Snow v. Mike Bloomberg 2020, Inc.

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH DIVISION GREGORY SNOW, § § Plaintiff, § § v. § Civil Action No. 4:20-cv-00490-BP § MIKE BLOOMBERG 2020 INC., § § Defendant. § MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Before the Court are Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Brief in Support, and Appendix (ECF Nos. 81, 82, and 83) filed on March 25, 2021, Plaintiff’s Response and Brief in Opposition and Appendix (ECF Nos. 90 and 91) filed on April 16, 2021, and Defendant’s Reply (ECF No. 93) filed on April 30, 2021. After considering the pleadings and applicable legal authorities, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 81). I. BACKGROUND Upon deciding to seek the 2020 Democratic nomination for President, Mike Bloomberg (“Mr. Bloomberg”) designated Defendant Mike Bloomberg 2020, Inc. (“Defendant”) as his official campaign. ECF No. 76 at 2. Mr. Bloomberg funded Defendant solely with his own funds rather than accept outside contributions. ECF No. 82 at 10. Throughout the campaign, Defendant created and sold advocacy-related merchandise at its cost, which Defendant documented as campaign contributions instead of revenue as the Federal Election Commission required. Id. In January and February 2020, Plaintiff Gregory Snow (“Mr. Snow”) interviewed for a position with Defendant and accepted an offer to be a field organizer in the Dallas and Fort Worth offices. ECF Nos. 76 at 5 and 82 at 10. In that role, he was responsible for: (1) executing the overall field strategy to maximize the Campaign’s outreach to its key constituency; (2) being accountable for reaching individual goals and metrics outlined in the field plan; (3) identifying and tracking field staff progress with daily and weekly goals; and (4) being the Campaign’s representative within the state with community members, voters, and volunteers. ECF No. 82 at 12. Mr. Snow also was responsible for discussing different strategies that Defendant should utilize in the Fort Worth area during regional conference calls. Id. Mr. Snow alleges that Defendant promised to pay him $6,000 per month, as well as provide employment benefits, from his date of hire in early February 2020 through the election in November 2020. ECF No. 76 at 6. Before going to work for the campaign, Mr. Snow signed an offer letter prepared by Defendant in which he agreed that his employment is and will continue to be “at will,” as defined by applicable law, meaning that either we or you may terminate your employment at any time, with or without notice and with or without cause, for any reason or for no reason. Upon any termination of your employment for any reason, no further payments by the Organization to you will be due other than accrued but unpaid salary through the applicable date of your termination and any other accrued benefits to which you may be entitled pursuant to the terms of benefits plans in which you participate at the time of such termination. ECF No. 83 at 106-107. The offer letter further stated that “[n]o statement varying any of the terms of this offer letter shall be enforceable unless set forth in a writing signed by a duly authorized officer of the Organization.” Id. at 107. The Defendant also provided Mr. Snow an employee handbook, which he signed, that specified the terms of his employment. ECF Nos. 76 at 6 and 83 at 127-156. By signing the employee handbook, Mr. Snow again affirmed that he was an “at will” employee, meaning that his employment “is for no definite period of time,” that Defendant could terminate him “with or without cause, notice, or procedural requirements,” and that “[n]o representative of the [Defendant] may enter into any oral agreement to alter your at-will status or otherwise create a contractual obligation to you.” ECF No. 83 at 131. Despite the terms of the offer letter and the employee handbook, Mr. Snow alleges that he was under the impression that he would be employed until the November election, even if Mr. Bloomberg left the race before then. ECF No. 76 at 5. Mr. Snow based this belief on the verbal assertions by Defendant’s representatives during his interview that he would be employed until the November election, Defendant’s official interview template stating “[e]mployment through November 2020 with Team Bloomberg ([l]ocation not guaranteed),” and through having heard or read media reports that Defendant guaranteed employment of campaign staff members through November 2020. Id. Mr. Snow claims that the promise of a job through November convinced him to turn down other opportunities and take a position with