Bank of Jasper v. First Nat. Bank of Rome

*114 Mr. Justice Brandéis delivered the opinion of the court. These cases were argued and submitted together. They involve the same questions of law and the essential facts are the same in each. Reference will, therefore, be made only to No. 76. The First National Bank of Rome, Georgia, endorsee of five certificates of deposit made by the Bank of Jasper, a Florida corporation, sued the maker at law in the federal court for the Southern District of that State. The defendant pleaded in bar seven decrees of the Circuit Court for Hamilton County, Florida,, entered in suits in which the Georgia bank had been named as one of the respondents. The plaintiff replied that the suits in which these decrees were entered were in personam; that it was and is a noii-resident of Florida, had not been found within the State, and had not appeared in those suits except specially to move to quash the pretended constructive service upon it by publication; and that the decrees are as to it of no legal effect. The District Court sustained the plea of res judicata and entered judgment for defendant., The judgment was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. See First National Bank of Rome v. First National Bank of Jasper, 264 Fed. 83. The case comes here 'on writ of certiorari. 254 U. S. 622. Whether on the iacts hereinafter set forth the state court acquired jurisdiction and the legal effect of the decrees are the matters presented for our consideration. - The Rome Insurance Company of Georgia wished to raise capital by selling shares of its stock; To aid it in so doing the American Bank and Trust Company, also of Rome, was appointed-agent or trustee. These two companies selected Jasper, Florida, as the field of operations for the stock selling campaign; and they secured the Bank of Jasper as an ally. Then, to facilitate sales the *115 three devised the following plan: Purchasers of the stock were enabled to discount at the Jasper bank their one year notes for an amount equal to the purchase price, giving the stock as collateral; and the American Company as trustee for the Insurance Company agreed to deposit with the Jasper bank an amount equal to each discount, taking that bank’s negotiable certificate of deposit in the usual form, payable in one year with interest at four per cent. Thus the stock purchased was paid for; the Jasper bank made discounts and received deposits; the Insurance Company raised capital and had it paid up — all without anybody parting with a cent in cash. Under this arrangement many citizens of Jasper bought stock in the Insurance Company. In time their notes, and likewise the corresponding certificates of deposit, matured. The purchasers of the stock discovered that it was worthless, and that they had been defrauded; the Bank of Jasper that it, also, had been defrauded' and that its certificates of deposit had been transferred to the First National Bank of Rome.- There was default on the certificates of deposit; and the First National Bánk brought this action against the Bank of Jasper in the federal District Court. But a few days before it did so, each purchaser of stock had filed a bill in equity in the state Circuit Court against the Jasper bank and the three Rome corporations. It is the final decrees entered in these suits eighteen months later which áre pleaded in bar of this action on the certificates of deposit. Each bill recited, in substance, the above facts and alleged that the note given by the complainant was in the hands of the Jasper bank, that the proceeds [of the discount] were deposited with it, .that the certificate of deposit issued to the American Company covers such proceeds, and that they have ever since remained in the bank. The bill prayed that these prdceeds be impressed with a: trust in favor of the complainant; that the First National *116 Bank of Rome be declared not to have any interest therein; that the certificate of deposit, the note and the contract to purchase the stock be declared void; that the American Company, the Insurance Company and the Jasper bank be restrained from bringing suit against the complainant; that the Jasper bank be restrained from making any payment to the First National Bank out of the proceeds of the complainant’s note; and that the latter bank be restrained from withdrawing any part of such proceeds. None of the three Rome corporations was domiciled or found in the State of Florida. Constructive service by publication in a newspaper was made under the Florida law. General Statutes, § 1866. Then the three corporations entered their “ appearance specially, solely and only for the purpose ” of moving to quash the service. The motion was overruled; the defendants were given time to plead, but did not do so; and again, appearing “ specially, solely and only ” for that purpose, entered their appeal to the Supreme Court of Florida from the order overruling the motion to quash the pretended service by publication. And also appearing “ specially, solely and only ” for that purpose, they applied to the Circuit Court for an order fixing the terms of the supersedeas on the appeal. That the notice of this application given counsel for complainant “ shall in rio pense operate as a general appearance ” was stipulated by them; and, thereupon, the order of supersedeas was made and the required bond given. It was suggested in the Supreme Court that the appeal operated as a general appearance and, therefore,-rendered the question submitted moot; but the court did not pass upon this objection. It declared that “ the purpose of the statute authorizing constructive service by publication is to notify non-residents of the pending suit [in equity] so that they may, if they care to do so, come into the case, and if the statute be followed, there is no right in the non-resident to quash this notice; he has *117 his right if not waived, to object should the court thereafter commit an error against him. ” And it affirmed the order of the lower court. Rome Insurance Co. v. Corbett. 