satisfied merely by initiating a criminal action.”) (citing United States v. Eccleston, 615 Fed.Appx. 767, 775 (4th Cir.2015)); United States v. $12,248 U.S. Currency, 957 F.2d 1513, 1519 (9th Cir. 1991); United States v. Premises Located at Route 13, 946 F.2d 749, 755 (11th Cir. 1991), as amended (Nov. 5, 1991). Otherwise, to “require prompt filing of a forfeiture action but allow indefinite postponement of the trial would reduce the filing requirement to a nullity.” Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d at 1163 (“Under the Barker test, which we think applies to the holding of the forfeiture trial as well as to the filing of the action, there is a due process violation at some point.”). The Court thus applies the $8,850—or Barker—test to the instant matter. The first factor is the length of the delay. Here, Claimants argue that the Government’s stay and sealing of this case for the past ten years is presumptively prejudicial. (ECF No. 58 at 7-8). The Court agrees. This case has been pending since the initial seizure of the funds at issue which took place more than ten years ago. The Court finds this substantial amount of time is presumptively prejudicial such that a speedy trial inquiry is triggered. See United States v. $307,970.00, in U.S. Currency, 156 5 It is unclear whether the First Circuit in United States v. Zorrilla-Echevarría intended to apply the $8,850 test to due process claims arising from a delay in litigating a forfeiture action as well. 671 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir. 2011) (“The only delay complained about here was not in the starting of the forfeiture procedures, but to hearing [the claimant’s] claim to the money.”). Despite qualifying that the only delay complained about was in litigating the action, it held that because the claimant suffered no prejudice, his due process claim failed. Id. This holding served as the basis of the district court’s finding in $20,000 in U.S. Currency that the First Circuit does adopt the broader application. 589 F. Supp. 3d at 260. Because a court in this district and numerous circuit courts have applied the test to both a purported delay in initiating and litigating a civil forfeiture action, the Court will do so here. F. Supp. 3d 708, 717 (E.D.N.C. 2016) (finding this factor weighs in favor of the claimant when the property had been seized for four years and case pending for three-and-one-half years). Accordingly, the first factor weighs in favor of Claimants.6 The second factor is the “reason the [G]overnment assigns to justify the delay.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 . A look at the case docket reveals that on February 27, 2013, the Government simultaneously filed a motion to seal (ECF No. 1), verified complaint for forfeiture in rem (ECF No. 2), and motion to stay (ECF No. 4). In requesting the stay, the Government cited to 18 U.S.C. § 981 (g)(1) which states: “[u]pon the motion of the United States, the court shall stay the civil forfeiture proceeding if the court determines that civil discovery will adversely affect the ability of the Government to conduct a related criminal investigation or the prosecution of a related criminal case.” The Court granted the request to stay and seal the matter, and thereafter regularly required status reports by the Government until 2015. (ECF Nos. 13, 17, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 35). Thereafter, the case was transferred to the district judge presiding over the related criminal matter. (ECF No. 37). Once transferred, the Court also granted the Government’s request to stay the case during the pendency of the related criminal action. (ECF Nos. 34-37). The stay was ultimately lifted on September 25, 2023, and transferred to the undersigned’s docket on November 1, 2023. (ECF Nos. 43, 44, and 47). Since then, the criminal docket reveals the parties have engaged in discussions pertaining to both the criminal matter and pending civil forfeiture action simultaneously. (ECF Nos. 2723 and 2732).7 6 Claimants also briefly argue that they were not properly “served process” or given “notice” of the Complaint as required by Supp. Rule G(4)(a)(i) and G(5)(a)(ii)(B). (ECF No. 58 at 7). This will be addressed below under the “Other CAFRA Procedural Safeguards” section. 