PNW Healthcare Holdings, LLC, LEAD Case Consolidated with Member Cases: 19-43755; 19-43756; 19-43757; 19-43758; 19-43759; 19-43760; 19-43761; 19-43762; 19-43763; 19-43764; 19-43765; 19-43766; 19-43787; 19-43788; 19-43789; 19-43790; 19-43791; 19-43792; 20-40156; 20-40157

Below is a Memorandum Decision of = _ the Court. 1 oy Ses Uactag fo Neolorr 2 ums” ~Mary Jo on U.S. Bankruptcy Judge 3 (Dated as of Entered on Docket date above) A [6] UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 8 In re: Chapter 11 9 Case No. 19-43754 PNW HEALTHCARE HOLDINGS, LLC, et (Jointly Administered) 10 al.,' MEMORANDUM DECISION ON 11 Debtors. JOINT MOTION PURSUANT TO 11 U.S.C. § 365 (d) [12] 13 I. INTRODUCTION [14] This matter came before the Court on May 15, 2020, on the Joint Motion of the Debtors [15] and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors to Determine Date to Assume or Reject [16] 17 ———— ' The Debtors in the above-captioned chapter 11 cases, along with the last four digits of each Debtor’s 18 || federal tax identification number, are: PNW Healthcare Holdings, LLC (9801); North Auburn Health, LLC dba North Auburn Rehabilitation & Health Center (3159); Sequim Health, LLC dba Sequim Health 19 |! & Rehabilitation (7737); Bremerton Health, LLC dba Bremerton Convalescent & Rehabilitation Center (3188); Crestwood Convalescent-Port Angeles, LLC dba Crestwood Health & Rehabilitation Center 20 || (6565); Fir Lane Health-Shelton, LLC dba Fir Lane Health & Rehabilitation Center (7798); Forest Ridge Health-Bremerton, LLC dba Forest Ridge Health & Rehabilitation Center (4019); Meadow Park Health21 |! St Helen, LLC dba Meadow Park Health & Specialty Care Center (9109); Cherrywood Place-Spokane, LLC dba Cherrywood Place (7776); Riverside Nursing-Centralia, LLC dba Riverside Nursing & 22 |! Rehabilitation Center (3792); PNW Master Tenant I, LLC (9824); Franklin Hills Health-Spokane, LLC dba Franklin Hills Health & Rehabilitation Center (1763); Aldercrest Health-Edmonds, LLC dba 23 || Aldercrest Health & Rehabilitation Center (3827); PNW Master Tenant II, LLC (5319); Gardens on University-Spokane Valley, LLC dba The Gardens on University (1917); Puget Sound Healthcare 24 |! Olympia, LLC dba Puget Sound Healthcare Center (4419); Care Center East Health-Portland, LLC dba Care Center East Health & Specialty Care Center (8950); LaCrosse Health-Coeur d’Alene, LLC dba 25 ||LaCrosse Health & Rehabilitation Center (8594); Ivy Court-Coeur d’Alene, LLC dba Ivy Court (3197); Cornerstone Healthcare Services, LLC (1265); and CRN Pool, LLC (9083). Memorandum Decision on Joint Motion 1 Unexpired Leases of Residential Real Property and for Relief from Performance of Purported 2 Non-residential Real Property Lease Obligations under §§ 365(d)(3)2 and 365(d)(4) ("Joint 3 Motion"). On May 8, 2020, an objection (“Objection”) to the Joint Motion was filed by Canyon 4 Z, LLC and Canyon NH, LLC (collectively "Canyon Landlords"). On May 12, 2020, the Debtors 5 and Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (“Committee” and collectively “Movants”) filed a 6 reply in support of their Joint Motion (“Reply”). At the hearing, the Debtors, the Committee and 7 the Canyon Landlords confirmed that there are no factual disputes in the record before the 8 Court on the Joint Motion. Accordingly, the Court makes the following findings of fact and 9 conclusions of law based on the pleadings and records filed in these bankruptcy cases. 10 II. FINDINGS OF FACT 11 A. Undisputed Facts Relevant to the Joint Motion. 12 The Debtors are for-profit entities. The majority of the Debtors are separate limited 13 liability companies that operate one of the Debtors’ fourteen individual skilled residential nursing 14 facilities and one assisted living facility in the states of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon 15 (“Facilities”). As of the date of the filing of the Debtors’ bankruptcy cases, there were 16 approximately 1182 residents (“Residents”) in the Facilities with a capacity of 1508. See Decl. 17 of W. Masterson ISO First Day Motions ¶ 5, ECF No. 5 (“First Masterson Decl.”). Approximately 18 77% of the Residents are funded by Medicaid. The average stay for Medicaid Residents across 19 the Facilities is 2.38 years. The range of average stays for the remaining 23% of Residents 20 using other payers, ranges between 18.9 and 94.3 days for the past twelve months. See Decl. 21 of W. Masterson ISO Motion Re: Real Property ¶¶ 4-6 & Ex. A, ECF No. 478 (“Second 22 Masterson Decl.”). [24] 25 2 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule references are to the Federal Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532 , and to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. 