Defendant. Id. On March 4, 2020, Mr. Bloomberg announced that he was dropping out of the presidential race. Id. at 7. On March 10, 2020, Defendant notified Mr. Snow that his employment was being terminated, but that he would be paid for the full month of March. Id. On March 23, 2020, Mr. Snow filed this case in state court against Defendant, seeking damages for breach of contract, promissory estoppel, unjust enrichment, and fraud. See ECF No. 1-2. On May 15, 2020, Defendant removed the case to this Court based upon diversity of the parties. ECF No. 1. Upon removal, Mr. Snow amended his complaint twice. See ECF Nos. 41 and 76. In his amended complaints, Mr. Snow added an additional cause of action against Defendant, seeking damages for violations of the overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). ECF Nos. 41 at 4 and 76 at 15. In response to Mr. Snow’s Second Amended Complaint, Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment. ECF No. 81. In its Motion, Defendant argues that all of Mr. Snow’s claims fail as a matter of law. ECF No. 82. It asserts that he cannot recover for breach of contract because the alleged oral statements made to him regarding employment through the November 2020 election were not sufficient to alter his at-will employment agreement with Defendant. Id. at 13. Defendant contends that he cannot recover for fraud because of the economic loss rule and lack of justifiable reliance. Id. at 17. Defendant asserts that Mr. Snow’s status as an at-will employee defeats his promissory estoppel and unjust enrichment claims. Id. at 20, 21. Finally, Defendant argues that Mr. Snow cannot recover under the FLSA because he waived any such claim, and Defendant is not covered under the Act in any event. Id. at 23. II. LEGAL STANDARD Pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment is proper when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Slaughter v. S. Talc Co., 949 F.2d 167, 170 (5th Cir. 1991). Disputes concerning material facts are genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “An issue is ‘material’ if it involves a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Burgos v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 20 F.3d 633, 635 (5th Cir. 1994). “The movant bears the burden of identifying those portions of the record it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Triple Tee Golf, Inc. v. Nike, Inc., 485 F.3d 253, 261 (5th Cir. 2007) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-25 (1986)). When a movant carries his initial burden, the burden then shifts to the nonmovant to show that the entry of summary judgment would be improper. Duckett v. City of Cedar Park, 950 F.2d 272, 276 (5th Cir. 1992). Although the nonmovant may satisfy this burden by tendering depositions, affidavits, and other competent evidence, “conclusory allegations, speculation, and unsubstantiated assertions are inadequate to satisfy the nonmovant’s burden.” Douglass v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1429 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc). Merely colorable evidence or evidence not significantly probative will not defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50 . Furthermore, a mere scintilla of evidence will not defeat a motion for summary judgment. Id. at 252 ; Davis v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 14 F.3d 1082, 1086 (5th Cir. 1994). The Court must view summary judgment evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); Rosado v. Deters, 5 F.3d 119, 123 (5th Cir. 1993). In addition, the Court resolves factual controversies in favor of the nonmovant, but only when both parties have submitted evidence of contradictory facts, thus creating an actual controversy. Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994) (en banc). In the absence of any proof, however, the Court does not assume that the nonmovant could or would prove the necessary facts. Id. In making its determination on the motion, the Court looks at the full record including the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, and affidavits. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Williams v. Adams, 846 F.2d 958, 961 (5th Cir. 1988). However, the Court’s function is not “to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 242-43 . The movant’s motion for summary judgment will be granted only if he meets his burden and the nonmovant fails to make the requisite showing that a genuine issue exists as to any material fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Duckett, 950 F.2d at 276 . III. ANALYSIS A. Mr. Snow cannot recover for breach of contract. Mr. Snow alleges that Defendant breached his employment contract by terminating him on March 10, 2020. ECF No. 76 at 9. He claims that he and the Defendant had an oral agreement outlined in public statements made by Defendant’s leadership discussing employment of all of Defendant’s campaign workers through the November 2020 general election even if Mr. Bloomberg exited the race before then. Id. at 9. He alleges that Defendant’s representatives solidified the oral agreement when they affirmed that he would be employed until November 2020 in his interview. Id. at 5. Mr. Snow asserts that Defendant failed to fulfill its contractual obligations and is in material breach of the oral agreement. Id. at 10. In Texas, to enforce a contract limiting an employer’s right to discharge an at-will employee, a plaintiff must prove that “(1) he and his employer had a contract that specifically provided that the employer did not have the right to terminate the employment contract at will; and (2) the employment contract was in writing.” Manning v. Upjohn Co., 862 F.2d 545, 547 (5th Cir. 1989) (citing Lumpkin v. H & C Commc’ns, Inc., 755 S.W.2d 538, 539 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied)). “[A] limitation on at-will employment cannot simply be inferred,” but instead an express agreement stating that a party may not be terminated at will must be present. Cnty. of Dallas v. Wiland, 216 S.W.3d 344, 354 (Tex. 2007) (citations omitted); Sabine Pilot Serv., Inc. v. Hauck, 687 S.W.2d 733, 734-35 (Tex. 1985). Mr. Snow asserts that several of Defendant’s senior employees, and Mr. Bloomberg himself, made public statements promising that everyone hired to work for the campaign would remain employed until November. He also claims that during his interview Defendant’s representatives assured him that these public statements regarding the duration of employment were in fact true. Mr. Snow contends that the statements made prior to his employment were “collateral to and distinct from the written employment agreement,” while the statements made subsequent to his employment modified the written agreement. ECF No. 90 at 15-16. The Court presumes that any prior or contemporaneous oral agreements between the parties merged into the written agreement, even without an express merger clause. Harville Rose Serv. v. Kellogg Co., 448 F.2d 1346, 1349 (5th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 987 (1972). Mr. Snow has offered no summary judgment evidence directly rebutting this presumption. However, the “collateral and consistent” exception permits consideration of parol evidence of prior or contemporaneous agreements that are collateral to and consistent with a binding agreement, but that do not vary or contradict the binding agreement's implied or express terms. David J. Sacks, P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 451 (Tex. 2008). Mr. Snow relies on this exception for the alleged oral agreement between him and Defendant’s employees that he would be employed until November 2020. These alleged statements, however, are clearly at variance with the terms of the written agreement, which stated that Mr. Snow “is and will continue to be ‘at will,’ as defined by applicable law, meaning that either [Defendant] or [Mr. Snow] may terminate [his] employment at any time, with or without notice and with or without cause, for any reason or for no reason.” ECF No. 83 at 107. Likewise, they directly contradict the language of the employee handbook that Mr. Snow signed, which provided that he was an at-will employee of Defendant. Id. at 131, 156. The at-will nature of Mr. Snow’s employment with Defendant was central to the agreement, and the Court cannot construe the public statements or the statements made during his interview promising employment through November as “collateral and consistent” with the diametrically opposite provisions in the written letter agreement and employee handbook. As a result, the Court does not accept testimony concerning an alleged oral agreement entered into prior to the written agreement to vary, add to, or contradict the terms of the written agreement of the parties. Mr. Snow’s second argument that the statements made subsequent to his employment modified his written agreement is not persuasive because the public statements were not sufficient to modify express terms of a written contract. “An employer’s oral statements may not modify an employee’s at-will status unless there is a definite, stated intention to do so.” El Expreso, Inc. v. Zendejas, 193 S.W.3d 590, 594 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (citing