Harris v. Vernier

617 N.W.2d 764 (2000) 242 Mich. App. 306 Alice HARRIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John Derick VERNIER, Defendant-Appellee. Docket No. 208750. Court of Appeals of Michigan. Submitted December 7, 1999, at Detroit. Decided August 22, 2000, at 9:20 a.m. Released for Publication October 18, 2000. *766 Dib and Fagan, P.C. (by Cara L. Cunningham), Detroit, for the plaintiff. Vandeveer Garzia, P.C. (by Hal O. Carroll, James A. Sullivan, and Laurie S. Raab), Detroit, for the defendant. Before: SMOLENSKI, P.J. and WHITBECK and ZAHRA, JJ. *765 ZAHRA, J. Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court's order granting summary disposition for defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(4) (lack of subject-matter jurisdiction) and dismissing plaintiff's third-party no-fault claim. We affirm. The essential facts are not in dispute. In the early morning of September 22, 1995, the parties were driving separate vehicles when they were involved in a collision in the parking lot of a Ford Motor Company plant. Plaintiff and defendant were employees of Ford, both having finished their shifts at the plant just before the collision. Plaintiff brought suit, alleging defendant's negligence in operating his vehicle caused her serious impairment of body function. See M.C.L. § 500.3135(1); MSA 24.13135(1).[1] Defendant brought his first motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing any injury is compensable only under the Worker's Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), M.C.L. § 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq., because the parties were employees present on their employer's premises when the collision occurred. As such, defendant argued, plaintiff's suit is barred by the exclusive remedy provision *767 of the WDCA, M.C.L. § 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). Plaintiff argued, in response, that defendant had failed to assert the affirmative defense of "immunity granted by law" under MCR 2.111(F)(3)(a) or (b) in his first responsive pleading and, thus, pursuant to MCR 2.111(F)(2), waived any defense based on the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. The trial court initially agreed that defendant's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision constituted an affirmative defense and ruled that defendant waived the defense when he failed to raise it in his answer to plaintiff's complaint or through amendment. The trial court also denied defendant's request to amend his answer to include a WDCA defense given the late stage of the proceedings. Thereafter, defendant brought a motion for reconsideration and a second motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(4), arguing the trial court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's claim. Defendant asserted that the suit should be characterized as a workplace injury claim that falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Bureau of Worker's Compensation. Plaintiff argued, in response, that the case involves a personal injury claim arising from an automobile accident over which the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction. The trial court reversed its prior ruling and granted summary disposition for defendant, ruling that the Bureau of Worker's Compensation has exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's claim. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA, when asserted as a defense to a third-party no-fault claim brought in the circuit court, constitutes a challenge to the court's subject-matter jurisdiction over the claim. Plaintiff claims that defendant's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision is more properly characterized as a waivable affirmative defense based on immunity granted by law. We review a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition based on MCR 2.116(C)(4) de novo to determine if the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law, or if affidavits or other proofs demonstrate there is an issue of material fact. MCR 2.116(I)(1); Herbolsheimer v. SMS Holding Co., Inc., 239 Mich.App. 236, 240, 608 N.W.2d 487 (2000). Further, whether a trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Specht v. Citizens Ins. Co. of America, 234 Mich.App. 292, 294, 593 N.W.2d 670 (1999). The exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA includes, in pertinent part: (1) The right to the recovery of benefits as provided in this act shall be the employee's exclusive remedy against the employer for a personal injury or occupational disease. The only exception to this exclusive remedy is an intentional tort. [MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1).] The underlying rationale for limiting an employee's remedies is as follows: Under the WDCA, employers provide compensation to employees for injuries suffered in the course of employment, regardless of fault. "In return for this almost automatic liability, employees are limited in the amount of compensation they may collect from their employer, and, except in limited circumstances, may not bring a tort action against the employer." [Herbolsheimer, supra at 240, 608 N.W.2d 487 (citations omitted).] The exclusive remedy provision limits an employee's recovery when the employee "receives a personal injury arising out of and in the course of employment by an employer who is subject to this act at the time of the injury." MCL 418.301(1); MSA 17.237(301)(1).