1 All the Facilities, except for the one owned and operated by Debtor North Auburn Health, 2 LLC, are owned by certain special purpose entities (collectively "Formation Landlords"). EHC 3 Elm Properties, LLC, Greenriver, Inc., the Randy Akrawi Trust dtd 12/21/2006, and the Ray & 4 Sandra Akrawi Family Trust dtd 12/21/2006 (collectively "North Auburn Landlords") lease the 5 facility operated by Debtor North Auburn Health, LLC pursuant to a lease dated January 1, 2019 6 (“Auburn Lease”). See Second Masterson Decl. ¶¶ 8-11 & Ex. D. 7 Although the documents related to that transaction are not in the court record, the 8 Formation Landlords apparently lease the Facilities to the Canyon Landlords. Canyon Z, LLC 9 in turn subleases the seven Facilities that are backed by Department of Housing and Urban 10 Development ("HUD") loans3 to Debtor PNW Master Tenant I, LLC, under the terms of a Master 11 Sublease and Security Agreement dated December 1, 2017 (“HUD Sublease”). Canyon NH, 12 LLC subleases the remaining seven non-HUD Facilities4 to Debtor PNW Master Tenant II, LLC, 13 under the terms of a separate Master Sublease and Security Agreement also dated December 14 1, 2017 (“Non-HUD Sublease”). The terms of the HUD Sublease and Non-HUD Sublease 15 (collectively “Master Subleases”) are substantially similar other than those provisions 16 specifically concerning the HUD Sublease. See Second Masterson Decl. ¶¶ 8-10, Ex. B & C. 17 The terms of the Master Subleases and the Auburn Lease each clearly acknowledge that the 18 sublessees/lessees are skilled nursing or assisted living facilities. The Master Subleases 19 include many details related to the operation of such facilities and the rights of the residents at 20 the Facilities. See Second Masterson Decl. ¶ 15, Exs. B & C. All parties to both the Master [22] 23 3 Crestwood Convalescent-Port Angeles; Fir Lane Health-Shelton; Franklin Hills Health-Spokane; Gardens on University-Spokane Valley; Forest Ridge Health-Bremerton; Puget Sound Healthcare-Olympia; and Ivy Court24 Coeur D'Alene. 4 Bremerton Health; Riverside Nursing-Centralia; Aldercrest Health-Edmonds; Care Centers East Health-Portland; 25 Sequim Health; Cherrywood Place-Spokane; Meadow Park Health-St Helens; and Lacrosse Health-Coeur D'Alene. 1 Subleases and the Auburn Lease contemplated that the Facilities would be used as skilled 2 nursing or assisted living facilities. 3 The Debtors continue to perform all other obligations under the Master Subleases and 4 the Auburn Lease including the payment of postpetition rent to the Canyon Landlords and the 5 North Auburn Landlords.5 6 B. Status of Case Relevant to the Joint Motion. 7 Each of the Debtors, other than Cornerstone Healthcare Services, LLC and CRN Pool, 8 LLC, filed Chapter 11 petitions on November 22, 2019. Cornerstone Healthcare Services, LLC 9 and CRN Pool, LLC, filed their petitions on January 20, 2020. Orders have been entered 10 directing joint administration of the Debtors' Chapter 11 cases under the lead case of PNW 11 Healthcare Holdings, LLC. The Debtors remain in possession and no trustee has been 12 appointed. 13 On February 7, 2020, the Canyon Landlords filed a Motion for Relief from Automatic Stay 14 ("Relief from Stay Motion"). A preliminary hearing on the Relief from Stay Motion was held on 15 March 12, 2020, and a final hearing is currently scheduled for June 2, 2020. 16 On February 13, 2020, the Debtors filed Debtors' Motion for Entry of an Order Extending 17 the Time to Assume or Reject Unexpired Leases of Nonresidential Real Property ("Motion to 18 Extend"). On February 27, 2020, the Committee filed a joinder in the Debtors' Motion to Extend. 19 On March 10, 2020, the Court entered an Order Extending the Time to Assume or Reject 20 Unexpired Leases of Nonresidential Real property, which extended "the period within which the 21 Debtors may assume or reject the Debtors' unexpired leases of nonresidential real property by 22 an additional 90 days, up to and including June 19, 2020." Order on Motion to Extend 2:22-24, 23 ECF No. 410. [24] 5 It appears that the Debtors are current based on postpetition invoiced amounts, although the last few cash 25 collateral budgets reflect a rent amount that is slightly lower than apparently invoiced by the Canyon Landlords. See Second Masterson Decl. ¶ 13. This discrepancy has not been fully explained. 1 On March 30, 2020, the Court entered an Order Extending Exclusivity Periods for Filing 2 and Confirming Plan. Pursuant to this order, the Debtors' exclusive period to file a plan was 3 extended to May 20, 2020, and the period to solicit acceptances was extended to July 19, 2020. 4 A Second Motion to Extend Exclusive Periods for Filing and Confirming Plan was filed on May 5 14, 2020, which is scheduled for a status conference on May 22, 2020. 