7 This docket entry can be found in Criminal Case No. 14-cr-00754. Despite this activity, Claimants argue that once the indictment was filed in the related criminal case in 2014, the stay and seal should have been lifted in the present matter. (ECF No. 58 at 8). They argue the Government instead abandoned the case in 2015 and that regardless of whether this was done in bad faith or out of negligence, it warrants dismissal of the instant action. Id. at 8-9 . In response, the Government argues the case was not abandoned, but simply stayed, and that its intent to “pursue forfeiture within the context of the criminal case [is] clear from a reading of the Indictment” and several Bills of Particular on that docket. (ECF No. 63 at 3). As Claimants point out, this matter was not before the undersigned for the majority of its lifetime. However, the previous presiding judges both granted the Government’s motions to stay—and continued to do so throughout the lifetime of this case—pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981 (g)(1). As mentioned, 18 U.S.C. § 981 (g)(1) states that—upon motion from the Government—a court shall stay a civil forfeiture proceeding if it determines that civil discovery will adversely affect the Government’s ability to “conduct a related criminal investigation or the prosecution of a related criminal case.” The Government’s stay of the case was thus proper, as it was within the parameters of the statute, and it was sanctioned by the Court. See also Pacnet Servs. Ltd. v. Off. of Foreign Assets Control of United States Dep't of the Treasury, 521 F. Supp. 3d 181 , 217 (E.D.N.Y. 2021), appeal dismissed and remanded sub nom. PacNet Servs., Ltd. v. United States Dep't of the Treasury, 21-cv1069, 2022 WL 2561204 (2d Cir. July 8, 2022) (“The Second Circuit, however, has recognized that even substantial delays in resolving civil forfeiture proceedings can be justified by related criminal matters . . . While the delay [the claimant] faces here is substantial, the Government has weighty interests in investigating and prosecuting an alleged international mail fraud and money laundering scheme that has allegedly defrauded victims of hundreds of millions of dollars.”). Moreover, while Claimants are correct that an “unreasonable delay” in pending criminal proceedings will not justify prolonged seizure of property, the Supreme Court in $8,850 held it is “an element to be considered in determining whether [a] delay is unreasonable.” 461 U.S. at 567 . Accordingly, while the Court acknowledges a pending criminal proceeding does not automatically warrant a stay, as mentioned, the previous presiding judges found a stay was warranted under the applicable standard. Furthermore, “[t]here is no evidence in the record that the Government was responsible for the slow pace of the criminal proceedings.” $8,850, 461 U.S. at 568 . The related criminal matter is a multidefendant case consisting of seventeen defendants with over 2800 docket entries that is still ongoing. The criminal docket also indicates consistent activity over the last ten years. Accordingly, the Court finds no bad faith or negligence on the part of the Government in seeking permission from the Court to stay and seal the instant matter, which was granted, and is thus satisfied with the Government’s reason for delay. Turning to the third factor, assertion of the right to a judicial hearing, the Court finds this factor neutral. In order to assert this right, “[a] claimant may file a motion to have his property returned or seek an order compelling the government to file its complaint and ‘the failure to use these remedies can be taken as some indication that [the claimant] did not desire an early judicial hearing.’” United States v. Approximately $1.67 Million (US) in Cash, Stock & Other Valuable Assets Held by or at 1) Total Aviation Ldt., 513 F.3d 991, 1001 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting $8,850, 461 U.S. at 568-569 ) (cleaned up). Claimants assert they promptly claimed their right to a hearing and to have their property returned by filing a petition for return of property and judicial proceeding on December 11, 2012. (ECF No. 58 at 11). The Court acknowledges that because the case was sealed, Claimants were unable to reassert their rights within the confines of the instant civil forfeiture proceeding thereafter. However, Claimants were on notice at least since 2015 that the funds subject to forfeiture were being discussed within the related criminal matter. (ECF No. 221).8 While docket entries in criminal case 14-754 from 