Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad v. Nichols & Co.

Me. Justice Beandeis delivered the opinion of the court.' In November, 1917, the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company issued to Nichols & Company a bill of lading for 31 bales of cotton which had been loaded into a box car at Alligator, Mississippi, for shipment .to Memphis, Tennessee. Before the loaded car had been attached to any train or engine it was destroyed by fire. The'shipper sued in a state .court of Mississippi to recover the value of the cotton. The carrier contended that by the terms of the bill of lading it was relieved from liability. The provision relied upon was the second clause of the last-paragraph of section 5 of the Uniform Bill of Lading, approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission June 27, 1908, and duly filed and published as part of the railroad’s tariff. The paragraph referred to is this: “Property destined to or taken from a station, wharf, or landing at which there is no regularly appointed agent* shall be entirely at risk of owner after unloaded from cars or vessels or until loaded into cars or vessels, and when received from or delivered on private or other' sidings, wharves, or landings shall be at owner’s risk until the cars are attached to and after they are detached from trains.” The shippers insisted that the provision did not apply, because at Alligator there was a regularly appointed agent and that the second clause of the paragraph, like the first, was applicable only to stations where there was none. The shippers also contended, on the following facts which *544 were undisputed, that the place where the car was received was, in effect, a part of the carrier’s terminal and not a “private or other ” siding within the meaning of the above provision. The cotton had been loaded from the platform of a gin located at the blind end of a spur which leads from the main line at a point near, the depot. The spur which is 1,000 feet long had been built by the railroad many years before at its own expense. About half of it is on the railroad right of way and runs parallel to the main line; the rest is on private land. Under the contract for building the spur the landowner furnished free the fight of way over his own land; but the railroad was to have full control over the spur and reserved the right to abandon it at any time and remove the track material. The spur was used generally by the public for loading and unloading carload freight. The only track scale at Alligator was on it — as was also another gin. Each party requested a directed verdict. A verdict was directed for the shippers. The judgment entered thereon was affirmed by the Supreme Court of. Mississippi on the ground that the clause in question applies only to stations at which there is no regularly appointed agent. 120 Mississippi, 690. In the appellate courts of the States in which the question had arisen the decisions were conflicting. 1 For this reason a writ of certiorari was granted. 251 U. S. 550. The only question requiring decision here *545 is whether the court below gave the correct construction to the clause. In our opinion it did. Whether goods destroyed, lost or damaged while at a railroad station were then in the possession of the carrier as such, so as to subject it to liability in the absence of negligence, had, before the adoption of the Uniform Bill of Lading, been the subject of much litigation. At stations where there is a regularly appointed agent the field for controversy could be narrowed by letting the execution of a bill of lading, or receipt evidence delivery to and acceptance by the carrier; and by letting delivery of goods to the consignee be evidenced by surrender of the bill or execution of a consignee’s receipt. But at non-agency stations this course is often not feasible. There the field for controversy as to the facts was particularly inviting and the reasons persuasive for limiting the carrier’s liability. Local freight trains are often late. Shippers or consignees cannot be expected to attend on their arrival. Less than carload freight awaiting shipment must ordinarily be left on the station platform to be picked up by the passing train and lots arriving must be dropped on the platform to be called for by the consignee. At such stations the situation in respect to carload "freight is not materially different. And this is true whether the car be loaded for shipment on the public siding or. on a neighboring private siding, and whether the arriving loaded car be shunted onto , a public siding or a private, siding. There carload, as well as less than carload, freight, whether outgoing or incoming, must ordinarily be left unguarded for an appreciable time. It is not -unreasonable that shippers at such stations should bear the risks naturally attendant upon the use. The reason why an agent is not appointed is that the trafile to and from the station would not justify the expense. The station is established for the convenience of shippers customarily using it. And the paragraph here in question *546 was apparently designed to shift the risk from the carrier to shipper or consignee of both classes of freight. It does so in the case of less than carload freight by having the carrier’s liability begin when the goods are put on board cars and end when they are taken off. It does so in the case of carload freight by limiting liability to the time when the car is attached to or detached from the train. But, at a station where there is a regularly appointed agent, it would be obviously unreasonable to place upon the shipper, after a bill of lading has issued, the risks attendant upon the loaded car remaining on the public siding because it has not yet been convenient for the carrier to start it on its journey. It would likewise be unreasonable to place upon the consignee at such a station the risk attendant - upon the arriving car’s remaining on the siding before there has been notice to the consignee of arrival and an opportunity to accept delivery. The situation there would be practically the same whether the loaded cars were left standing on a public Elding or on a siding to a private industry on the railroad’s right of way, as in Swift & Co. v. Hocking Valley Ry. Co., 243 U. S. 281, or on a siding, partly on the railroad’s right of way and partly on private land, as in Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co. v. Ochs, 249 U. S. 416, and Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co. v. State Public Utilities Commission, 249 U. S. 422, when the siding is, either by state law or by agreement and in fact, a part of the carrier’s terminal system. If we approach the construction of the second clause of the last paragraph of section 5 of the Uniform Bill of Lading in the light of this practical situation all doubt as to its meaning must vanish. It could not have been intended that at stations where there are regularly appointed agents outgoing loaded car's for which bills of lading have issued and which are left standing on a siding solely to await the carrier’s convenience are to be at the risk of the shipper. And this is true whether the siding *547 be a strictly public one, or a semi-public one as in the Ochs and Lake Erie & Western Cases, supra, and the case at bar; or whether it be a siding privately used but owned by the railroad as in the Swift Case, supra; and in such cases ,the fact that the spur extends over land not part of the carrier’s right of way is immaterial. The construction contended for by the railroad, even if not applied to team tracks in the freight yards of a .great city, would place, all loaded cars arriving elsewhere at the owner’s risk from the moment they were detached from a train, although the consignee had not even been notified of their arrival. It is . clear that the immunity conferred by the last paragraph of section 5 does not apply to loaded cars on the spur here involved. Whether the. same rule should apply to cars on strictly private industry tracks effectively separated from the terminal and exclusively under private control, like the industry tracks involved in Bers v. Erie R. R. Co., 225 N. Y. 543, we have no occasion to determine. Affirmed. Footnotes [1] The clause was held not applicable in McClure v. Norfolk Western Ry. Co., 83 W. Va. 473; Jolly v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. 21 Cal. App. 368; It was applied under different facts in Chickasaw Cooperage Co. v. Yazoo & Mississippi Valley R. R. Co., 141 Arkansas, 71; Standard Combed Thread Co. v. Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 88 N. J. L. 257; Bers v. Erie R. R. Co., 225 N. Y. 543; 163 N. Y. Supp. 114; Siebert v. Erie R. R. Co., 163 N. Y. Supp. 111. See also Bianchi & Sons v. Montpelier & Wells River R. R., 92 Vermont, 319; Bainbridge Grocery Co. v. Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co., 8 Ga. App. 677.