6 III. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 7 A. Introduction. 8 In the Joint Motion, the Movants seek entry of an order (i) determining that the deadline 9 pursuant to § 365(d)(4) to assume or reject leases of nonresidential real property does not apply 10 to the Debtors' leases for their Facilities; and (ii) determining that the other obligations of lessors 11 of nonresidential real property under § 365(d)(3) and (d)(4) are not applicable.6 12 Under Rule 6006, the Court has authority to determine whether the Master Subleases 13 are nonresidential in the context of a contested proceeding pursuant to Rule 9014. Contrary 14 to the suggestion of the Canyon Landlords, the Court’s threshold determination regarding the 15 nature of the Master Subleases is not a proceeding to determine the “extent of . . . other interest 16 in property” under Rule 7001(2), which generally includes “such matters as disputes as to the 17 ownership of stock in the debtor, the extent of a debtor’s interest in partnership property and 18 whether mortgaged property belongs to the debtor.” 10 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 7001.03[3] 19 (16th ed. 2020). Therefore, Rule 7001(9), governing declaratory judgments, also is 20 inapplicable. “If declaratory relief falls outside of the types covered by those specified clauses, 21 an adversary proceeding is unnecessary.” 10 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 7001.10 (16th ed. 2020); [23] 6 Based on the language of the Proposed Order, the Joint Motion appears only to seek a determination as to the 24 Master Subleases, not the Auburn Lease. It is not clear whether this was an oversight, or whether the Movants intend to submit a separate order for the Auburn Lease. Even if the latter, however, service on the North Auburn Landlords is deficient under Rule 7004(c)(3). Thus, the Movants will need to either re-serve the Joint Motion on 25 the North Auburn Landlords or submit an agreed order. 1 see In re Wallace, 122 B.R. 222, 226 (Bankr. D. N.J. 1990) (holding that the threshold 2 determination of whether an executory lease exists in the first instance does not require an 3 adversary complaint but may be accomplished by motion as a contested matter under Rule 4 9014). 5 B. Section 365(d) and its Evolution Under Relevant Amendments. 6 1. The 1978 Version of § 365. 7 Section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code governs the assumption, assignment or rejection of 8 executory contracts and leases of a debtor in bankruptcy. In the original version of § 365 9 enacted in the 1978 Bankruptcy Code (“1978 Code”), Congress attempted to balance the rights 10 of debtors and non-debtor parties to these contracts and leases, reflecting some of the practical 11 realities in the context of the different types of bankruptcy cases and different factual contexts 12 (e.g., non-debtor leases, financial accommodations). In doing so, Congress gave the 13 bankruptcy courts substantial discretion to address the needs of particular bankruptcy cases, 14 especially regarding deadlines for assumption or rejection. See 1978 Code, Pub. L. No. 9515 598, § 365, 92 Stat. 2549 , 2574 (1978). 16 Relevant to the Joint Motion, under the 1978 Code, § 365(d) created a general approach 17 to the deadlines for assumption or rejection of an executory contract or lease depending on the 18 type of bankruptcy case. In a chapter 7 bankruptcy, a trustee was required to decide whether 19 to assume or reject within 60 days unless the court extended such deadline based on a motion 20 filed prior to the expiration of the 60-day period. In all other cases filed under chapters 9, 11 or 21 13, the trustee (or debtor in possession, as applicable) had until confirmation of the plan7 unless 22 the court reduced such period on request of a party to such contract or lease. There was no [24] 7 These chapters reflected the then-existing types of bankruptcy that required the filing of a plan and that contemplated some level of reorganization of debts including, in some instances, the debtor’s postpetition obligations. Further, as reflected in the Report of the Commission on the Bankruptcy Laws of the United States, 25 H.R. Doc. 93-137, pt. I & II (1973), leases of a debtor are often critical to reorganization, particularly the ability to assume such leases. 1 distinction made in this deadline provision between residential and nonresidential property. 