2023 on indicate the parties have engaged in negotiations regarding these funds, it is unclear from the record whether there was any discussion before then. Absent any other formal assertion of their rights beyond the 2012 petition—over ten years ago—the Court finds this factor neutral. Finally, the Court must evaluate the prejudice to Claimant. “The primary inquiry here is whether the delay has hampered the claimant in presenting a defense on the merits, through, for example, the loss of witnesses or other important evidence.” $8,850, 461 U.S. at 569 . Here, as in $8,850, Claimants “ha[ve] [not] alleged or shown that the delay affected [their] ability to defend the propriety of the forfeiture on the merits.” Id. Instead, Claimants argue that because the delay is presumptively prejudicial, they need not show any particular trial right prejudice. (ECF No. 58 at 12). They cite to the Supreme Court’s holding in Doggett v. United States in support. 505 U.S. 647, 648 (1992); (ECF No. 58 at 13). The Court disagrees with Claimants’ rigid application of Doggett. In evaluating the fourth Barker factor, the Supreme Court in Doggett “recognize[d] that excessive delay presumptively compromises the reliability of a trial in ways that neither party can prove or, for that matter, identify.” Id. at 656 . However, it continued by saying that “[w]hile such 8 This docket entry can be found in Criminal Case No. 14-cr-00754. presumptive prejudice cannot alone carry a Sixth Amendment claim without regard to the other Barker criteria, it is part of the mix of relevant facts, and its importance increases with the length of delay.”9 Id. at 655 . Here, Claimants have not alleged or shown the delay impaired their ability to present a defense on the merits. Instead, they rely on the length of delay as the prejudice they have suffered. The Court finds this is not enough. See United States v. $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d 240 at 260 (“The First Circuit Court of Appeals clarified . . . that delays after filing a complaint, where there is no prejudice to the claimant, do not violate due process”) (citing United States v. Zorrilla-Echevarría, 671 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir. 2011)); see e.g., United States v. Approximately $1.67 Million (US.) in Cash, Stock, & Other Valuable Assets, 513 F.3d 991, 1000-02 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding a 58-month delay did not violate due process); United States v. $292,888.04 in United States Currency, 54 F.3d 564, 566-67 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding a 30-month delay did not violate due process). This factor thus weighs in favor of the Government.10 On balance, the Court finds that Claimants have failed to demonstrate that this case should be dismissed based on $8,850 for due process violations. While the delay has been substantial, it was court-sanctioned, and Claimants have not alleged, much less 9 Importantly, the Supreme Court in Doggett also noted that “if the Government had pursued [the defendant] with reasonable diligence from his indictment to his arrest, his speedy trial claim would fail.” 505 U.S. at 656 (emphasis added). It continued by saying “that conclusion would generally follow as a matter of course, however great the delay, so long as [the defendant] could not show specific prejudice to his defense.” Id. (emphasis added). Accordingly, even under Doggett, more than a showing of excessive delay is required. 10 Claimants cite to Matter of U.S. Currency Totaling $470,040.00 in support of their argument that the Court should find financial hardship prejudicial for purposes of the fourth $8,850—or Barker—factor. 2020 WY 30, ¶ 37 , 459 P.3d 430 , 440 (Wyo. 2020). There, the Supreme Court of Wyoming cites several federal cases which find for this proposition. However, the Supreme Court of Wyoming also acknowledges several other federal cases that have read $8,850 “to preclude a claimant from showing prejudice unless he demonstrates prejudice to his ability to present a defense.” Id. This logically follows, as the Supreme Court of the United States did not expand beyond what it deemed to be the “primary inquiry” for this factor, that being, “whether the delay has hampered the claimant in presenting a defense on the merits.” $8,850, 461 U.S. at 569 . While the Court empathizes with Claimants, absent binding authority expanding the scope of the Supreme Court’s