[2] It is well settled that the exclusive remedy provision applies *768 when an employee is injured by the negligent acts of his employer or by the negligent acts of a coemployee. Berger v. Mead, 127 Mich.App. 209, 213-214, 338 N.W.2d 919 (1983); citing Holody v. Detroit, 117 Mich.App. 76, 80-82, 323 N.W.2d 599 (1982), and Dixon v. Sype, 92 Mich.App. 144, 148, 284 N.W.2d 514 (1979); see Farrell v. Dearborn Mfg. Co., 416 Mich. 267, 275-278, 330 N.W.2d 397 (1982). In the present case, plaintiff contends defendant waived the defense that plaintiff's automobile negligence claim is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA because he failed to raise it as an affirmative defense. MCR 2.111(F) provides, in part: (F) Defenses; Requirement That Defense Be Pleaded. * * * (2) Defenses Must Be Pleaded; Exceptions. A party against whom a cause of action has been asserted by complaint, cross-claim, counterclaim, or third-party claim must assert in a responsive pleading the defenses the party has against the claim. A defense not asserted in the responsive pleading or by motion as provided by these rules is waived, except for the defenses of lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action, and failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. * * * (3) Affirmative Defenses. Affirmative defenses must be stated in a party's responsive pleading, either as originally filed or as amended in accordance with MCR 2.118. Under a separate and distinct heading, a party must state the facts constituting (a) an affirmative defense, such as contributory negligence; the existence of an agreement to arbitrate; assumption of risk; payment; release; satisfaction; discharge; license; fraud; duress; estoppel; statute of frauds; statute of limitations; immunity granted by law; want or failure of consideration; or that an instrument or transaction is void, voidable, or cannot be recovered on by reason of statute or nondelivery; (b) a defense that by reason of other affirmative matter seeks to avoid the legal effect of or defeat the claim of the opposing party, in whole or in part; (c) a ground of defense that, if not raised in the pleading, would be likely to take the adverse party by surprise. A party that fails to raise an affirmative defense as required by MCR 2.111(F) waives the defense. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Detroit Edison Co., 237 Mich.App. 485, 494-495, 603 N.W.2d 317 (1999). Michigan courts have failed to address specifically the issue whether a party's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA constitutes a challenge to a court's power to decide a claim in light of the Bureau of Worker's Compensation exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction over worker's compensation claims or whether the defense is more properly characterized as a grant of immunity or other type of waivable affirmative defense. We conclude that defendant did not waive any defense based on the exclusive remedy provision when he did not raise it in his responsive pleading. We hold that a party's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA is a direct challenge to the trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction, not within the scope of the waiver rule in MCR 2.111(F). As previously stated, the exclusive remedy provision limits an employee's right to recover against his employer or a coemployee for a personal injury arising out of the course of his employment to the benefits available under the WDCA. M.C.L. § 418.131; MSA 17.237(131), M.C.L. § 418.301; MSA 17.237(301). Significantly, M.C.L. § 418.841(1); MSA 17.237(841)(1) confers exclusive jurisdiction of claims under the WDCA on the Bureau of Worker's Compensation.[3] Because the *769 Bureau of Worker's Compensation is granted exclusive jurisdiction over the only remedy available as a result of the exclusive remedy provision, we hold that a party's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision as a defense to a claim necessarily constitutes a challenge to the trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction over the claim. There are numerous opinions that analyze whether a trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim in light of a defendant's assertion of a defense based on the exclusive remedy provision. See Adams v. Nat'l Bank of Detroit, 444 Mich. 329, 370, 383, 508 N.W.2d 464 (1993) (Brickley, J.); Herbolsheimer, supra; James v. Commercial Carriers, Inc., 230 Mich.App. 533, 536, 583 N.W.2d 913 (1998); Winters v. Dalton, 207 Mich.App. 76, 78-79, 523 N.W.2d 636 (1994); Schefsky v. Evening News Ass'n, 169 Mich.App. 223, 225-226, 228, 425 N.W.2d 768 (1988). Indeed, this Court has stated, "We review questions regarding the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(4) to determine whether the circuit court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because the plaintiff's claim was barred by the provision." Herbolsheimer, supra at 240, 608 N.W.2d 487, citing James, supra, and Bitar v. Wakim, 211 Mich.App. 617, 619, 536 N.W.2d 583 (1995), rev'd on other grounds 456 Mich. 428, 572 N.W.2d 191 (1998); see Winters, supra. We are mindful of prior cases that have made reference to the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA as an "affirmative defense" or "immunity." See Kidder v. Miller-Davis Co., 455 Mich. 25, 54-55, 564 N.W.2d 872 (1997) (Kelly, J., dissenting); Benson v. Dep't of Mgt. & Budget, 168 Mich.App. 302, 304, 424 N.W.2d 40 (1988); Berger, supra at 217, 338 N.W.2d 919; Drewes v. Grand Valley State Colleges, 106 Mich.App. 776, 784, 308 N.W.2d 642 (1981). However, those cases are inapposite to the present issue. Those cases did not squarely determine whether a party's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA constitutes a challenge to the trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim or constitutes an affirmative defense to the claim. We do not find the loose references within those cases to the terms "affirmative defense" and "immunity" controlling of the present issue. Furthermore, we do not deny that the exclusive remedy provision, by generally barring any recovery other than that which is provided under the WDCA, may be viewed as providing "immunity" from suit. The term "immunity" is generally defined to mean "exception from obligation, service, duty, liability, or prosecution." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997). A party could elect to assert the provision as an "affirmative defense" in its responsive pleading. An affirmative defense being a defense that does not challenge the factual merits of a plaintiff's prima facie case, but which otherwise denies relief. Stanke v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., 200 Mich.App. 307, 312, 503 N.W.2d 758 (1993). Therefore, we recognize that, if timely asserted under MCR 2.111(F), the exclusive remedy provision may serve as a valid affirmative defense to a claim in conjunction with a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7). However, because a defense based on the exclusive remedy provision most specifically challenges whether a circuit court has the power to resolve a claim, we conclude that the defense is jurisdictional and need not be asserted in a responsive pleading to avoid waiver. MCR 2.111(F)(2). In reaching that conclusion, we draw guidance from the interpretation of worker's compensation laws from other jurisdictions. Most jurisdictions have not squarely addressed the issue. However, the majority of those that have treat a party's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision as a challenge to a trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction. In Walters v. Modern Aluminum, 699 N.E.2d 671, 673 *770 (Ind.App., 1998), the court held, "to assert the exclusive remedies provision as a defense is to attack the trial court's subject matter jurisdiction." See also Wine-Settergren v. Lamey, 716 N.E.2d 381, 385 (Ind., 1999); Wilson v. Unistrut Service Co. of St. Louis, Inc., 858 S.W.2d 729, 730 (Mo.App., 1993); Bonner v. Minico, Inc., 159 Ariz. 246, 249, 766 P.2d 598 (1988); Messner v. Briggs & Stratton Corp., 120 Wis.2d 127, 139, 353 N.W.2d 363 (1984); but see Gordon v. NKC Hosps., Inc., 887 S.W.2d 360, 363 (Ky., 1994); Ammons v. Hood, 288 S.C. 278, 281, 341 S.E.2d 816 (1986); Turner Constr. Co. v. Hebner, 276 Pa.Super. 341, 345-348, 419 A.2d 488 (1980). Moreover, in Lanpont v. Savvas Cab Corp., Inc., 244 A.D.2d 208, 211, 664 N.Y.S.2d 285 (1997), quoting Murray v. New York, 43 N.Y.2d 400, 407, 401 N.Y.S.2d 773, 372 N.E.2d 560 (1977), the court held that a defense based on the exclusive remedy provision of the worker's compensation act is not waived unless a defendant ignores the issue "to the point of final disposition itself." See also Lunsford v. Schaffner, 184 A.D.2d 625, 625-626, 584 N.Y.S.2d 909 (1992); McGowan v. Warwick Corp., 691 So.2d 265, 266 (La.App., 1997); Total Oilfield Services, Inc. v. Garcia, 711 S.W.2d 237, 238 (Tex., 1986). We note that defendant failed to raise his defense based on the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA until more than 1 1/2 years after the filing of plaintiff's complaint. We consider such an assertion of the defense dilatory under the circumstances. We also note, however, that Michigan has long recognized that actions for injuries incurred as a result of a coemployee's negligence and arising out of the scope of employment are barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. Berger, supra at 213-214, 338 N.W.2d 919; Dixon, supra. Moreover, a defense of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time. MCR 2.116(D)(3); Winters, supra; see MCR 2.111(F)(2). Subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be granted by implied or express stipulation of the litigants. Winters, supra, at 79, 523 N.W.2d 636. Likewise, a defense of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived by a litigant. Id. Consequently, defendant did not waive his defense based on the exclusive remedy provision when he failed to include it in his answer to plaintiff's complaint or by way of amendment. Given our decision that the assertion of the exclusive remedy provision constitutes a defense of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, we turn to the question whether the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff's claim under the no-fault act, M.C.L. § 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq., for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Plaintiff contends that his no-fault claim should be viewed as a personal injury claim, over which the circuit court has jurisdiction.[4] A trial court is not automatically divested of jurisdiction over a no-fault claim under the exclusive remedy provision by virtue of the fact that a plaintiff was injured during the course of his employment. See Great American Ins. Co. v. Queen, 410 Mich. 73, 89-91, 300 N.W.2d 895 (1980); Mathis v. Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich. 164, 179, 183, 289 N.W.2d 708 (1980); Specht, supra at 295, 593 N.W.2d 670. This Court has held that, when an employee is injured in a motor vehicle accident during the course of his employment, entitlement to compensation for injuries is governed by the no-fault act and the WDCA. Id. In Specht, supra, this Court recognized that the no-fault act and the WDCA exist independently of one another: "The Worker's Disability Compensation Act (WDCA) [MCL 418.101 et seq.; *771 MSA 17.237(101) et seq.] and the no-fault insurance act [MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq.] are complete and self-contained legislative schemes addressing discrete problems. Neither act refers expressly to the other." Mathis v. Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich. 164, 179, 289 N.W.2d 708 (1980). "The WDCA provides a substitute for common-law tort liability founded upon an employer's negligence...." Id. On the other hand, "[t]he no-fault act provides a substitute for common-law tort liability based upon the ownership or operation of a motor vehicle." Id. [Specht, supra at 294-295, 593 N.W.2d 670.] See Herbolsheimer, supra at 240, 608 N.W.2d 487, quoting Mathis, supra at 179, 289 N.W.2d 708, and citing Clark v. United Technologies Automotive Inc., 459 Mich. 681, 686, 594 N.W.2d 447 (1999). Mathis consolidated four cases, each of which involved claims for no-fault benefits against employers' no-fault insurers[5] for injuries that arose out of the course of the employees' employment. Mathis, supra at 176-178, 289 N.W.2d 708. In that case, our Supreme Court held that an employee injured in the course of his employment while occupying a motor vehicle owned by his employer is entitled to collect no-fault benefits from his employer's no-fault insurer and is not limited to worker's compensation benefits as his sole remedy. Id. at 183, 289 N.W.2d 708. In Great American, supra, the Supreme Court allowed an employee who was injured by a third party who was not his employer or coemployee to recover no-fault benefits from his employer's no-fault insurer, with a setoff for worker's compensation benefits received by the employee. Id. at 89-91, 300 N.W.2d 895. Specht involved a plaintiff employee's suit for no-fault benefits against his own no-fault insurer. Specht, supra at 294, 593 N.W.2d 670. Significantly however, no case has allowed a plaintiff employee to recover no-fault benefits against a coemployee or an employer not acting as a no-fault self-insurer[6] for personal injury suffered during the course of employment. In fact, the Supreme Court qualified its holding in Great American, supra, to exclude such circumstances, stating, "An employee's common-law right to proceed in tort against persons other than his employer or co-workers was not altered by the worker's compensation act." Id. at 89, 300 N.W.2d 895 (emphasis added). The dissent's reliance on Great American, supra, Mathis, *772 supra, and Specht, supra, is misplaced. There is a clear distinction between cases involving claims against coemployees or an employer, which are expressly barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA, and cases against non-coemployee third parties or insurers. As noted in the dissent, subject-matter jurisdiction is a court's right to exercise judicial power over a class of cases. See Bowie v. Arder, 441 Mich. 23, 39, 490 N.W.2d 568 (1992), quoting Joy v. Two-Bit Corp., 287 Mich. 244, 253-254, 283 N.W. 45 (1938). Subject-matter jurisdiction concerns a court's abstract power to try a case of the kind or character of the one pending and is not dependent on the particular facts of a case. Id. It is fundamental that the classes of cases over which the circuit courts have subject-matter jurisdiction are defined by this state's constitution and Legislature. See M.C.L. § 600.605; MSA 27A.605. By enacting the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA, the Legislature clearly and unambiguously limited an employee's right to recover against his employer for injury arising out of the course of his employment to the benefits available under the WDCA. M.C.L. § 418.131; MSA 17.237(131).[7] The Legislature also clearly provided that the Bureau of Worker's Compensation has exclusive jurisdiction over claims under the WDCA. M.C.L. § 418.841(1); MSA 17.237(841)(1). Therefore, by legislative mandate, circuit courts do not have power to decide cases involving a plaintiff employee suing a coemployee or his employer for injury arising out of the course of his employment. Our conclusion that a party's assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA as a defense to a third-party no-fault claim constitutes a challenge to the circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction is properly based on the legislatively defined class of litigants, not the particular facts of this case.[8] Plaintiff's present claim against her coemployee defendant is squarely within the category of claims excluded under the plain language of the WDCA.[9] It is undisputed that plaintiff and defendant *773 were both employees of Ford Motor Company and that the collision giving rise to plaintiff's claim occurred on Ford premises, minutes after the parties finished their shifts. MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301)(3) provides, in part: "An employee going to or from his or her work, while on the premises where the employee's work is to be performed, and within a reasonable time before and after his or her working hours, is presumed to be in the course of his or her employment." See Simkins v. General Motors Corp. (After Remand), 453 Mich. 703, 712, 556 N.W.2d 839 (1996). Given that plaintiff's alleged injuries were caused by a coemployee and given that there is no issue of fact with respect to whether she suffered the injuries in the course of her employment, the exclusive remedy provision plainly limits plaintiff's recovery to benefits under the WDCA. See Ladner v. Vander Band, 376 Mich. 321, 323-325, 136 N.W.2d 916 (1965). In the absence of language within the no-fault act or the WDCA specifically stating that a no-fault claim is not excluded under the circumstances present in this case, we interpret the Legislature's plain use of the term "exclusive" in defining the remedy available where an employee is injured in the course of his employment by an employer or coemployee as barring plaintiff's no-fault claim. Under the undisputed facts, plaintiff's claim is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. Accordingly, the trial court properly dismissed the claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.