2 Rather the distinction in the deadlines for assumption or rejection was based solely on the 3 applicable bankruptcy chapter involved. This original difference in the assumption and rejection 4 deadlines between chapter 7 and other bankruptcy chapters reflects the fundamental 5 differences in the general timing, nature, and purpose of chapter 7 versus the chapters primarily 6 focused on reorganizing debts. While chapter 7 is designed to facilitate a relatively quick 7 liquidation, chapters 9, 11 and 13 are designed usually to reorganize the debtor. When 8 liquidating, it makes sense for lease assumption and rejection issues to be decided quickly. 9 Generally, in a reorganization context, however, such issues and multiple aspects of the debtor 10 and non-debtor party’s relationship are more appropriately dealt with in the context of a plan. 11 See generally B Collier on Bankruptcy App. Pt. 4(c), at 457 (16th ed. 2020) (reprinting Report 12 of the Commission on the Bankruptcy Laws of the United States, H.R. DOC. NO. 93-137, pt. I, 13 ch. 8.A.6. Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases (1973)) (discussing in the context of 14 § 365’s refusal to give effect to ipso facto clauses that leases of a debtor are often critical to 15 reorganization, particularly in terms of the continuing ability of a party to assume such leases). 16 Since its original enactment, § 365 has been amended numerous times to address 17 instances where Congress deemed it appropriate to alter the original balance of statutory 18 protections and limitations between debtors and non-debtors and other affected parties in the 19 context of various types of leases and contracts. Two such amendments have direct bearing 20 on the § 365(d) issues before this Court under the Joint Motion: the 1984 and 2005 21 Amendments. 22 2. The Amendments to § 365. 23 In 1984, Congress amended § 365(d) by inserting the undefined terms “unexpired lease 24 of residential real property” or of “personal property” into subsections (d)(1) and (d)(2), as well 25 as adding new subsections (d)(3) and (d)(4) that addressed the treatment of an “unexpired 1 lease of nonresidential real property.” Pub. L. No. 98-353, § 362 , 98 Stat. 333 (1984) ("1984 2 Amendments") (emphasis added). New subsection (d)(3) required performance of the 3 obligations of the debtor under the lease of nonresidential real property but allowed the court to 4 extend such obligations for up to 60 days after the order for relief.8 New subsection (d)(4) 5 further provided for deemed rejection and immediate surrender of the nonresidential real 6 property if the trustee did not assume the lease of such property within 60 days or such later 7 time allowed by the court upon motion made within such time. The clear focus of the 1984 8 Amendments to § 365(d) was to lessen the burden on shopping center landlords and other 9 nearby tenants. H.R. CONF. REP. 98-882 (1984), as reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 576, 59810 99. 11 Section 365(d) remained substantially the same from 1984 until 2005. The Bankruptcy 12 Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-8, § 365 , 119 Stat. 13 23 (2005) ("2005 Amendments").9 During this intervening period there were many retail 14 bankruptcy cases involving stores that were large anchor tenants at shopping malls. 15 Bankruptcy courts had significantly extended the time to assume or reject, often to permit the 16 estate to monetize the value of such debtor's leases through the sale of designation rights or 17 otherwise. See, e.g., In re Ernst Home Ctr., Inc., 209 B.R. 974, 983 (Bankr. W.D. Wash. 1997); [19] 8 Section 365(d)(3) has not been further amended since 1984 and currently provides: The trustee shall timely perform all the obligations of the debtor, except those specified in section 20 365(b)(2), arising from and after the order for relief under any unexpired lease of nonresidential real property, until such lease is assumed or rejected, notwithstanding section 503(b)(1) of this 21 title. The court may extend, for cause, the time for performance of any such obligation that arises within 60 days after the date of the order for relief, but the time for performance shall not 22 be extended beyond such 60-day period. This subsection shall not be deemed to affect the trustee’s obligations under the provisions of subsection (b) or (f) of this section. Acceptance of 23 any such performance does not constitute waiver or relinquishment of the lessor’s rights under such lease or under this title. [24] 9 Section 365(d)(1) was amended in 1986 simply to add chapter 12 as one of the rehabilitation chapters identified in subsection (d)(2) in connection with the addition of chapter 12 generally as a new type of rehabilitation 25 bankruptcy. Pub. L. 99-554, § 257 (j), 100 Stat. 3088 (1986). 