Braverman v. Garden City Hospital

724 N.W.2d 285 (2006) 272 Mich. App. 72 Eric A. BRAVERMAN, Successor Personal Representative of the Estate of Patricia Swann, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GARDEN CITY HOSPITAL, a/k/a Garden City Hospital, Osteopathic, Defendant-Appellee, and John R. Schairer, D.O., Gary Yashinsky, M.D., Abhinav Raina, M.D., and Providence Hospital and Medical Centers, Inc., Defendants-Appellants. Eric A. Braverman, Successor Personal Representative of the Estate of Patricia Swann, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Garden City Hospital, a/k/a Garden City Hospital, Osteopathic, Defendant-Appellant, and John R. Schairer, D.O., Gary Yashinsky, M.D., Abhinav Raina, M.D., and Providence Hospital and Medical Centers, Inc., Defendants. Docket Nos. 264029, 264091. Court of Appeals of Michigan. Submitted May 3, 2006, at Detroit. Decided August 15, 2006, at 9:05 a.m. Vacated in part by order entered September 8, 2006. Released for Publication November 14, 2006. *286 Allan Falk, P.C. (by Allan Falk), Okemos, for Eric A. Braverman. Feikens, Stevens, Kennedy & Galbraith, P.C. (by Jon Feikens), Detroit, for Garden City Hospital. Plunkett & Cooney, P.C. (by Robert G. Kamenec), Bloomfield Hills, for John Schairer, D.O., Gary Yashinsky, M.D., Abhinav Raina, M.D., and Providence Hospital and Medical Centers, Inc. Before: JANSEN, P.J., and NEFF and ZAHRA, JJ. ORDER ENTERED SEPTEMBER 8, 2006 Braverman v. Garden City Hospital, 272 Mich.App. 72, 724 N.W.2d 285 (2006). The Court orders that a special panel shall be convened pursuant to MCR 7.215(J) to resolve the conflict between this case and *287 Verbrugghe v. Select Specialty Hosp.-Macomb Co., Inc., 270 Mich.App. 383, 715 N.W.2d 72 (2006). The Court further orders that part III of the opinion in this case, which addresses the notice of intent to sue before a successor personal representative may commence a medical malpractice action, is vacated. MCR 7.215(J)(5). Applicants may file supplemental briefs within 21 days of the Clerk's certification of this order. Appellee may file supplemental briefs within 21 days of service of appellants' briefs. Nine copies must be filed with the Clerk of the Court. NEFF, J. In these consolidated appeals,[1] defendants appeal by leave granted the trial court's July 5, 2005, order denying their motions for summary disposition of plaintiff's medical malpractice action on the grounds that the action was time-barred because the two-year period of limitations under MCL 600.5805(6) had expired, and plaintiff was not entitled to the benefit of the wrongful death saving provision under MCL 600.5852. We find no error in the trial court's conclusion that plaintiff's action was timely filed. We nonetheless reverse in part the trial court's decision and remand for further proceedings on the basis of Verbrugghe v. Select Specialty Hosp-Macomb Co., Inc., 270 Mich.App. 383, 715 N.W.2d 72 (2006), which held that the plaintiff's medical malpractice complaint must be dismissed without prejudice because the successor personal representative herself must file a notice of intent, i.e., she was not the same human being as the initial personal representative who filed the notice of intent under MCL 600.2912b(1).[2] We recognize that the holding in Verbrugghe is based on this Court's earlier decision in Halton v. Fawcett, 259 Mich. App. 699, 675 N.W.2d 880 (2003), which arguably is controlling authority with respect to the notice of intent issues in both Verbrugghe and this case. Nonetheless, the factual circumstances in these cases are sufficiently distinguishable to raise a question whether the result in Verbrugghe or this case properly follows from the holding in Halton. Given our concern with the result in this case, and the likelihood of unjust consequences in future cases, we declare a conflict, MCR 7.215(J)(2), so that the precedent established by Halton and Verbrugghe may be more fully considered in the circumstances that are now presented. Were we not required to follow the precedent established by Verbrugghe, MCR 7.215(J)(1), we would affirm. I. Issues These appeals arise from a medical malpractice complaint filed by plaintiff on January 25, 2005, alleging that defendants' negligent medical treatment of decedent Patricia Swann between April 18, 2000, and November 29, 2001, resulted in her death. Swann's mother, Grace Fler, was appointed personal representative of her *288 estate on October 29, 2002. Fler resigned as personal representative, and letters of authority were issued to plaintiff, as successor personal representative, on August 18, 2004.