Montgomery Cnty. Hosp. Dist. v. Brown, 965 S.W. 501 , 502 (Tex. 1998)). To be enforceable, an agreement to modify an at-will relationship must manifest a “definite intent to be bound not to discharge the employee except under clearly specified circumstances.” Brown, 965 S.W.2d at 502. “[V]ague, oral assurances of future job security … are insufficient to modify an employee’s atwill employment.” Ameen v. Merck & Co., Inc., 226 F. App’x 363, 374 (5th Cir. 2007); DRC Parts & Accessories, L.L.C. v. VM Motori, S.P.A., 112 S.W.3d 854, 856, 858-59 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied) (“reliance upon an oral representation that is directly contradicted by the express, unambiguous terms of a written agreement between the parties is not justified as a matter of law”); Brown v. Kaslle Sys. Of Tex. LLC, No. H-08-02888, 2010 WL 3342219 , at *2425 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 25, 2010) (an employer’s assurances of job security do not raise a genuine fact issue that the parties agreed to modify plaintiff’s at-will contract). Mr. Snow claims that the Defendant’s representatives stated in his interview that he would be employed until the November 2020 election. ECF No. 90 at 21. He argues that this promise was a “subsequent promise” by Defendant that modified the written agreement. Id. However, Defendant’s representatives allegedly made this promise in Mr. Snow’s interview, which predated execution of the offer letter and the employee handbook. Consequently, Defendant’s alleged promise in the interview is not a subsequent oral agreement intended to modify the written agreement. Moreover, even if Defendant had told Mr. Snow that he would be employed until November 2020 after execution of the written agreement, any such promise does not manifest a “definite intent to be bound not to discharge the employee except under clearly specified circumstances.” See Brown, 965 S.W.2d at 502. Assurances of future employment do not indicate that Defendant intended to modify Mr. Snow’s at-will contract as it is too indefinite to establish the necessary intention not to discharge him except under certain circumstances. By not expressing any limitations on its ability to terminate Mr. Snow, Defendant’s alleged promise still allows for termination for any reason and therefore is insufficient to modify his at-will written agreement. Additionally, the public statements made after he signed the offer letter and employee handbook were not addressed to him specifically, but instead were directed to Defendant’s campaign workers as a group and the public at large. None of the statements referenced Mr. Snow’s written agreement or specifically stated that Defendant no longer had the right to terminate him employment at will. Mr. Snow concedes that the statements were not made to him in in a signed writing as would be required to limit his employer’s right to terminate an at-will employee. Additionally, the public statements were not specific enough to modify either his offer letter, which states that “[n]o statement varying any of the terms of this offer letter shall be enforceable unless set forth in a writing signed by a duly authorized officer of the Organization,” or the employee handbook, which states that “[n]o representative of the [Defendant] may enter into any oral agreement to alter your at-will status or otherwise create a contractual obligation to you.” ECF No. 83 at 106-07, 131. As a result, the Court must conclude that notwithstanding the public statements made by various employees of Defendant that campaign workers would be employed through the general election, Mr. Snow was an at-will employee of Defendant, and his contract of employment was not modified in writing, signed by Defendant’s authorized officer. Accordingly, the Court finds that Mr. Snow’s breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law. B. Mr. Snow cannot recover on his promissory estoppel claim. Mr. Snow contends in the alternative that the doctrine of promissory estoppel requires the Court to enforce Defendant’s promise of employment until November 2020. ECF No. 76 at 11. Defendant asserts that Mr. Snow’s claim must fail as a matter of law because under Texas law, there is no recovery under promissory estoppel when an express contract covers the subject matter of the claim. ECF No. 82 at 20. Additionally, Defendant argues that Mr. Snow did not prove that he justifiably relied on the Defendant’s alleged promises due to the contrary provisions in the written agreement. Id. at 21. 