St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Co. v. J. F. Hasty & Sons

Mr. Justice Pitney delivered the opinion of the court. This case is a sequel of Allen v. St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co., 230 U. S. 553, and Arkadelphia Co. v. *253 St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., 249 U. S. 134. See also St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co. v. McKnight, 244 U. S. 368. The Arkansas Railroad Commission having in June, 1908, adopted Standard Distance. Tariff No. 3, establishing maximum intrastate freight-rates, the' present' appellant railway company attacked its validity in a suit brought against the Commission in the United States Gir-. cuit Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, contending, that the lates were non-compensatory and therefore violative of the “due process of law ” clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. A temporary injunction was issued and continued in force until May 11, 1911, when the Circüit Court entered á final decree making the injunction permanent, and discharging the surety from furthc. liability on the injunction bond. On appeal to' this court the decree was reversed June 16, 1913, with directions to dismiss the bill without prejudice, and for further proceedings in conformity with the opinion, and decree of this court. 230 U. S. 553. Upon the going down of the mandate the United States District Court’ (successor of the Circuit Court) entered a decree in obedience thereto,' at the same time making a reference to a special master for the purpose of ascertaining the claims of intervening shippers for refund of the difference paid by them in freight rates between those prescribed by the Commission and the higher ones maintained by the railway company during the pendency of the injunction. Under this reference the present appellees J. F. Hasty & Sons presented a claim based upon the difference between rates charged on rough material transported from forest to milling points and the rates provided in the commission tariff on such movements. That tariff contained maximum rates on such lumber applicable generally/ and in addition provided for a “milling-in-transit privilege,” by fixing certain “rough material rates” lower ±han the others, conditioned upon a specified percentage of the manufactured product *254 being shipped out on the sáme line that brought in the rough material. The railway company excepted to the claim on two grounds, (a) that the rough material rates were discriminatory, and (b) that they were not applicable to the shipments of Hasty & Sons because these constituted interstate commerce and hence were not subject to the Commission’s rates. The District Court sustained both exceptions. The resulting decree so far as adverse to Hasty & Sons was reversed by this court (249 U. S. 134, 147-152), and the cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with our opinion. Upon the going down of this mandate there were further hearings before the referee and the District Court upon the claim of Hasty & Sons and. claims of the same type presented by three other intervening shippers'; and from the resulting decree in their favor the present appeal is taken. Although the only question immediately involved is'the proper construction, of the Standard Distance Tariff, we have jurisdiction, as we had in the Arkadelphia Case, supra, because the decree is but supplementary to. the main cause — bringing to effective, conclusion, if not vitiated by error, the- controversy that arose out of the railway company ’s attack upon Ike rates on constitutional grounds — and hence müst be regarded as involving the construction and ápplication of the Constitution of the United States, within the meaning of § 238, Judicial Code. See 249 U. S. 140-142. The disputed claims are based in the main upon alleged overcharges on rough material shipped over appellant’s road to the.respective mills of appellees, and there manufactured into heading for barrels. The question is whether Item 79 of Distance Tariff No. 3 provided a rough-material rate for heading. It reads ak follows: ‘-Item 79. Rough Material Rates. “(a) Rough ’Material Rates applicable on Rough Lumber, Staves, Flitches, Bolts, and Logs, car loads, *255 between all points in Arkansas, minimum weight. . . . [Here'follows a table of rates graduated according to distance.] ■ . ' “ (b) The above named rates are conditioñal upon, the manufactured product being reshipped over thé. samé line bringing in.the rough.material, and may be only used subject; to the following .conditions: The proportion of the tonnage of outbound manufactured product to the tonnage of in-bound rough.material shall not be less than the following:..... [Here follows a table of percentages applicable to various products; among them:] “Finished Staves, 40 per cent, of .weight, of rough staves., “Staves and Heading, 30 per cent; of weight of ..bolts.” At the hearing before the master it was admitted that the claimants shipped out over the line .of road that brought in the rough material the requisite percentages of manufactured product in the usual course of business; nevertheless, appellant objected to the allowance of the claims, on the ground that Item 79 provided no rate on inbound rough heading but the same was covered by Item 4Í, and' since the general rates provided therein were higher than those actually charged, there was no basis for a refund. The objection was renewed in an exception to the master’s'report and urged at the hearing before the court on the report and exceptions.. The master found that rough heading was covered as rough, material in Item 79, and the District Court sustained that conclusion. Appellant’s contention is based upon a literal reading of the opening sentence of .Item 79: “Rough Material Rates- applicable on Rough Lumber, Staves, Flitches, Bolts, and Logs,” etc.; and since “rough heading. ” is not mentioned here, while the associated material “staves ” is specified, it is contended that rough heading.is not provided for. *256 From the testimony taken before the master it would appear that the raw material from which barrel heads are made is variously described as. rough heading, sawed heading, split heading, and bolts or heading bolts; but it also appears that, whatever may be the distinctions, the terms are used loosely and indiscriminately in the trade and in billing shipments, material of either description being considered rough material, and all having been handled by the railway company under the rough-material rate on its own schedules, without regard to particular terms. We regard appellant’s reading of Item 79 as altogether too narrow. The scope and effect of the rough-material rates should be determined not by regarding the opening sentence alone, but by looking also to the list of finished products to be manufactured from the material, and considering the general purpose of Item 79. In the table of percentages, there are specified “Finished Staves, 40 per cent, of weight of rough staves,” and “Staves and Heading, 30 per cent, of weight of bolts.” The purpose is manifest to. give the benefit of the milling-in-transit raté to rough material out of which heading is manufactured, and no reason appears for limiting it to material of a particular description. The word “bolts,” used in connection with staves and heading, should be taken not as confining the privilege to rough material of a particular form, but in the generic sense in which it is employed in woodworking, as meaning: “A mass of wood from’which anything may be cut or formed ” (Century Diet.); “ A block of wood from which something is to be made; as, a shingle-bolt; a stave-bolt” (Standard Diet.); “A block of timber to be sawed or cut into shingles, staves, etc. ” (Webster’s Diet.)' The matter is so free from doubt that there is no occasion to apply to the Commission for a construction, as insisted by appellant under Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. American Tie Co., 234 U. S. 138, 146. Decree affirmed.