prejudicial inquiry, the Court refrains from doing so here. demonstrated, that they suffered any actual prejudice, as is required. The Motion is accordingly DENIED as to this argument. iii. Sufficiency of the Complaint under Rule G(2)’s Heightened Standard Moving to Claimants’ second argument, as an initial matter, Claimants focus their argument on the Government’s forfeiture pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981 (a)(1)(A). There is no direct mention of the Government’s second theory, that being, forfeiture pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881 (a)(6). In an abundance of caution the Court will address both theories.11 a. 18 U.S.C. § 981 (a)(1)(A) 18 U.S.C. § 981 (a)(1)(A) serves as a “broad” foundational statute in the civil forfeiture framework. It permits forfeiture of “[a]ny property, real or personal, involved in a transaction or attempted transaction in violation of section[s] 1956, 1957 or 1960 of this title, or any property traceable to such property.” See United States v. All Monies ($477,048.62) In Acct. No. 90-3617-3, Israel Disc. Bank, New York, N.Y., 754 F. Supp. 1467, 1473 (D. Haw. 1991) (“broad language and legislative history of 18 U.S.C. § 981 and 21 U.S.C. § 881 makes it clear that any property involved in illegal activity in a way which facilitates that activity is forfeitable”). The basis for forfeiture in the instant matter under § 981 is money laundering pursuant to §§ 1956 and 1957. 11 See United States v. $389,820.00 in United States Currency, 20-cv-1048, 2022 WL 17573410 , at *3 (M.D. Ala. Dec. 9, 2022) (finding because forfeiture was appropriate under § 881, § 981 and its applicability were not addressed); Two Hundred Seventy-Two Thousand Dollars & No Cents ($272,000), 2018 WL 948752 , at *4 (addressing forfeiture under both § 881 and § 981); United States v. $25,325.00 in U.S. Currency, 21-cv-584, 2023 WL 7409254 , at *11 (M.D.N.C. Nov. 9, 2023) (granting summary judgment in favor of the government under § 881 even though § 981 was also raised). “Money laundering is the process by which criminals—and most notably, drug dealers—disguise the origin of money obtained illegally from activities such as drug dealing, prostitution, investment fraud, gambling, or racketeering.” Medina-Rodríguez, 471 F. Supp. 3d at 475 (internal citations and quotations omitted). To prove forfeiture under § 1956, the Government must allege that the Claimant, knowing that that the property involved in a financial transaction presented the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity, (2) conducted or attempted to conduct a financial transaction (3) which in fact involved the proceeds of that unlawful activity, (4) either (a) with the intent to promote the carrying on of that unlawful activity or (b) with the knowledge that the transaction was designed at least in part to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds of the unlawful activity. United States v. Two Hundred Seventy-Two Thousand Dollars & No Cents ($272,000), 16-cv-06564, 2018 WL 948752 , at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2018). The specified unlawful activity in the present matter is drug trafficking. Notably, because the Government’s “theory is that the property was involved in the commission of a criminal offense, it must show a substantial connection between the property and the offense.” United States v. $10,400.00 in United States Currency, 21-cv-1367, 2022 WL 2063230 , at *2 (D.P.R. June 8, 2022) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 983 (c)(3)). Claimants argue that the Complaint fails the pleading standard at this stage of the proceedings for forfeiture pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981 (a)(1)(A). (ECF No. 58 at 16). More specifically, Claimants maintain that the Complaint does not sufficiently allege: (1) that the deposit of the funds was a financial transaction for purposes of the money laundering statute; (2) that the deposit of the funds was intended to promote such drug trafficking; (3) that the funds can be traced to money laundering; (4) that Claimants had knowledge the funds were proceeds of some form of unlawful activity; and (5) that the funds were in fact proceeds of drug trafficking. Id. at 30 . As a reminder, “[a] motion to dismiss challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings, not proof at trial.” Medina-Rodríguez, 471 F. Supp. 3d at 481. 