1 see also In re Ernst Home Ctr., Inc., 221 B.R. 243, 253 (9th Cir. BAP 1998) (Russell, J., 2 concurring). In 2005, Congress amended § 365(d)(4) to limit the bankruptcy court's discretion 3 in extending the deadline to assume or reject leases of nonresidential real property as follows: 4 (A) Subject to subparagraph (B), an unexpired lease of nonresidential real property under which the debtor is the lessee shall be deemed rejected, and the 5 trustee shall immediately surrender that nonresidential real property to the lessor, if the trustee does not assume or reject the unexpired lease by the earlier of -- 6 (i) the date that is 120 days after the date of the order for relief; or (ii) the date of the entry of an order confirming a plan. 7 (B) (i) The court may extend the period determined under subparagraph (A), prior to the expiration of the 120-day period, for 90 days on the motion of the trustee or [8] lessor for cause. 9 (ii) If the court grants an extension under clause (i), the court may grant a subsequent extension only upon prior written consent of the lessor in each 10 instance. § 365(d)(4).10 [11] The 2005 Amendments’ legislative history again focused on the issues in retail [13] properties, primarily in shopping malls. See H.R. REP. NO. 109-31, pt. II, at 427-28, 586-87 (2005) (repeatedly referencing the focus on retail debtors; noting that the National Retail [14] Federation was one of the strongest supporters of the legislation). Section 365 has not been [15] changed since the 2005 Amendments. Except for the changes made to § 365(d)(3) and (4) [16] restricted to cases involving nonresidential real property, Congress generally has left the [17] bankruptcy courts with significant ongoing discretion to make decisions based on the facts of [18] individual cases. This discretion includes the control over decisions impacting the relative [19] burdens and benefits, and the relationship between the debtor and non-debtor parties, [20] including when to require assumption or rejection, the extension of exclusivity, and what forms [21] of ongoing adequate protection/adequate assurance are required. [22] 23 C. Meaning of "Nonresidential" vs. "Residential" Real Property in § 365. The Court’s decision most immediately impacts the deadline by which the Debtors will [25] 10 Section 365(d)(4) has not been further amended since 2005. 1 be required to assume or reject the Master Subleases and Auburn Lease.11 If the leases are 2 determined to be of "nonresidential real property," § 365(d)(4) applies and the leases must be 3 assumed or rejected on or before June 19, 2020, absent consent of the Landlords (i.e., the 4 210th day following the order for relief). If the leases are determined to be of "residential real 5 property," § 365(d)(2) applies and the Debtors can assume or reject any time up until plan 6 confirmation, unless the Court orders earlier assumption upon motion of the Canyon 7 Landlords.12 8 As noted above, the statute does not define the terms “residential” and “nonresidential.” 9 Further, there is no binding precedent in any circuit including the Ninth Circuit. Accordingly, this 10 Court and others are left to determine the meaning based on the language of the statute, the 11 legislative history, and the use and placement of subsection 365(d) relative to other provisions 12 of § 365. Prior decisions have relied on one of two substantially different approaches to 13 determine if the lease at issue is of residential or nonresidential property. The first approach, 14 used in a minority of cases, focuses on the nature of the lease and includes all commercial 15 leases where the debtor/lessee is in the business of generating income, within the terms “lease 16 of nonresidential real property” (“Lease Test”). See In re Passage Midland Meadows 17 Operations, LLC, 578 B.R. 367 (Bankr. S.D. W. Va. 2017) (concluding that leases for facilities [19] 11 The Debtors have not sought, nor is the Court making any determinations regarding the amount of rental payments. The Debtors continue to pay postpetition rent at the invoiced amount and have acknowledged that 20 unpaid rent would be an administrative expense that must be dealt with shortly in the context of a plan along with the substantial prepetition amounts owing. Absent evidence to the contrary, there is a presumption that the lease 21 rate is the fair market value of the premises. See In re DVI, Inc., 308 B.R. 703, 708 (Bankr. D. Del. 2004); In re K-Fabricators, Inc., 135 B.R. 654, 659 (Bankr. W.D. Wash. 1992). [22] 12 The Canyon Landlords argue in their Objection that the Court should order the Debtors to decide whether to 23 assume or reject the Master Subleases by June 19, 2020. However, this issue is not presently before the Court, and the Canyon Landlords must file a motion and set it for hearing with proper notice if they seek such relief after 24 reviewing this decision. Achieving this result in this case likely would be a pyric victory given the many regulations and protections granted to residents of skilled nursing facilities upon the change in ownership and the needs to transfer to a licensed operator. See Texas Health Enters., Inc., 255 B.R 181, 185 (Bankr. E.D. Tex. 2000) (denial 25 of relief from stay in nursing home case after expiration of the deadline to assume or reject). 