[3] A notice of intent for the medical malpractice action was sent to defendants on July 8, 2004, before Fler resigned, but no complaint was filed until after plaintiff was appointed successor personal representative. The parties do not dispute that plaintiff failed to commence this action within the two-year limitations period for medical malpractice actions under MCL 600.5805(6).[4] The central dispute is whether the complaint was timely filed pursuant to the wrongful death saving provision, MCL 600.5852, which permits an action to be filed within two years of the issuance of letters of authority to the personal representative of the estate.[5] Defendants argue that MCL 600.5852 required that plaintiff file his complaint within two years of the issuance of letters of authority to Fler, the initial personal representative. However, defendants' argument is contrary to the holding in Eggleston v. Bio-Medical Applications of Detroit, Inc., 468 Mich. 29, 658 N.W.2d 139 (2003), which was based on the unambiguous language of MCL 600.5852, and we find defendants' attempts to distinguish Eggleston unavailing. Similar arguments were thoroughly considered and rejected in Verbrugghe, supra at 387-392, 715 N.W.2d 72. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court's ruling that plaintiff's complaint was not time-barred. Were we to decide these appeals only on the basis of timeliness, we would affirm the trial court's decision. However, defendants argue in the alternative that they were entitled to dismissal without prejudice because plaintiff was not the same "person" who filed the notice of intent under MCL 600.2912b(1). The trial court did not address this alternative argument, but the record is sufficient for our review.[6] We find the substantive issue clearly resolved in defendants' favor by the holding in Verbrugghe, decided after this appeal was filed. Although the factual circumstances of this case differ from those in Verbrugghe, the notice of intent holding in Verbrugghe must reasonably be read to encompass the disposition of this case. In this case, as in Verbrugghe, the personal representative *289 who filed the complaint is not the same human being who filed the notice of intent, and thus plaintiff himself did not file the notice of intent, Verbrugghe, supra at 397, 715 N.W.2d 72. However, in Verbrugghe, the successor personal representative was appointed after the initial representative had filed a notice of intent and a complaint, and the successor filed no notice of intent for a subsequent, second lawsuit. Here, the successor personal representative was appointed in the interim between the filing of the notice of intent and the filing of the complaint, and thus the complaint properly followed the notice of intent as a matter of course despite the substitution of a new personal representative. Verbrugghe is based on the earlier decision in Halton, and, despite the distinct factual circumstances, Verbrugghe does not limit its reliance on Halton. Therefore, as explained more fully in part III of this opinion, the holding in Verbrugghe must be read to generally require that the same human being who files the notice of intent must file the complaint pursuant to MCL 600.2912b(1) despite any substitution of parties, as in this case. II. Standard of Review Defendants moved for summary disposition on the basis of the limitations period applicable to medical malpractice actions, MCL 600.5805(6). This Court reviews de novo whether a statute of limitations bars a claim. Farley v. Advanced Cardiovascular Health Specialists, PC, 266 Mich.App. 566, 570-571, 703 N.W.2d 115 (2005). "A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) may be supported by affidavits, admissions, or other documentary evidence and, if submitted, such evidence must be considered by the court." Travelers Ins. Co. v. Guardian Alarm Co. of Michigan, 231 Mich.App. 473, 477, 586 N.W.2d 760 (1998). "[T]he court must take all well-pleaded allegations as true and construe them in favor of the nonmoving party." Id. "If there are no facts in dispute, whether the claim is statutorily barred is a question of law for the court." Id. [Editor's Note: The following portion of the opinion has been vacated by the order entered Sept. 8, 2006.] III. Notice of Intent Under MCL 600.2912b(1), a medical malpractice plaintiff must file a notice of intent to sue before commencing an action in the trial court: Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person shall not commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health professional or health facility unless the person has given the health professional or health facility written notice under this section not less than 182 days before the action is commenced.