1. The existence of a written agreement between the parties precludes Mr. Snow from recovering on a promissory estoppel claim. The doctrine of promissory estoppel prevents a promisor from denying the enforceability of a promise made to another party. MetroplexCore, L.L.C. v. Parsons Transp., Inc., 743 F.3d 964, 977 (5th Cir. 2014). However, Texas law precludes a party from recovering under quantum meruit claims such as promissory estoppel when an express contract between the parties governs the dispute. Williams v. Colonial Bank, N.A., 199 F. App’x 399, 403 (5th Cir. 2006). Neither Mr. Snow nor Defendant disputes that a written employment agreement existed between them. Therefore, Texas law clearly forecloses Mr. Snow’s alternative claim under a promissory estoppel theory. The cases Mr. Snow cites in support of his claim merely teach that a plaintiff may plead both contractual and quasi-contractual theories of recovery alternatively, and a court should not dismiss a promissory estoppel claim when the plaintiff has pleaded all of the necessary elements. In contrast, Mr. Snow’s case is at the summary judgment stage, and a written employment agreement between the parties exists. Therefore, Mr. Snow cannot maintain his alternative, promissory estoppel claim. 2. Mr. Snow cannot establish justifiable reliance in light of the provisions of the written agreement. To be viable, a promissory estoppel claim, like fraud, fraudulent inducement, and negligent misrepresentation, requires reasonable and justified reliance upon a misrepresentation or promise. Ortiz v. Collins, 203 S.W.3d 414, 421 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.). “When the parties' written agreement addresses the substance of the oral statement and contains language precluding reliance on external representations, Texas courts find reliance on subsequent oral promises unreasonable.” Simpson v. Woodbridge Props., L.L.C., 153 S.W.3d 682, 684 (Tex. App.— Dallas 2004 , no pet.) (disclaimer of reliance clause in contract negated reliance on postcontract oral misrepresentations); DRC Parts & Accessories, L.L.C., 112 S.W.3d at 858 - 59 (reliance on both pre- and post-contractual oral representations, directly contradicted by express terms of contract, was not justified as matter of law); Airborne Freight Corp. v. C.R. Lee Enters., Inc., 847 S.W.2d 289, 297 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1992, writ denied) (written contract containing ample cautionary language precluded exclusive reliance by reasonable businessperson on verbal statements contradicting written agreement). Defendant’s summary judgment evidence negates the element of reasonable reliance. The written offer letter and employment handbook unambiguously stated that Mr. Snow’s employment was at-will and could be terminated by either party at any time. ECF No. 83 at 106, 131. They also provided that the letter agreement could not be modified except by a writing and that no employee of Defendant was authorized to orally modify the terms of the employee handbook. Id. at 131. These provisions unambiguously notified Mr. Snow that he should not rely on any oral representations that contradicted the terms of the written agreement and employee handbook. See Bluebonnet Sav. Bank, F.S.B. v. Grayridge Apartment Homes, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 904, 908 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied) (clause requiring that amendments to contract be in writing is additional notice not to rely on oral representations). Accordingly, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Mr. Snow’s claim under a promissory estoppel theory. C. Mr. Snow is not entitled to recover for fraud. Mr. Snow alleges that Defendant fraudulently induced him into accepting a position with it by guaranteeing him a job until the November election. ECF No. 76 at 11. Defendant responds that he cannot recover for fraud because of the economic loss rule and because he cannot establish justifiable or reasonable reliance on public statements regarding the term of his employment that contradicted the provisions of the written employment agreement. ECF No. 82 at 17. 1. The economic loss rule bars Mr. Snow’s fraud claims. Under the economic loss rule, a party generally cannot recover in tort for losses stemming from a breach of contract when the harm consists only of the economic loss of a contractual expectancy. LAN/STV v. Martin K. Eby Const. Co., Inc., 435 S.W.3d 234, 243 (Tex. 2014). To recover on a tort claim, a party must prove that the alleged breach is “independent of the contractual undertaking and the harm suffered is not merely the economic loss of a contractual benefit.” Chapman Custom Homes, Inc. v. Dallas Plumbing Co., 445 S.W.3d 716, 718 (Tex. 2014) (citations omitted). “When the only loss or damage is to the subject matter of the contract, the plaintiff’s action is ordinarily on the contract.” Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d 493, 494 (Tex. 1991). Mr. Snow contends that the economic loss rule does not apply because Defendant’s false statements arise from an obligation independent of his written employment contract, and his damages exist outside the terms of the contract. ECF No. 90 at 24. Mr. Snow asserts that he suffered damages beyond loss of income by being prevented from working for any other Democratic presidential campaign and from seeking other employment opportunities. Id. at 25. Despite Mr. Snow’s arguments that he seeks to recover for restrictions that are collateral to the agreement, that written agreement with Defendant specifically provided that he could not support other candidates, disparage the Defendant or Mr. Bloomberg, and disclose certain information regarding the campaign. ECF No. 83 at 118-19. By signing the written agreement, Mr. Snow agreed that he would not advocate for any other candidates in any election in which Mr. Bloomberg was on the ballot for 120 days after Defendant no longer employed him. Id. Thus, the written agreement addressed the possibility of him leaving the campaign and seeking employment with other campaigns. His damages arising from this alleged collateral issue, if any, arise from the contract with the Defendant, and the economic loss rule requires him to seek redress by way of a breach of contract action, not a suit for recovery in tort. 2. Mr. Snow has not shown that he justifiably relied on a misrepresentation. As stated above, fraud and fraudulent inducement claims require reasonable and justified reliance upon a misrepresentation or promise. Ortiz, 203 S.W.3d at 421 . The Fifth Circuit has held that recovery for fraud is only allowed where the defrauded party “had a right to rely” on a misrepresentation. Edwards v. Allied Chem. Corp., 414 F.2d 60, 64 (5th Cir. 1969). Mr. Snow had no right to rely on the alleged oral promise that he would have a job until the November election. The parties signed a written agreement specifically stating that there were no representations that could bind the parties other than what was expressed in writing. These statements conclusively negate the reliance element under Mr. Snow’s fraud claim. Mr. Snow argues that the issue of justifiable reliance is a question of fact for trial, not for summary judgment, but courts have properly granted summary judgment in similar cases. See e.g., Everett Fin., Inc. v. Primary Residential Mort., Inc., No. 3:14-cv-1028, 2016 WL 7378937 , at *16 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 20, 2016) (summary judgment proper because party cannot justifiably rely on oral promises after reading conflicting written contract); Levels v. Merlino, 969 F. Supp. 2d 704, 726 (N.D. Tex. 2013) (summary judgment proper where plaintiffs claimed fraudulently inducement and oral representations contradicted express written agreement); Prendes v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc., No. 4:12-cv-337-Y, 2012 WL 6913511 , at *6 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 28, 2012) (“Assuming that oral representations … were made [and were contrary to the contract's terms], while certainly deplorable, they are inconsistent with the parties' contract and thus do not give rise to a fraud claim.”). Summary judgment is proper because Mr. Snow has not presented any legally sufficient evidence of reasonable reliance, which is a required element. Accordingly, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Mr. Snow’s fraud claims. D. Mr. Snow cannot recover on an unjust enrichment theory. Mr. Snow asserts that Defendant was unjustly enriched by not fulfilling its promise to him and other employees. ECF No. 76 at 14. He asserts that Mr. Bloomberg received over 2.4 million votes and sixty-one delegates as a result of his work and the efforts of Defendant’s other campaign workers. Id. Mr. Snow argues that some of the credit for these votes and delegate totals was due to Defendant’s promise to guarantee employment of those workers through the end of the general election. Id. Mr. Snow concludes that allowing Defendant to break its promise results in its unjust enrichment. Id. In Texas, a plaintiff may recover for unjust enrichment if the defendant has “obtained a benefit from [the plaintiff] by fraud, duress, or the taking of an undue advantage.” Merryman v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., No. 