[10] Affirmed. WHITBECK, J., concurred. SMOLENSKI, P.J. (dissenting). I respectfully dissent. I disagree with the majority's conclusion that the worker's compensation exclusive remedy provision, when asserted as a defense to a third-party no-fault claim brought in the circuit court, constitutes a defense challenging the circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction. In this specific context, I conclude that the exclusive remedy provision is properly understood as an affirmative defense. Because defendant failed to raise the issue as an affirmative defense in his responsive pleading, the defense has been waived. Accordingly, I would reverse the trial court's grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant. I In this case, we are asked to decide whether the worker's compensation exclusive remedy provision should be considered as an affirmative defense or as an attack on the circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction.[1] The majority concludes that *774 the exclusive remedy provision automatically divests the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's third-party no-fault claim because the provision grants the Bureau of Worker's Compensation exclusive jurisdiction over a plaintiff's claims for personal injuries arising out of and in the course of employment. Yet, it is clear from decisions of our Supreme Court that circuit courts have jurisdiction over a plaintiff's no-fault claims, even when the plaintiff simultaneously pursues a claim for worker's compensation benefits for injuries arising out of the same motor vehicle accident. Therefore, it cannot logically be said that the exclusive remedy provision always divests the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction in this type of case. In Mathis v. Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich. 164, 174-175, 183, 289 N.W.2d 708 (1980), our Supreme Court held that an employee injured in a motor vehicle accident in the course of his employment is not limited to worker's compensation benefits as his sole remedy, but may also collect no-fault insurance benefits. The Court rejected the defendants' argument that the worker's compensation exclusive remedy provision barred the plaintiffs from pursuing actions for damages under the no-fault act, because "[t]he Worker's Disability Compensation Act (WDCA) and the no-fault insurance act are complete and self-contained legislative schemes addressing discrete problems." Id. at 179, 289 N.W.2d 708. Following Mathis, our Supreme Court decided Great American Ins. Co. v. Queen, 410 Mich. 73, 86, 300 N.W.2d 895 (1980), which likewise held that a plaintiff injured in a motor vehicle accident in the course of his employment may, in certain circumstances, bring both a personal injury claim in the circuit court and a claim for worker's compensation benefits under the WDCA: When an employee is injured in a motor vehicle accident in the course of his employment, his entitlement to compensation for his injuries, from all sources, is governed by the worker's compensation act and the no-fault act. His rights and entitlements under each act are affected by his being injured under circumstances which make him subject to the provisions of the other. [Emphasis in original.] Logically, the worker's compensation exclusive remedy provision can only divest the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction over a plaintiff's claim if the provision uniformly does so in all cases of the same nature. If the provision merely defeats a plaintiff's claim in particular factual circumstances, then it should be viewed as an affirmative defense, rather than a defense attacking the circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction. Our Supreme Court has defined subject-matter jurisdiction as "the right of the court to exercise judicial power over that class of cases; not the particular case before it, but rather the abstract power to try a case of the kind or character of the one pending; and not whether the particular case is one that presents a cause of action, or under the particular facts is triable before the court in which it is pending, because of some inherent facts which exist and may be developed during the trial." [Bowie v. Arder, 441 Mich. 23, 39, 490 N.W.2d 568 (1992), quoting Joy v. Two-Bit Corp., 287 Mich. 244, 253-254, 283 N.W. 45 (1938).] See also Campbell v. St. John Hosp., 434 Mich. 608, 613-614, 455 N.W.2d 695 (1990). Admittedly, if the exclusive remedy provision had been properly raised as a defense in this case, it would bar plaintiff's claim because defendant was plaintiff's coemployee at the time of the accident. "An action against a coemployee for personal injuries is barred if both employees were acting in the course of their employment at the time the injury occurred." Schwartz v. Golden, 126 Mich.App. 790, *775 793, 338 N.W.2d 218 (1983). However, characterization of the exclusive remedy provision as an affirmative defense or as a jurisdictional matter cannot depend on the facts of any one particular case. The proper inquiry is whether the circuit court has the abstract power to entertain third-party no-fault claims brought by a plaintiff injured in a motor vehicle accident in the course of his employment. Given the decisions in Mathis and Great American, which provide that a plaintiff may simultaneously bring both a circuit court action for damages under the no-fault act and a claim for worker's compensation benefits, the exclusive remedy provision does not divest the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction over these types of claims.