18 U.S.C. § 983 (a)(3)(D) specifically states that “no complaint may be dismissed on the ground that the Government did not have adequate evidence at the time the complaint was filed to establish the forfeitability of the property.” See United States v. Eleven (11) New Util. Vehicles, 13-cv-1776, 2014 WL 4385734 , at *10 (D.P.R. Sept. 4, 2014) (also citing 18 U.S.C. § 983 (a)(3)(D)). “The only question presented by a motion to dismiss is whether the [] Complaint describes sufficiently the circumstances from which the claims arise.” United States v. All Funds on Deposit in Dime Sav. Bank of Williamsburg Account, 255 F. Supp. 2d 56, 68 (E.D.N.Y. 2003). The Court finds in the instant matter that it does. The Court elaborates. Claimants’ contention that the payment of taxes does not constitute a transaction for purposes of the money laundering statute—at this stage—fails. A transaction for purposes of § 1956 includes the depositing of funds into a financial institution, and a financial transaction includes “a transaction involving the use of a financial institution which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce in any way or degree.” See §1956(c)(3)-(4). Depositing cash at a bank, as done here, would appear to qualify as a financial transaction. Despite this, Claimants maintain the deposit was lawful pursuant to a settlement with PRDT and attach what appears to be said settlement to the Motion. (ECF No. 58-2 at 1). First, the Court is unable to consider the attachment because it is in Spanish, and under Local Rule 5(c), all documents submitted must be translated to the English language. See Loc. R. 5(c). Second, the Government does not need to prove the settlement agreement was a “sham” at this stage of the proceedings. Construing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant, as the Court must do at this stage, this constitutes a financial transaction. For similar reasons, Claimants contention that the currency can be attributed to the numerous construction companies Santana owns is irrelevant. $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d at 254 (finding same). “[A]t this stage, the [G]overnment does not need to disprove [Claimants’] theory of the case; it merely must plead enough facts that they will prove more at trial.” $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d at 254 (citing United States v. $22,173.00 in U.S. Currency, 716 F. Supp. 2d at 251-52); see also United States v. One Check in the Amount of $47,000 Payable to Brian Deiorio, 14-cv-14261, 2016 WL 7197372 , at *5 (D. Mass. Dec. 9, 2016) (“[The claimant] is correct that the evidence is far from overwhelming, however, given the ‘reasonable belief’ standard of review, and the fact that CAFRA does not allow the complaint to be dismissed for lack of evidence at the time the lawsuit is filed, the complaint survives the motion to dismiss.”); United States v. 17 Bank Accts. Containing Various Amounts of United States Currency, 18-cv-189, 2019 WL 13225953 , at *9 (D. Wyo. Mar. 8, 2019) (“However, given that even the heightened pleading requirements in Supplemental Rule G(2) present a low bar, the Court believes that the Complaint presents enough facts to support a reasonable belief that the Government will be able to meet its burden at trial.”). That said, Claimants are free to present evidence demonstrating the currency is not connected to the sale of controlled substances at a later stage of the proceeding. Id. (finding same). Claimants’ assertion that the Defendant currency cannot be traced to unlawful conduct also fails. The Government does not need to provide a full tracing of the Defendant currency at this stage of the proceedings. See United States v. All Assets Held in Account No. 80020796, 83 F. Supp. 3d 360, 314 (D.D.C. 2015) (“The United States is not required to demonstrate full tracing of all account activity to prove money laundering, because the pleading standard for tracing funds in a civil forfeiture complaint is not exacting.