3:12-cv-2156-M-BH, 2013 WL 497884, at *6 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 16, 2013) (quoting Heldenfels Bros. v. City of Corpus Christi, 842 S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex. 1992)). “Unjust enrichment is a quasi-contractual claim that is based on the absence of an express agreement.” Anderson v. CitiMortgage, No. 4:10-cv-398, 2011 WL 1113494 , at *6 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 24, 2011). Consequently, the Fifth Circuit has held that when there is a valid, express contract governing the subject matter of the parties’ dispute, relief under unjust enrichment is unavailable. Coghlan v. Wellcraft Marine Corp., 240 F.3d 449, 454 (5th Cir. 2001). But a valid employment agreement between the parties existed, and as a result, unjust enrichment does not apply here. And even if it were available, Mr. Snow has not established by summary judgment evidence that Defendant was unjustly enriched. The “unjust enrichment” Mr. Snow alleges is that Defendant benefited from its false public statements by receiving more votes and delegates. Mr. Snow offers no evidence to establish a causal link between those public statements and the votes or delegate support that Mr. Bloomberg received during the Democratic presidential primaries. Mr. Snow also offered no evidence of how his individual efforts contributed to particular vote or delegate counts. Instead, he has at most shown that the campaign benefitted from the work he performed for Defendant. The Defendant has shown that it paid him for that work. This is not unjust enrichment. E. Mr. Snow cannot recover under the FLSA. Mr. Snow alleges that Defendant failed to pay his overtime wages in violation of the FLSA. ECF No. 76 at 15. He claims that during his tenure at the campaign, he often worked over twelve hours a day for seven days a week. Id. He estimates that he worked twenty-five hours of overtime a week, but was never paid for these hours. Id. Mr. Snow asserts that the FLSA covers Defendant as it was engaged in interstate commerce by operating a campaign website, buying equipment for employees, and communicating interstate through email and phone calls. Id. Additionally, Mr. Snow claims that he is not an “exempt” employee and thus was entitled to overtime wages according to the FLSA. Id. Defendant argues that Mr. Snow cannot recover because Defendant was not a covered enterprise under the FLSA since it was not conducted for a “business purpose,” and because Mr. Snow is not a “covered individual.” ECF No. 82 at 23-29. The FLSA requires employers to pay employees a minimum hourly rate for each hour worked and overtime compensation for each hour worked over forty hours in each workweek. 29 U.S.C. §§ 206 (a), 207(a). To establish FLSA coverage, Mr. Snow must show (1) he was personally engaged in commerce or the production of goods for commerce (“individual coverage”) or (2) he was employed by an enterprise engaged in such activity (“enterprise coverage”). Id. § 207(a)(1); Martin v. Bedell, 955 F.2d 1029, 1032 (5th Cir. 1992). For individual coverage, the Fifth Circuit has held that “engaged in commerce” requires work that is “so directly and vitally related to the functioning o[f] an instrumentality or facility of interstate commerce as to be, in practical effect, a part of it rather than an isolated activity.” Williams v. Henagan, 595 F.3d 610, 621 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting Sobrinio v. Medical Center Visitor’s Lodge, Inc., 474 F.3d 828, 829 (5th Cir. 2007). The FLSA defines an “enterprise” as “the related activities performed ... by any person or persons for a common business purpose.” 29 U.S.C. § 203 (r). To qualify as an enterprise, the business must have “employees engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, or [having] employees handling, selling, or otherwise working on goods or materials that have been moved in or produced for commerce by any person,” and the business’s “annual gross volume of sales made or business done [must not be] less than $500,000....” Id. § 203(s)(1)(A)(i)-(ii). Mr. Snow concedes that neither the FLSA nor binding case law interpreting it states whether enterprise coverage applies to a political campaign such as Defendant. He argues that since the Supreme Court has recognized that activities of eleemosynary, religious, or educational organizations may be performed for a business purpose, then a political campaign also should be considered to be performed for a business purpose. ECF No. 90 at 35. However, Mr. Snow does not cite authority on point supporting his position, and