[2] Additionally, a published opinion of this Court recently rejected the argument that the exclusive remedy provision deprives the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction over personal injury claims brought under the no-fault act. Specht v. Citizens Ins. Co. of America, 234 Mich.App. 292, 593 N.W.2d 670 (1999). In Specht, the plaintiff suffered injuries while driving her personal automobile in the course of her employment. In addition to filing a worker's compensation claim, the plaintiff also filed a lawsuit in the circuit court against her no-fault insurer. The defendant's sole argument on appeal was that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to decide the plaintiff's tort claim. This Court rejected that argument, holding that the plaintiff's no-fault claim "was clearly an issue over which the circuit court had jurisdiction." Id. at 298, 593 N.W.2d 670. Under MCR 7.215(H)(1), we are bound to follow the rule established in Specht and should therefore reject the instant defendant's argument that the circuit court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's no-fault claim. The majority attempts to distinguish Mathis, Great American, and Specht from the instant case on the basis of the type of defendant named in those suits. The majority argues that those cases are inapposite because they involved defendants other than the plaintiff's employer or a coemployee. I respectfully disagree. It is true that none of the cited cases involved a defendant who was also the plaintiff's coemployee.[3] However, I disagree that the identity of the defendant sued determines whether the circuit court has subject-matter jurisdiction over the plaintiff's claim. In my opinion, the majority's focus on the "class of litigants" involved in this case, i.e., the fact that plaintiff sued a coemployee, reflects a determination that defendant enjoyed the benefit of a valid defense that, if properly raised, would have completely barred plaintiff's claim. However, a circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction is not determined by "whether the particular case is one that presents a cause of action, or under the particular facts is triable before the court." Bowie, supra at 39, 490 N.W.2d 568. Finally, the majority's holding that the circuit court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's third-party no-fault claim makes little sense in light of the subrogation provision of the WDCA, M.C.L. § 418.827(5); MSA 17.237(827)(5). *776 That statutory section provides a worker's compensation carrier the right to assert a lien against any recovery attained by the injured worker in an action for personal injuries brought against a third party. In re Worker's Compensation Lien, 231 Mich.App. 556, 558-559, 591 N.W.2d 221 (1998).[4] This subrogation provision has been applied in tort actions brought under the no-fault act. McCain v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co. (On Rehearing), 223 Mich.App. 327, 332, 566 N.W.2d 629 (1997). If the worker's compensation exclusive remedy provision deprives the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction over injured workers' no-fault claims, then injured workers would be unable to recover no-fault benefits in circuit court actions, and worker's compensation carriers would never need to seek a lien against amounts recovered in such suits. In this case, we are not called to decide whether a plaintiff should be able to sue his coemployee in tort for personal injuries arising out of and in the course of employment. Rather, we are asked to decide whether the defense sought to be advanced by defendant is properly characterized as an affirmative defense or as an attack on the circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction. For the reasons set forth above, I conclude that the exclusive remedy provision does not deprive the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction over an injured employee's no-fault claim. II An affirmative defense is a defense that does not controvert the establishment of the plaintiff's prima facie case, but otherwise denies relief to the plaintiff. Chmielewski v. Xermac, Inc., 457 Mich. 593, 617, 580 N.W.2d 817 (1998), quoting Stanke v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., 200 Mich.App. 307, 312, 503 N.W.2d 758 (1993). "[A]n affirmative defense includes any defense that seeks to foreclose a plaintiff from continuing a civil action for reasons unrelated to the plaintiff's prima facie case." Kelly-Nevils v. Detroit Receiving Hosp., 207 Mich.App. 410, 420, 526 N.W.2d 15 (1994). In this case, the exclusive remedy provision, if applied, would bar plaintiff's third-party no-fault claim for reasons completely unrelated to plaintiff's prima facie case against defendant. Therefore, it should be properly understood as an affirmative defense to plaintiff's claim. MCR 2.111(F) requires a party against whom a cause of action has been asserted to state affirmative defenses in the responsive pleading. That rule provides, in pertinent part: (3) Affirmative Defenses. Affirmative defenses must be stated in a party's responsive pleading, either as originally filed or as amended in accordance with MCR 2.118. Under a separate and distinct heading, a party must state the facts constituting (a) an affirmative defense, such as contributory negligence; the existence of an