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted); United States v. One Dodge Durango 2004, 545 F. Supp. 2d 197, 203 (D.P.R. 2006) (“[T]he United States need not link the currency to a specific drug transaction, only to drug activity generally.”). Finally, to establish knowledge under the money laundering statute, “the [G]overnment must plead facts sufficient to support a reasonable belief that [] [C]laimants knowingly engaged in transactions involving criminally derived property.” Two Hundred Seventy-Two Thousand Dollars & No Cents ($272,000), 2018 WL 948752 , at *5 (emphasis added). As will be discussed in further detail below, the Court finds the Government has sufficiently pled facts to support a reasonable inference that the Defendant funds are substantially connected to drug trafficking, and that Santana had the requisite knowledge.12 Accordingly, the Motion as to this argument is DENIED. b. 21 U.S.C. § 881 (a)(6) “The forfeiture provision of the Controlled Substances Act provides that all money or other things of value that are furnished in exchange for a controlled substance, and all proceeds traceable to such an exchange are subject to forfeiture.” United States v. Assorted Jewelry Approximately Valued of $44,328.00, 833 F.3d 13, 15 (1st Cir. 2016) 12 Briefly, § 1957 subjects to criminal penalties: “(a) whoever, in any of the circumstances set forth in subsection (d), knowingly engages or attempts to engage in a monetary transaction in criminally derived property of a value greater than $10,000 and is derived from specified unlawful activity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1957 (a). A deposit constitutes a monetary transaction under 18 U.S.C. § 1957 (f)(1), and the unlawful activity in question is drug trafficking. Because the Court finds at this stage that the Government has adequately alleged a substantial connection between the $933,000 and drug trafficking, and the deposit of said cash constitutes a monetary transaction, the Government has satisfied its pleading requirements under § 1957 as well. (citing § 881(a)(6). As above, the Government must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a “substantial connection between the property and the offense.” Id. (citing 18 U.S.C. § 983 (c)(3)). And while “the [G]overnment must show that the property was connected with illegal drug transactions, it need not link the property to a particular transaction.” Id. (citing United States v. 1933 Commonwealth Ave., 913 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1990)). Claimants argue the Government fails to sufficiently allege that the Defendant currency has any connection to drug trafficking. (ECF No. 58 at 16). In support, they refute the Government’s contention that Santana’s association with “the then law-abiding individual” Morales-Dávila, the canine drug alert on Zalduondo’s cash, amount of cash deposited, and inference from Santana’s tax returns adequately allege unlawful conduct. Id. at 21-28 . Instead, they maintain that the Complaint “describes legitimate transactions supported by ongoing business concerns that show no reasonable belief of drug trafficking let alone money laundering, and additionally fails to allege a ‘substantial connection’ between any drug trafficking activity and the seized funds.” Id. at 18 . The Court disagrees. As a reminder, the Court must look at the totality of the circumstances in evaluating whether a Complaint satisfies the Supplemental Rules G(2)(f) and E(2)(a) pleading standards. Medina-Rodríguez, 471 F. Supp. 3d at 474-75. So, while maybe individually the aforementioned allegations would not satisfy the requisite pleading standards, together they tell a different story. The Court elaborates. “A large amount of currency, while not alone sufficient to establish a connection to a drug transaction, is ‘strong evidence’ of such a connection.” United States v. $252,300.00 in U.S. Currency, 484 F.3d 1271, 1275 (10th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted); United States v. Currency, U.S., $147,900.00, 450 F. App'x 261, 264 (4th Cir. 2011) (citing same). Here, the Court finds Plaintiff’s deposit of roughly one million dollars in cash meets the requisite “strong evidence” threshold. Moreover, “when large amounts of currency are comprised mainly of small denominations, this creates a further association with criminal activity.” United States v. $107,840.00 in U.S. Currency, 784 F. Supp. 2d 1109, 1125 (S.D. Iowa 2011) (collecting cases). Here, the roughly one million dollars deposited was mainly in denominations of twenty-dollar bills. Furthermore, Santana’s association with Morales-Dávila cannot be understated. At the time the Complaint was filed, the Government alleged Morales-Davila “had been identified as a former federal fugitive and the leader of a drug trafficking organization responsible for the importation of multi-kilograms quantities of