1 providing assisted living, skilled nursing, independent living and dementia care are 2 nonresidential); In re Emory Props., Ltd., 106 B.R. 318 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 1989) (concluding that 3 a hotel lease is nonresidential even though three employees reside on the property); In re 4 Sonora Convalescent Hosp., Inc., 69 B.R. 134 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 1986) (concluding that the 5 commercial intent of a lease for a convalescent hospital is determinative); In re Condo. Admin. 6 Servs., Inc., 55 B.R. 792 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1985) (concluding a mobile home park lease is 7 nonresidential based on the nature of the lease and not the use of the property as a residence). 8 Except for the Passage Midland case, the foregoing cases fail to explain the rationale for their 9 decisions, and the facts in Passage Midland are distinguishable because the leases terminated 10 prepetition. 11 Most of courts addressing the issue focus on the nature of the leased property and 12 whether people reside on such property (“Property Test”). See In re Michael H. Clement Corp., [13] 446 B.R. 394 (N.D. Cal. 2011) (applying the nature of the property test to determine that 14 property upon which the debtor operates his business and resides is residential); In re Memory 15 Lane of Bremen, LLC, 535 B.R. 901 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2015) (holding that senior long-term care 16 facility leases are not nonresidential real property leases); Texas Health, 255 B.R. 181 17 (concluding that nursing home leases are residential leases); In re Bonita Glenn II, 152 B.R. 18 751 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 1993) (concluding that a ground lease of real property where the debtor 19 constructed an apartment building is not a lease of nonresidential real property); In re Care 20 Givers, Inc., 113 B.R. 263 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 1989) (concluding that a nursing home lease is 21 residential even though it had both a residential and nonresidential aspect); In re Indep. Vill., 22 Inc., 52 B.R. 715 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 1985) (concluding that a life-care facility for senior citizens 23 is residential because people lived on the property). 24 This Court concludes that the Property Test and its focus on the use of the property is 25 most consistent with the language of § 365(d), its usage in the broader context of § 365, and 1 the legislative history of the 1984 and 2005 Amendments. A basic tenant of statutory 2 construction is that where the language of a statute is plain, "the sole function of the court is to 3 enforce it according to its terms." United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235 , 241 4 (1989) (citation and internal quotations omitted). 5 Section 365 uses the terms "nonresidential" or “residential” as adjectives to modify "real 6 property," not “lease.” While the phrase “lease of nonresidential property” is broader than 7 property located in shopping centers, equating such language to all commercial leases is 8 inconsistent with its use within either subsection (d) or elsewhere in § 365. As the court in Care 9 Givers recognized in criticizing the Lease Test: For the statute to have the meaning movants contend the adjective 10 "nonresidential" should be transmuted into "commercial" and moved back before the word "lease." Congress could have so provided, but did not. The plain [11] meaning of the phrase used in the statute, "lease of nonresidential real property," is not synonymous with the phrase "commercial lease of real property." In the [12] statute the adjective "nonresidential" modifies "real property" thereby focusing on 13 the character of the real property, not the character of the lease. 14 Care Givers, 113 B.R. at 266 . The focus on the nature of the property leased in deciding the meaning of the statutory [15] language also is consistent with the rest of § 365. Section 365 uses the terms “unexpired lease” [16] throughout when Congress’s focus is on the character of the lease and, in contrast, uses [17] descriptive adjectives describing the type of property where it adjusts the basic rules related to [18] assumption, rejection or assignment. See, e.g., § 365(b)(3) (providing a specific definition to [19] “adequate assurance” for a lease of real property in a shopping center); § 365(d)(5) (addressing [20] performance obligations of personal property “other than personal property leased to an [21] individual primarily for personal, family, or household purposes”). Additionally, as noted above, [22] until 2005, the statutory structure regarding the deadline for assumption or rejection was to [23] provide a general structure for chapter 7 cases, which presumed an assumption or rejection [24] within 60 days absent the trustee’s motion to extend such period, and an alternative structure [25] 1 for the remaining reorganization chapters. The other chapters presumed that assumption or 2 rejection would happen in the broader context of a plan, unless the non-debtor party moved the 3 court for an early deadline, leaving the adjustment of all such statutory deadlines within the 4 sound discretion of the court based on the facts and circumstances of the case. Given that the 5 2005 Amendment to § 365(d)(4) is an exception to the above described general statutory 6 structure, this Court is not willing to conflate the terms “lease of nonresidential real property” 7 with commercial income-producing leases without a clear congressional intent to do so. See 8 Indep. Vill., 52 B.R. at 722 ("When the Code establishes both a rule and its exception, the 9 exception should be narrowly construed."). 10 The available legislative history in fact provides no such legislative intent and instead 11 focused on retail nonresidential properties that were vacant and impacting adjacent property 12 owners and mall owners. See Section III. B. 2, pp. 8-10 (discussing § 365’s legislative history); 13 see also Care Givers, 113 B.R. at 266 -67 (citing 130 Cong.Rec.S. 8894-95 (daily ed. June 29, 14 1984), as reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 576, 599). Significantly, there is nothing in the 15 legislative history to § 365 or its amendments that addresses the many concerns for residents 16 of nursing homes, multifamily apartment buildings, or other types of residential property that 17 likely would exist if Congress’s intent was to include such properties within the definition 18 nonresidential real property. As noted by the court in Care Givers, such a broad application of 19 § 365(d)(4) would require immediate surrender of the property if not timely assumed, which 20 would produce "unsensible and unintended circumstance by requiring immediate surrender of 21 real property where people live and depend upon a licensed operator." Care Givers, 113 B.R. 22 at 267 . Although § 365(d)(4) is not limited by its terms to shopping centers, as did the court in 23 Indep. Village, this Court has "serious doubts that the section was meant to apply to the instant 24 'lease[,]'" also of a life-care facility, "and we thus see no reason to give as broad a reading to 25 that term as the [lessor] advocates." Indep. Village, 52 B.R. at 722 . The Court agrees that 1 Congress never contemplated this result and “[n]o legislative intent can be inferred from the 2 legislative history which contradicts the plain language of the statute restricting § 365(d)(4) to 3 nonresidential real property.” Care Givers, 113 B.R. at 267 . 4 In sum, the Court holds that the correct focus of the definition of residential real property 5 versus nonresidential real property should be on the intended use of such property under the 6 lease. In the case at hand, there is no dispute that the Canyon Landlords were aware of and 7 intended that the Debtors’ facilities would be used as skilled residential nursing facilities or 8 assisted living facilities. Further, as represented in the Joint Motion, the Master Subleases 9 expressly recognize the residential nature of the Debtors’ use of the Facilities by referring to 10 “resident,” “residents,” or residential” no fewer than 40 times. See Second Masterson Decl. 11 Exs. B and C; see also paragraph 22.4 of the Master Subleases (providing in part, “Agreements 12 with Residents. . . . Landlord [Canyon Z, LLC] shall recognize the rights of the residents under 13 the Occupancy Agreements. The termination of this Lease by Landlord shall not affect the 14 residents' rights under the Occupancy Agreements.”). There also is no dispute that most of the 15 Residents at the Facilities are long-term residents living at the facilities for over two years. 16 Second Masterson Decl. ¶ 4. 17 Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that the Master Subleases between the 18 Canyon Landlords and the Debtors PNW Master Tenant I, LLC and PNW Master Tenant II, 19 LLC, are leases of "residential real property" not nonresidential, thereby making § 365(d)(2) 20 applicable to such Master Subleases rather than § 365(d)(3) and (4). 21 / / / End of Memorandum Decision / / /