agreement to arbitrate; assumption of risk; payment; release; satisfaction; discharge; license; fraud; duress; estoppel; statute of frauds; statute of limitations; immunity granted by law; want or failure of consideration; or that an instrument or transaction is void, voidable, or cannot be recovered on by reason of statute or nondelivery; (b) a defense that by reason of other affirmative matter seeks to avoid the legal effect of or defeat the claim of the opposing party, in whole or in part; *777 (c) a ground of defense that, if not raised in the pleading, would be likely to take the adverse party by surprise. Although the worker's compensation exclusive remedy provision is not specifically listed within MCR 2.111(F)(3)(a), that does not preclude it from being considered an affirmative defense. The affirmative defenses enumerated in MCR 2.111(F)(3)(a) "were not intended to form a closed class, but were included by way of illustration only." Campbell, supra at 615, 455 N.W.2d 695. A party that fails to raise an affirmative defense as required by MCR 2.111(F) waives that defense. Id.; Kelly-Nevils, supra at 420, 526 N.W.2d 15. Because defendant failed to raise the worker's compensation exclusive remedy provision as an affirmative defense in his responsive pleading, the defense has been waived. I would reverse the trial court's grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant and would remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings. NOTES [1] That section provides: "A person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused by his or her ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement." [2] While we recognize that the WDCA is generally viewed as a substitute for common-law tort actions and this case may be distinguished because it involves a statutory cause of action under Michigan's no-fault laws, we note that the WDCA merely refers to personal injuries arising out of and in the course of employment, not common-law causes of action. [3] MCL 418.841(1); MSA 17.237(841)(1) provides: Any dispute or controversy concerning compensation or other benefits shall be submitted to the bureau and all questions arising under this act shall be determined by the bureau or a worker's compensation magistrate, as applicable. The director may be an interested party in all worker's compensation cases in questions of law. [4] Generally, circuit courts have jurisdiction over all civil claims. MCL 600.605; MSA 27A.605 provides: Circuit courts have original jurisdiction to hear and determine all civil claims and remedies, except where exclusive jurisdiction is given in the constitution or by statute to some other court or where the circuit courts are denied jurisdiction by the constitution or statutes of this state. [See also Const. 1963, art. 6, § 13.] [5] It is relevant to note that, although plaintiff Mathis actually brought suit against his employer, the suit was filed against the employer in its capacity as a self-insurer under the no-fault act. Mathis, supra at 176, 183, 289 N.W.2d 708. Our Legislature created the category of self-insurers, M.C.L. § 257.531; MSA 9.2231, presumably with the foresight that a self-insurer may also be an employer. Mathis makes clear that, in cases where an employer that is also a self-insurer under the no-fault act asserts a defense based on the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA, that party is to be considered an insurer for purposes of analyzing the plaintiff's claim. In that case, the Court clearly relied on the defendant employer's status as a self-insurer in reasoning that the plaintiff's no-fault claim was not barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. The Court stated that "[a]ny liability to pay no-fault benefits is based on the status of being an insurer under the no-fault act" and concluded: "No conditions of liability under the WDCA exist affecting the employer as a self-insurer under the no-fault act. Accordingly, we find no reason to apply the exclusive remedy provisions of the WDCA to bar the employee's cause of action." Id. at 184, 289 N.W.2d 708; see also Herbolsheimer, supra at 243-246, 608 N.W.2d 487 (discussing the judicially created "dual-persona doctrine" exception to the WDCA, which provides the basis for a plaintiff employee to bring a tort suit in addition to a claim for worker's compensation benefits when "the employer has a second identity which is completely distinct and removed from his status as employer." Id. at 245, 608 N.W.2d 487, citing Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395, 399-400, 523 N.W.2d 220 [1994], and Wells v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 421 Mich. 641, 653, 364 N.W.2d 670 [1984]). [6] See n. 5, supra (discussing Mathis, supra, in which the plaintiff sued his employer in the employer's capacity as a self-insurer under the no-fault act). [7] As already discussed, it is well settled that the exclusive remedy provision applies equally to recovery against coemployees. Berger, supra. [8] We note that our holding in this case is perfectly consistent with Great American, supra, Mathis, supra, and Specht, supra, and the subrogation provision of the WDCA, M.C.L. § 418.827(5); MSA 17.237(827)(5). Great American, Mathis, and Specht did not involve employees suing coemployees or any employer not acting as a self-insurer under the no-fault act, see n. 6, supra, and, thus, did not implicate the exclusive remedy provision. Neither plaintiff nor the dissent has cited any case in which a circuit court has been allowed jurisdiction over a no-fault suit between a plaintiff employee and a coemployee or his employer not acting as a self-insurer under the no-fault