[7] [MCL 600.2912b(1).] In Halton, this Court held that the statutory notice of intent requirement was met despite the fact that a personal representative filed the notice of intent before she was appointed as personal representative because she nevertheless was the same person, i.e., "human being," who filed the medical malpractice complaint. Halton, supra at 704, 675 N.W.2d 880. The Halton Court reasoned that "the statute requires that the person commencing a medical malpractice action be the person who previously served a notice of intent on the defendant." Id. at 702, 675 N.W.2d 880 (emphasis in original). The Court held *290 that "the word `person' refers to a human being, whether in their individual or representative capacity." Id. at 704, 675 N.W.2d 880. The Court thus held that because the plaintiff who filed suit was the same human being who served the notice of intent, albeit in a different capacity, "the statutory requirement that the person who files the suit must have previously given notice of intent is satisfied." Id. In Verbrugghe, the Court was presented with distinctly different facts. There, as in this case, a successor personal representative was appointed. However, in Verbrugghe, unlike here, the initial personal representative had already filed a notice of intent and a medical malpractice complaint. The successor personal representative was then appointed and replaced the initial representative on the caption of the complaint.[8] Additionally, the successor personal representative filed a second complaint in the same circuit court, without filing a notice of intent. The trial court dismissed the second lawsuit on statute of limitations grounds,[9] as well as other grounds. Id. at 385-387, 715 N.W.2d 72. On appeal, this Court found that pursuant to the holding in Eggleston the second lawsuit was not time-barred under MCL 600.5852, or precluded on principles of res judicata, but the lawsuit was nevertheless properly dismissed without prejudice. In so holding, the Court stated: The trial court also dismissed this case on statute of limitations grounds, MCR 2.116(C)(7), as well as offering several alternative grounds supporting its decision. Central to this appeal is whether MCL 600.5852, as enforced by Eggleston [, supra], allowed plaintiff to bring this second lawsuit. We conclude that under the statute and Eggleston plaintiff could do so. We also hold that res judicata did not bar this lawsuit, because a dismissal on statute of limitations grounds does not constitute an adjudication on the merits. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's order dismissing this case with prejudice, and, for the reasons stated below, remand for entry of an order of dismissal without prejudice. [Verbrugghe, supra at 385, 715 N.W.2d 72 (emphasis added).] After a thorough discussion of the statute of limitations and res judicata issues, the Court briefly addressed the notice of intent issue in one paragraph: The trial court's final reason for dismissal was that plaintiff's complaint was subject to dismissal because the successor personal representative failed to serve a notice of intent on defendants, citing MCL 600.2912b(1) and Halton [, supra]. The trial court and defendants are correct in this last assertion, as plaintiff herself was required to file a notice of intent before commencing this lawsuit. [Id.] However, the remedy for *291 this deficiency is a dismissal without prejudice. See Neal v. Oakwood Hosp. Corp., 226 Mich.App. 701, 715, 575 N.W.2d 68 (1997) ("[D]ismissal without prejudice" would be the "appropriate sanction for plaintiff's noncompliance with [MCL 600.2912b(1).").] [Verbrugghe, supra at 397, 715 N.W.2d 72 (emphasis added).] A straightforward reading of Verbrugghe mandates a conclusion that the successor personal representative did not comply with the notice of intent requirement, not because a notice of intent was not filed for the second lawsuit, but because the plaintiff successor personal representative did not herself file the notice of intent that was filed for the first lawsuit. But for the explanatory statement "as plaintiff herself was required to file a notice of intent before commencing this lawsuit," Verbrugghe might be read as holding that no notice of intent was filed as a prerequisite to the second lawsuit since the first notice of intent clearly pertained to the previously filed, first lawsuit. However, the citation of Halton and the explanatory statement leave little doubt that the Court held that a successor personal representative may not rely on a notice of intent filed by a predecessor personal representative, regardless of whether, as in this case, the successor personal representative was appointed in the interim between the filing of the notice of intent and the filing of the medical malpractice complaint. The circumstances of this case now raise a question whether the reasoning in Halton is properly extended to the circumstances of Verbrugghe and this case. In Halton, the Court simply held