cocaine and heroin into [Puerto Rico] and the murder of individuals belonging and/or associated with rival [drug trafficking organizations].” (ECF No. 2-1 at 6). Notably, in 2008-2009 the two were business associates, even going as far as opening a bank account together on behalf of CAMODA INC. Id. Moreover, the two were in contact at least four times while Morales-Davila was in federal prison between August 2012 and September 2012. Id. at 11 ¶ 18. Many courts have found similar allegations and/or evidence tips in favor in the preponderance of the evidence analysis, including the First Circuit. See United States v. One Lot of U.S. Currency ($36,634), 103 F.3d 1048, 1054 (1st Cir. 1997) (Finding that while “[a]ssociation with known criminals, without more, is, of course, not enough to establish probable cause,”13 the facts of the case before 13 “Under CAFRA, as amended, which applies to civil forfeiture cases like this one which were commenced on or after August 23, 2000, the government's burden of proof at trial from mere probable cause (the old standard) to the preponderance of the evidence was increased. See 18 U.S.C. § 983 (c)(1).” United States v. $41,800 in U.S. Currency, 09-cv-1185, 2010 WL 2998881 , at *3–4 (D.P.R. July 23, 2010). “However, it is appropriate to rely upon forfeiture case law decided before the enactment of CAFRA even though those cases applied the less-burdensome probable cause standard[;] factors that weighed in favor it presented more than “an incidental or fortuitous connection to known drug trafficking activity.”) (superseded on other grounds); United States v. One Lot of U.S. Currency Totaling $14,665, 33 F. Supp. 2d 47, 59 (D. Mass. 1998) (“Moreover, the government has not shown that [the claimant] was doing business or had personal relationships with drug dealers or that he was even near a location associated with illegal drugs. Many courts have relied on this kind of information in the probable cause analysis.”) (collecting cases); United States v. Ten Thousand Seven Hundred Dollars & No Cents in U.S. Currency, 258 F.3d 215, 224 (3d Cir. 2001) (“As a matter of logic, circumstantial evidence implicating claimants in recent drug activities, such as, for example, evidence of claimants’ contemporaneous affiliation with known drug traffickers . . . .”). Based on the foregoing, the Court finds the Government has satisfied its burden at this stage of the proceedings. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Claimants’ request to dismiss the Complaint for failure to allege sufficient facts justifying forfeiture under § 881 as well. iv. Other Procedural CAFRA Safeguards Next, Claimants argue that the Government failed to properly serve the warrant and attach jurisdiction; that they were not given proper notice of the action; and that the stay and seal of the case was unreasonable.14 (ECF No. 58 at 30-37). The Court will address each in turn. of forfeiture in the past continue to do so now-with the obvious caveat that the government must show more or stronger evidence establishing a link between forfeited property and illegal activity.” Id. 14 With regards to this final contention, Claimants essentially mirror their due process argument outlined in more detail above. However, as indicated, the Court finds the stay was not in violation of their due process rights, as it was court sanctioned and within the parameters of the applicable statute. With regards to Claimants’ contention that “[n]o case was found wherein a stay was obtained without the opposing party having received notice of the complaint and the request to stay,” the Court disagrees. The Court was able to find three cases within this District where civil forfeiture actions were stayed without notice to the claimants: Case No. 15-cv-2576, Case No. 16-cv-2934, and Case No. 18-cv-1589. a. Failure to Serve the Warrant and Attach Jurisdiction First, as to service and execution of the warrant, under Rule G(4)(3)(c)(ii)(A), “the authorized person or organization must execute the warrant and any supplemental process on property in the United States as soon as practicable unless: the property is in the government’s possession, custody, or control[.]” However, the “deadline for execution of process on the defendant res when it is in the custody of the government is not clear from the face of Rule G.” $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d at 255 (citing United States v. $8,440,190.00 