66 Fla. 438. The three Rome corporations took no further part in the suits in the state courts. But in the Circuit Court a decree pro conjesso was entered as against-' all the respondents, which declared that the sale and purchase.of the stock was void; that the proceeds of the complainant’s note “ included in said certificate of deposit No. 319 now held by the First National Bank of Rome are hereby decreed tó be impressed with a trust in favor of the complainant' and the same are adjudged to belong to him.” ; that the Bank of Jasper be enjoined from paying any part of these proceeds to the First National Bank; and that the certificate of deposit “ in so far as it covers and includes the proceeds derived from the said note ” was void. The Bank of Jasper insists that these decrees are res judicata of its alleged liability to the First National Bank on the certificates of. deposit, first, because they are valid judgments in personam against the latter bank; and; secondly, because the certificates of deposit represent the proceeds of the notes, and these proceeds were a res within the jurisdiction of the court, and there was thus jurisdiction in rem to adjudicate the alleged liability on the certificates of deposit. The contention that the decrees constitute personal judgments against the First National Bank rests upon the assertion that under the law of Florida an appeal operates necessarily as a general appearance, although the appeal is taken solely from an interlocutory order asserting jurisdiction, and, although in taking it,.the appellant declares in terms that his appearance is special, and solely for the purpose of the appeal. It may bé assumed that if such were the settled law of Florida, it would be accepted by ■this court as controlling. York v. Texas, 137 U. S. 15. But our attention has not been called to any Florida *118 statute or rule of court or decision which so declares. There is confessedly no statute or rule of court to that effect; and none of the cases relied upon support the proposition that such is the common law of Florida. This contention seems to have been made in the equity suits here under consideration; but the Supreme Court’ did not there pass- upon the question. Rome Insurance Co. v. Corbett, supra, p. 439. It is clear that in Florida an appearance entered in the trial court specially for the purpose of moving to quash a summons does not operate as a general appearance. Standley v. Arnow, 13 Fla. 361, 368; but .that if, after such a motion is made and overruled, the cause proceeds to final decree, a defendant who prosecutes an appeal therefrom will be held to have appeared generally. The appeal here in question was not from a final decree. It was from an interlocutory order overruling the objection to the jurisdiction. The right to review an interlocutory' order by a separate appeal is conferred broadly by § 1908 of the General Statutes of Florida; and there is nothing to indicate that the right does not extend to. orders concerning jurisdiction. It certainly may not be assumed that the legislature intended that exercise of the right conferred should operate as a general appearance and thus render moot a consideration of the ruling alone sought to be reviewed-. Moreover, in none of the cases from the Supreme Court of Florida relied upon was it shown that the appearance on appeal was in terms special and limited to the review of the question of jurisdiction 1 The contention that the proceeds of the discounts of the notes constitute a res within the State, of which *119 the certificates of deposit were merely evidence, rests upon a misapprehension. No specific fund was ever set apart by the Jasper bank. Its discounts resulted in general credits by the bank to the makers of the notes. These credits were applied in making payment for their stock. The payment was made by transferring to the credit of the American Company the amount which stood to the credit of the makers of the notes. The credits — called deposits — so transferred became an indebtedness of the Jasper bank to the American Company. That indebtedness, if it had, rested in open account, would have been property of the creditor within , the State of Florida. In an appropriate proceeding it might have been reached to satisfy a claim against its owner. Pennington v. Fourth National Bank, 243 U. S. 269. But the suits in the state court were not proceedings of that character. In them the complainant asserted that, by reason of the fraud alleged, the Jasper bank was indebted not to any of its corespondents, but to the complainant. Moreover, there was no indebtedness on open account to any of the Georgia corporations; for this account had been closed by giving certificates of deposit; and these had been transferred to the First National Bank. Such certificates are merely promissory notes of the Jasper bank, payable like unsecured notes of individuals, out of general assets. Like other notes they are negotiable and are payable only upon surrender of the instrument properly endorsed. There is not even an allegation either that the transfer to the First National Bank had been made after maturity of the certificates or that the endorsee took them with notice of the fraud. As neither the certificates' of deposit nor the holder thereof were within the State of Florida, its courts could not — in the absence of consent — acquire, jurisdiction to determine the liability of maker to holder. Affirmed. Footnotes [1] Tunno v. Robert, 16 Fla. 738, 751; Shrader v. Shrader, 36 Fla. 502, 518; Wylly v. Sanford Loan & Trust Co., 44 Fla. 818, 820; Drew Lumber Co. v. Walter, 45 Fla. 252, 255; Rumeli v. Tampa, 48 Fla. 112, 114; Hayman v. Weil, 53 Fla. 127, 132; Barwick v. Rouse, 53 Fla. 643, 646; Busard v. Houston, 65 Fla. 479, 482; Henry v. Spitler, 67 Fla. 146, 150.