one Florida district court has held that enterprise coverage does not apply to political campaigns. See Johnson v. Trump for President, Inc., No. 19-cv-00475-T-02SPF, 2019 WL 2492122 , at *4 (M.D. Fla. June 14, 2019) (enterprise coverage inapplicable to political campaign as there were no allegations “that commercial competition was a primary, secondary, or even tertiary endeavor” of the campaign) (citing Katz v. DNC Servs. Corp., No. 16-5800, 2018 WL 692164 , at *6 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 2, 2018)). Instead, Mr. Snow argues that Defendant is an “enterprise” because it created and sold promotional campaign merchandise. ECF No. 76 at 15. He contends that Defendant competed with private industry through these sales, and he cites a Supreme Court case in support by analogy. See ECF No. 90 at 35 (citing Tony and Susan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor, 471 U.S. 290, 297 (1985) (“a nonprofit religious organization whose primary purpose included establishing and maintaining an Evangelistic Church had a business purpose and that those related business activities competed with private enterprise.”). However, unlike the church in Alamo Foundation, Defendant did not derive the bulk of its income from operating commercial businesses, such as service stations, roofing and electrical construction companies, and motels. See 471 U.S. at 292 . Instead, Defendant created and sold promotional campaign materials at its cost which were “not received in the ordinary course of any trade or business,” and therefore, are not considered commercial income. 26 U.S.C. § 527 (c)(3). At most, the sale of campaign items was ancillary to Defendant’s primary mission of supporting Mr. Bloomberg’s quest for the presidency. Accordingly, Mr. Snow has not established that Defendant is a commercial “enterprise” within the meaning of the FLSA. Mr. Snow also has not established that he was a covered individual under the FLSA during his employment with Defendant. As stated above, to be a covered individual, Mr. Snow must show that he “engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce.” 29 U.S.C. § 207 (a)(1). Defendant undoubtedly had campaign staff working in numerous states, but Mr. Snow has not established that he personally performed interstate work to the extent that it was not an isolated activity. See Henagan, 595 F.3d at 621 . Instead, Mr. Snow testified that he worked for Defendant entirely in the state of Texas and only had contact with prospective voters in the state of Texas. See ECF No. 83 at 97; Pl.’s Dep. at 112:4–122:25. While Mr. Snow participated in phone calls with other people located outside of Texas, he did not establish that those interstate telephone calls were so regular and recurrent that they were “directly and vitally related to the functioning” of his employment. Additionally, Mr. Snow’s employment agreement specifically stated that his position “is classified as exempt from the overtime provisions of federal and applicable state laws.” ECF No. 83 at 106, 108. Because Mr. Snow has not shown that Defendant was a covered enterprise and that he was a covered individual under the FLSA, he cannot recover for violations of it. IV. CONCLUSION In a lawsuit brought by another former Bloomberg presidential campaign worker in the Southern District of Texas, United States District Judge Keith P. Ellison summed up the case as “an unfortunate set of circumstances which is different from whether it’s a viable claim for relief.” See ECF No. 85 at 216 (Scott v. Mike Bloomberg 2020, Inc.; No. 4:20-cv-2261, at 3 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 24, 2021) (hearing on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss)). Judge Ellison dismissed Ms. Scott’s case even though he agreed that “[m]isrepresentations were made.” Id. at 217 (hearing at 4). After reviewing the pleadings and summary judgment evidence in Mr. Snow’s case, the Court reaches the same result. Because of the specific wording of the offer letter and employee handbook Mr. Snow signed as he joined Mr. Bloomberg’s campaign, he cannot now recover for breach of contract or fraud in the inducement. His claims of fraud, promissory estoppel, and unjust enrichment are unavailing. Since Defendant was not a covered enterprise and he was not a covered individual, the protections of the FLSA are not available. Accordingly, the Court finds that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that Defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 81). It is so ORDERED on May 17, 2021. a. UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE — 19 —