that the fact that the person who filed the complaint was the same human being who filed the notice of intent sufficed under the plain language of MCL 600.2912b(1). But the analysis in Halton suggests that a personal representative acting in the representative capacity does not meet the definition of "person," and thus MCL 600.2912b(1) is not satisfied, if a different human being is substituted as personal representative. The Halton Court reasoned that a "personal representative" is a "person" under the Estates and Protected Individuals Code (EPIC),[10] rather than a separate legal entity: Turning to [EPIC], we see nothing that suggests that a personal representative is a separate legal entity such as a partnership or corporation. Rather, EPIC defines "personal representative" as "an executor, administrator, successor personal representative, and special personal representative, and any other person who performs substantially the same function under the law governing that person's status." [MCL 700.1106(n).] Thus, EPIC recognizes that a "personal representative" is a "person" rather than a separate legal entity. [Halton, supra at 703, 675 N.W.2d 880.] In summarizing its analysis, the Halton Court stated that "the word `person' refers to a human being, whether in their individual or representative capacity."[11]Id. at 704, 675 N.W.2d 880. However, merely because the statutory requirement is met under the circumstances in Halton does not preclude a conclusion that the statutory requirement is also met if the person is *292 the same person in a representative capacity.[12] To the extent that Halton concludes that distinct human beings, acting successively as a personal representative for the same estate, cannot satisfy MCL 600.2912b(1), the conclusion should be viewed as dictum because those circumstances were not presented in Halton. As plaintiff argues, such a holding does not comport with the provision of EPIC that generally permits a personal representative to ratify acts by another that are beneficial to the estate. MCL 700.3701;[13]Verbrugghe, supra at 392-393, 715 N.W.2d 72. In this regard, the reasoning in Halton makes sense under the circumstances of that case, because the same human being filed both the notice of intent and the complaint even though the appointment as personal representative occurred after the notice of intent. It does not logically follow that the same human being must file both the notice of intent and the complaint in all cases. Nevertheless, the conclusion in Verbrugghe is reasonably read, as defendants argue, to extend the Halton analysis and holding to the circumstances of this case. We reluctantly do so. The holding in Verbrugghe, as it is stated, extends to circumstances involving any successor personal representative, and by implication may extend to cases involving other representative parties, such as those representing minor children or disabled individuals. Accordingly, in such cases, no substitution could occur in a medical malpractice action even if the representative died in the interim between the filing of the notice of intent and the complaint.[14] We therefore urge this Court to more fully consider the implications and limitations of such a general rule. The conclusion seemingly mandated by the holding in Verbrugghe is particularly unjustified in the circumstances of this case, in which the notice of intent expressly stated that it was filed on behalf of the estate's "duly appointed Representative,"[15] and it is uncontested that the notice filed by the initial representative was not the notice of intent for the medical malpractice complaint filed by plaintiff, since Fler did not file a complaint, and plaintiff was appointed in the interim between the notice and the filing of the complaint. Further, it is clear that defendants themselves accepted that the notice of intent filed by Fler applied to a complaint filed by plaintiff. Plaintiff first filed the medical malpractice complaint on October *293 29, 2004, and, after defendants' objection that the complaint was filed prematurely because plaintiff failed to wait the required time after the notice of intent (filed by Fler) before filing the complaint, MCL 600.2912b(1), plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the October 29, 2004, complaint. After plaintiff refiled his complaint following the required waiting period, defendants subsequently[16] argued that plaintiff himself never filed a notice of intent, citing Halton. In this case, it is undisputed that the person who served the notice of intent on defendants was not the same human being who filed suit. However, both the notice of intent and the complaint were filed by the personal representative of Swann's estate at the time of the act. Were we not bound by the holding in Verbrugghe, we would hold that MCL 600.2912b(1) was satisfied under the circumstances of this case. [Editor's Note: The preceding portion of the opinion has been vacated by the order entered Sept. 8, 2006.] IV. Timeliness In light of the allegations in plaintiff's complaint regarding the last date of treatment by each defendant in this matter, i.e., the dates of the alleged negligence, we agree with the trial court that plaintiff's action was not time-barred. MCL 600.5852 provides: If a person dies before the period of limitations has run or within 30 days after the period of limitations has run, an action which survives by law may be commenced by the personal representative of the deceased person at any time within 2 years after letters of authority are issued although the period of limitations has run. But an action shall not be brought under this provision unless the personal representative commences it within 3 years after the period of limitations has run. "Under this provision, a personal representative may file a medical malpractice suit on behalf of a deceased person for two years after letters of authority are issued, as long as that suit is commenced within three years after the two-year malpractice limitations period expired." Farley, supra at 572-573, 703 N.W.2d 115. Plaintiff timely filed this action within two years of the issuance of his letters of authority as successor personal representative, which satisfies MCL 600.5852. Eggleston, supra. In Eggleston, the Court addressed the issue "whether a successor personal representative has two years after appointment to file an action on behalf of an estate under the wrongful death saving statute, MCL 600.5852, or whether the two-year period is measured from the appointment of the initial personal representative." Id. at 30, 658 N.W.2d 139. The Eggleston Court held that the action was timely where the successor personal representative filed the complaint within two years after letters of authority were issued to him and within three years after the period of limitations had run. Id. at 33, 658 N.W.2d 139. The Supreme Court noted that this Court had misread MCL 600.5852 as permitting a personal representative to bring an action within two years after the initial letters of authority were issued, when in fact, the statute has no such limiting language and refers simply to "letters of authority." Id. at 32-33, 658 N.W.2d 139. *294 The trial court correctly applied Eggleston to this case. Here, plaintiff successor personal representative was appointed and issued letters of authority on August 18, 2004. Plaintiff filed the complaint on January 25, 2005, which is within two years of the issuance of his letters of authority, and within three years after the limitations period had run. MCL 600.5852. Contrary to defendants' arguments, we find no basis for distinguishing this case from Eggleston merely because Eggleston involved the death of the initial personal representative or because Fler had ample time to commence this action, and her grace period expired. In Eggleston, a unanimous Supreme Court decided the case solely on the basis of the statutory language of the wrongful death saving provision, stating: The statute simply provides that an action may be commenced by the personal representative "at any time within 2 years after letters of authority are issued although the period of limitations has run." The language adopted by the Legislature clearly allows an action to be brought within two years after letters of authority are issued to the personal representative. The statute does not provide that the two-year period is measured from the date letters of authority are issued to the initial personal representative. [Eggleston, supra at 33, 658 N.W.2d 139 (citation omitted).] The statutory language unambiguously provides a personal representative a two-year grace period commencing with the issuance of his or her letters of authority. Id. Accordingly, in Verbrugghe, supra at 388-390, 715 N.W.2d 72, this Court considered and rejected any basis for distinguishing Eggleston on grounds such as those posed by defendants. The trial court correctly denied defendants' motions for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). V. Disposition Plaintiff argues that defendants failed to properly raise, preserve, and present the notice of intent issue for appeal. Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we find no basis for declining to consider the issue on these grounds in Docket No. 264029 (with respect to Dr. Schairer, Dr. Yashinsky, Dr. Raina, and Providence). These parties variously raised the failure to comply with MCL 600.2912b(1) as an affirmative defense and as an argument before the trial court, to which plaintiff responded without objection. Moreover, these defendants raised and argued this issue in their application for leave to appeal to this Court, and leave was granted on the basis of the issues raised. However, in Docket No. 264091, we agree that a finding of waiver is proper with respect to Garden City. See Burton v. Reed City Hosp. Corp., 471 Mich. 745, 754 n. 4, 691 N.W.2d 424 (2005) (waiver of a defense may sometimes be shown by a course of acts and conduct, and in some cases will be implied on that basis). The record indicates that Garden City expressly accepted the notice of intent at issue as plaintiff's notice of intent. Garden City stated in its motion for summary disposition that "[p]laintiff failed to wait the 154 days from the time of serving his Notice of Intent to Sue. . . ." (Emphasis added.) In Garden City's brief in support of its motion for summary disposition, it stated, "Further, admittedly, Plaintiff filed a Notice of Intent to Sue on July 8, 2004." Garden City clearly proceeded on the basis that plaintiff had filed a notice of intent pursuant to MCL 600.2912b(1). Moreover, Garden City did not raise the notice of intent issue in its application for leave to appeal *295 to this Court.[17] Garden City is not entitled to relief on the basis of the notice of intent. Pursuant to Verbrugghe, supra at 397, 715 N.W.2d 72, and its reading of Halton, plaintiff's action was subject to dismissal without prejudice. Given the absence of consideration below of the notice of intent issue, and the limited arguments on appeal, we remand this matter to the trial court for any decision concerning further proceedings, i.e., whether defendants, other than Garden City, are now entitled to dismissal with prejudice. VI. Statutory Revisions This case exemplifies the continuing difficulties presented by recent developments in medical malpractice law. Given the intricacies of the statutory scheme and the nuances of cases interpreting those decisions, this area of medical malpractice law is fraught with peril for even the most careful practitioner. We urge the Legislature to consider revisions to the statutory scheme that would provide litigants and the courts with clear guidance to carry out the Legislature's intent in this area of law. Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. JANSEN, P.J., concurred. ZAHRA, J. (dissenting). I respectfully dissent. Contrary to the majority, I find that the notice of intent to sue ("notice") issue is not properly preserved for interlocutory review. I conclude that the majority is reaching to declare a conflict where the outcome of this case need not be determined by resolution of a conflict panel. I would not declare a conflict with Verbrugghe v. Select Specialty Hosp.-Macomb County, Inc., 270 Mich. App. 383, 715 N.W.2d 72 (2006), because Verbrugghe applied MCL 600.2912b under Halton v. Fawcett, 259 Mich.App. 699, 675 N.W.2d 880 (2003), not under MCL 700.3701. Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court's decision denying defendants summary disposition. On remand, I would urge the trial court to consider the issue whether MCL 700.3701 modifies the meaning of "person," as defined by Halton, under MCL 600.2912b(1). This Court may disregard the issue preservation requirements where refusal to consider the issue results in manifest injustice. Polkton Charter Twp. v. Pellegrom, 265 Mich.App. 88, 95-96, 693 N.W.2d 170 (2005). I am not persuaded here that to avoid manifest injustice this Court need consider the notice issue.[1] There is no evidence that the trial court considered this issue; indeed, Providence *296 and Yashinsky only raised the issue in response to plaintiff's reply to a motion for summary disposition, claiming that, "[a]lternatively, if [the trial court] should find that the appointment of a successor personal representative renders this action timely, it must be dismissed without prejudice because Mr. Braverman has not sent a notice of intent." Although the trial court found the action timely, there is no indication that the trial court would err in deciding whether the case must be dismissed without prejudice where plaintiff himself did not file a notice. A medical malpractice plaintiff must file a notice of intent to sue before commencing his or her action in the trial court. Specifically, MCL 600.2912b(1) provides: Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person shall not commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health professional or health facility unless the person has given the health professional or health facility written notice under this section not less than 182 days before the action is commenced. [MCL 600.2912b(1).] In Halton, supra, the plaintiff served the defendants with the requisite notice of intent. She was later appointed personal representative and filed suit in that capacity. Id. at 700-701, 675 N.W.2d 880. Halton noted that "the statute requires that the person commencing a medical malpractice action be the person who previously served a notice of intent on the defendant." Id. at 702, 675 N.W.2d 880 (emphasis in original). After consulting the dictionary, Halton concluded that "the word `person' refers to a human being, whether in their individual or representative capacity." Id. at 704, 675 N.W.2d 880. Halton, therefore, held that because the plaintiff who filed suit was the same human being who served the notice of intent, albeit in a different capacity, "the statutory requirement that the person who files the suit must have previously given notice of intent is satisfied." Id. The majority claims that Verbrugghe "does not comport with the provisions of [the Estate and Protected Individuals Code (EPIC)] that generally permits a personal representative to ratify acts by another that are beneficial to the estate. MCL 700.3701." Ante at 292. In Verbrugghe, the initial personal representative filed a notice of intent to sue and later filed suit. The defendants moved for summary disposition on the basis that the suit was untimely. Before the summary disposition hearing, however, letters of authority were issued to the successor personal representative. Id. at 386, 715 N.W.2d 72. The successor personal representative filed a second suit, and "specifically elected not to ratify the lawsuit brought by the initial personal representative." Id. at 392, 715 N.W.2d 72. Applying MCL 600.2912b(1) and Halton's definition of "person" under that provision, Verbrugghe held that the "plaintiff herself was required to file or serve a notice of intent before commencing this lawsuit." Id. at 397, 715 N.W.2d 72. As noted by the majority, ante at 291, "Verbrugghe might be read as holding that no notice of intent was filed as a prerequisite to the second lawsuit since the first notice of intent clearly pertained to the previously filed, first lawsuit." Verbrugghe did not address MCL 600.2912b(1) in conjunction with MCL 700.3701, and thus did not consider whether an initial personal representative is the same "person" as a successor personal representative under MCL 600.2912b(1). Verbrugghe did, however, address Halton. Under Halton, "the word `person' refers to a human being, whether in their individual or representative capacity." Halton did not define "person" to include human beings that have the same representative *297 capacities. This issue was never developed in the lower court and has not yet been addressed by this Court. In sum, neither the lower court nor this Court in Verbrugghe addressed whether, in light of EPIC, the "person" must be the same human being who filed a notice of intent. I would affirm the decision of the trial court and remand for further proceedings and development of this significant issue of law. NOTES [1] In Docket No. 264029, this Court granted an application for leave filed by defendants John R. Schairer, D.O.; Gary Yashinsky, M.D.; Abhinav Raina, M.D.; and Providence Hospital and Medical Centers, Inc. (Providence). In Docket No. 264091, this Court granted a separate application for leave filed by defendant Garden City Hospital, also known as Garden City Hospital, Osteopathic (Garden City). [2] It appears that defendants Dr. Schairer, Dr. Yashinsky, Dr. Raina, and Providence are entitled to dismissal with prejudice because plaintiff cannot now timely refile this action under the wrongful death saving provision. However, this ultimate disposition has not been fully briefed by the parties, and thus this matter is properly remanded to the trial court for decision after response from the parties. [3] The record is unclear whether Fler's resignation was effective August 17, 2004, or August 18, 2004, but the exact date is immaterial with respect to the issues presented. [4] Plaintiff alleged malpractice based on Swann's treatment with Dr. Schairer, April 19-21, 2000; Dr. Yashinsky and Providence, October 19, 2001, through November 29, 2001; Garden City, April 18-21, 2000; and Dr. Raina, November 26-29, 2001. Accordingly, plaintiff was required to commence his action against Dr. Schairer by April 21, 2002, his action against Dr. Yashinsky and Providence by November 29, 2003, his action against Garden City by April 21, 2002, and his action against Dr. Raina by November 29, 2003. MCL 600.5805(6); MCL 600.5838a. Plaintiff did not commence this action until January 25, 2005. [5] MCL 600.5852 additionally requires that the action be filed within three years of the expiration of the statutory limitations period; however, this additional three-year ceiling is not at issue in this appeal. [6] Generally, to preserve an issue for appellate review, the issue must be raised before and decided by the trial court. Fast Air, Inc. v. Knight, 235 Mich.App. 541, 549, 599 N.W.2d 489 (1999). This Court has the discretion to consider unpreserved questions of law when the relevant facts necessary for their resolution appear in the record. Bertrand v. City of Mackinac Island, 256 Mich.App. 13, 21, 662 N.W.2d 77 (2003). [7] Although a claimant generally must wait 182 days before commencing an action, a claimant may file an action after 154 days if no response to the notice is received as required by MCL 600.2912b(7). MCL 600.2912b(8); Burton v. Reed City Hosp. Corp., 471 Mich. 745, 751, 691 N.W.2d 424 (2005). [8] The Court nevertheless stated that the successor personal representative "specifically elected not to ratify the lawsuit brought by the initial personal representative, instead filing a new one." Verbrugghe, supra at 392, 715 N.W.2d 72. [9] The trial court also dismissed the first lawsuit on statute of limitations grounds, a decision that was upheld on appeal, Verbrugghe v. Select Specialty Hosp.-Macomb Co., Inc., unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued March 23, 2006 (Docket No. 262748). The chronology differs in this case. Here, after filing this lawsuit, plaintiff filed a second lawsuit, which the trial court dismissed with prejudice pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(6) because "[a]nother action ha[d] been initiated between the same parties involving the same claim." This Court affirmed the dismissal in a consolidated case, Estate of Swann v. Garden City Hosp., unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 16, 2006, 2006 WL 1329160 (Docket No. 266505). [10] MCL 700.1101 et seq. [11] Justice Markman expressed reservations about the analysis in Halton, which we share because, by relying on MCL 700.3701, the same result is reached in Halton without creating the restrictive precedent under MCL 600.2912b(1). See Halton v. Fawcett, 471 Mich. 912, 688 N.W.2d 287 (2004) (Markman, J., concurring). [12] Logic dictates that the fulfillment of a requirement by one fact does not preclude fulfillment of that requirement by another fact, i.e., merely because a complaint must be filed on a weekday, and Tuesday is a weekday, it does not logically follow that a complaint may not also be filed on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, or Friday, which are also weekdays. [13] MCL 700.3701 provides: A personal representative's duties and powers commence upon appointment. A personal representative's powers relate back in time to give acts by the person appointed that are beneficial to the estate occurring before appointment the same effect as those occurring after appointment. Before or after appointment, a person named as personal representative in a will may carry out the decedent's written instructions relating to the decedent's body, funeral, and burial arrangements. A personal representative may ratify and accept an act on behalf of the estate done by another if the act would have been proper for a personal representative. [14] The new, successor representative would be obligated to begin the action anew with another notice of intent, which could, more often than not, preclude any action on the grounds that it was time-barred. [15] The notice of intent contained no reference to Fler personally. [16] As plaintiffs note, defendants did not raise the notice of intent issue in their motions for summary disposition; it was raised only in Dr. Yashinsky's and Providence Hospital's reply brief to plaintiff's response to Dr. Shairer's motion for summary disposition. [17] We recognize that this Court may choose to address issues raised by codefendants in consolidated cases to avoid inconsistent results, People v. Hayden, 132 Mich.App. 273, 288 n. 8, 348 N.W.2d 672 (1984), but find it unnecessary to do so in this case. [1] Indeed, not only did Garden City fail to raise the notice issue before the trial court in its motion for summary disposition, Garden City also did not present this issue in its application for leave to appeal. MCR 7.205(D)(4). Thus, in regard to Docket No. 264091, the requirements for preserving the notice issue have clearly not been satisfied in this case. Furthermore, the notice issue was only raised in defendants Providence's and Yashinsky's reply to plaintiff's response to their motion for summary disposition. While the record shows that some defendants concurred in other defendants' motions for summary disposition, the record does not show that any defendant concurred in Providence's and Yashinsky's motion for summary disposition. Thus, the issue is only arguably preserved with respect to Providence and Yashinsky, although they only raised the notice issue as an alternative argument that would be presented if the trial court found the action timely.