act, see n. 6, supra, on the basis of an injury that arises out of the course of the plaintiff-employee's employment. Moreover, an injured party's coemployees and employer are specifically excluded from the definition of the third parties from which a worker's compensation carrier may seek subrogation. See M.C.L. § 418.827(1) and (5); MSA 17.237(827)(1) and (5). Such an exclusion is consistent with the exclusive remedy provision's bar of suits against those parties. [9] We recognize the line of cases that hold that a trial court may have jurisdiction over a claim despite the application of the WDCA where the employer and employee relationship is "unrelated to the cause of action," see Jones v. General Motors Corp., 136 Mich.App. 251, 254-255, 355 N.W.2d 646 (1984) (considering whether the plaintiff's husband's death was caused by strenuous manual labor in connection with his employment and, thus, was subject to the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA), or merely "incidentally involved" in the cause of action, see Specht, supra at 298, 593 N.W.2d 670 (holding the circuit court had jurisdiction to determine whether the defendant insurer was liable to the plaintiff who was injured while driving her own automobile during the course of her employment where the plaintiff's "employment relationship was, at best, only tangentially involved"); Fletcher v. Harafajee, 100 Mich.App. 440, 443, 299 N.W.2d 53 (1980) (holding that the plaintiff city of Flint police officer who received treatment from city of Flint medical personnel after being injured while on duty could sue the personnel despite the parties' status as coemployees because the parties' employment relationship was only incidentally related to the plaintiff's medical malpractice claim); Peoples v. Chrysler Corp., 98 Mich.App. 277, 281-284, 296 N.W.2d 237 (1980) (holding that the plaintiff employee's tort action against the defendant employer was barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA because the employee/employer relationship was not entirely unrelated or only incidentally involved in the plaintiff's claim for injuries he suffered while operating the defendant's machine); Neal v. Roura Iron Works, Inc., 66 Mich.App. 273, 277-278, 238 N.W.2d 837 (1975) (holding that the plaintiff employee's tort action against the defendant employer was barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA because the accident that resulted in the plaintiff's injuries could not have happened but for his employment with the defendant and, thus, the suit was not entirely unrelated or only incidentally related to the parties' employee/employer relationship); Panagos v. North Detroit General Hosp., 35 Mich.App. 554, 558-559, 192 N.W.2d 542 (1971) (holding that the plaintiff hospital employee who suffered an injury to her mouth while eating in the defendant hospital's cafeteria could bring a common-law negligence claim because the employee/employer relationship was unrelated to the cause of action). Here, we cannot say the parties' relationship as coemployees is unrelated to plaintiff's cause of action or merely incidentally involved. Plaintiff alleges she suffered injury during the course of her employment as a result of the acts of a coemployee, which places her claim plainly within the purview of the WDCA. [10] Our holding does not bar plaintiff from seeking worker's compensation benefits from her employer. [1] The majority correctly notes that numerous prior cases have characterized the exclusive remedy provision variously as an affirmative defense, as a type of immunity, and as a question of subject-matter jurisdiction. Because those cases simply assumed the character of the exclusive remedy defense, and did not squarely address the issue presently before us, they are not controlling. [2] Although the majority concedes that "[a] trial court is not automatically divested of jurisdiction over a no-fault claim under the exclusive remedy provision by virtue of the fact that a plaintiff was injured during the course of his employment," ante at 770, the majority nevertheless concludes that the provision did strip the circuit court of subject-matter jurisdiction in this case. I respectfully submit that the circuit court either does or does not have subject-matter jurisdiction over injured employees' third-party no-fault claims. The circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction cannot depend on the facts presented in individual cases. [3] In Mathis, three plaintiffs sued their employers' no-fault insurers and one plaintiff sued his employer, which was a self-insured entity under the no-fault act. Mathis, supra at 176-178, 289 N.W.2d 708. In Great American, the plaintiff recovered benefits from his employer's no-fault insurer. Great American, supra at 88, 300 N.W.2d 895. In Specht, the plaintiff sued her private no-fault insurance carrier. Specht, supra at 294, 593 N.W.2d 670. [4] The majority correctly notes that an injured party's coemployees and employer are specifically excluded from the definition of the third parties from which a worker's compensation carrier may seek subrogation. MCL 418.827(1); MSA 17.237(827)(1). However, this exclusion does not affect the general observation that the Legislature intended both the WDCA and the no-fault act to apply in cases where a plaintiff suffers personal injuries in an automobile accident while in the course of employment. Mathis, supra; Great American, supra. As set forth above, the fact that a plaintiff may not have a viable cause of action in a specific factual setting cannot determine whether the circuit court has subject-matter jurisdiction over a general class of cases.