in U.S. Currency, 719 F.3d 49 , 55 n.9 (1st Cir. 2013) (“Rule G specifically provides that the ‘as soon as practicable’ requirement does not apply when the ‘property is in the government’s possession, custody, or control’ . . . .”). Supplemental Rule E(4)(a)—which applies to the extent Rule G does not address an issue15—states that execution shall be done forthwith. Here, the warrant for arrest was issued on March 14, 2013. (ECF No. 12). Thereafter, the U.S. Department of Treasury executed the return of Complaint, Notice, and Warrant on October 24, 2023. (ECF No. 61). Accordingly, the Court has jurisdiction. $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d at 256 (“Because the government has now complied with execution of process, the Court has in rem jurisdiction.”). While the execution of the warrant can hardly be described as forthwith, Claimants make “no allegation that [they] ha[ve] suffered prejudice specifically because of the delayed arrest of the property, [] only that [they have] been prejudiced by not having access to [their] money.” Id. The Court will not dismiss the action on this basis. 15 See Rule G(1). b. Lack of Notice Next, Claimants argue that the Government’s notice nearly ten years after the seizure was improper. (ECF No. 58 at 33). The Government maintains Santana had actual notice insofar as he is a defendant in the related criminal matter, and therefore, had access to the Bill of Particulars16 filed on March 25, 2015, on that docket which indicated the Government’s intent to seek forfeiture of the $933,000. (ECF No. 63 at 14). “A potential claimant who had actual notice of a forfeiture action may not oppose or seek relief from forfeiture because of the government’s failure to send the required notice.” $20,000 in U.S. Currency, 589 F. Supp. 3d at 257 (citing Supp. R. G.(4)(b)(v)). Accordingly, the Court is unpersuaded by this argument. See United States v. Cuong Mach Binh Tieu, 11-cr-00097, 2014 WL 6680524 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2014) (finding “government's unequivocal statement in the Bill of Particulars that it intended to seek forfeiture” of property foreclosed claimants from successfully claiming “inadequate notice” “even if any mailed notice was technically defective.”). Moreover, once the case was unsealed and the stay lifted, the Government promptly filed a formal notice of publication both on the government website as required by Rule G(4)(a)(iv)(C), as well as through certified mail to Santana, a potential claimant, as required by Rule G(4)(b)(i). (ECF Nos. 43, 50, and 53). v. Eighth Amendment Violation Finally, Claimants argue that the seizure of $933,000 constitutes an excessive and unreasonable fine in violation of the Eighth Amendment. (ECF No. 58 at 37). In 16 This can be found in Criminal Case No. 14-cr-00754 at ECF No. 300. response, the Government contends this argument is premature. (ECF No. 63 at 14). The Court agrees. Supplemental Rule G(8)(e) allows a claimant “to seek to mitigate a forfeiture under the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment by motion for summary judgment or by motion made after entry of a forfeiture judgment if: (i) the claimant has pleaded the defense under Rule 8; and (ii) the parties have had the opportunity to conduct civil discovery on the defense.” FRCP SUPP AMC Rule G. Because the parties have not yet conducted civil discovery on this issue, the Court finds this argument premature. See Medina-Rodríguez, 471 F. Supp. 3d at 481 (collecting cases); United States v. 3885 Forest St., Denver, Colo., 12-cv-00665, 2013 WL 560161 , at *2 (D. Colo. Feb. 14, 2013) (finding same); United States v. Real Prop. located at 5294 Bandy Rd., Priest River, Bonner Cnty., Idaho, 12-cv-00296, 2014 WL 5513748 , at *14 (D. Idaho Oct. 31, 2014). The Motion is thus DENIED as to this argument. V. Conclusion Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, the Court finds that Claimants’ Fifth and Eighth Amendment rights have not been violated. Moreover, the Court finds that the Government has adequately alleged forfeiture under § 981 and § 881 at this stage of the proceedings, and that it has satisfied the other named CAFRA procedural requirements. Claimant’s Motion to Dismiss is thus DENIED. IT IS SO ORDERED. In San Juan, Puerto Rico, this 10th day of June 2024. /s/ María Antongiorgi-Jordán MARIA ANTONGIORGI-JORDAN UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE