[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 207 The judgment and the order from which these appeals were taken in this cause were affirmed in an opinion filed in this court on September 17, 1912. (Post, p. 219, [127 P. 666].)
The ground upon which the affirmance was based was that there was not a legally authenticated record of the evidence brought up to this court. (Pen. Code, sec. 1247.) *Page 208
The defendant, in due time, petitioned for a rehearing and, with the petition, submitted an amended certificate by the stenographic reporter who took the phonographic report of the testimony and other proceedings of the trial and asked that the case be reopened and that such amended certificate be substituted for the defective one attached to the transcript of the testimony. Said certificate, as so amended, being legally sufficient in all respects and the attorney-general being of the opinion that there is no legal objection to the allowance of the same, whereby the stenographic transcription will stand as having been properly authenticated, and as a review of an appeal upon the merits is always to be preferred, the rehearing asked for was in due time granted and the motion for the substitution of the amended certificate by the stenographer allowed. Therefore, without expressing any opinion as to the legal propriety in a court of appeal to allow a defective and insufficient authentication of a record on appeal to be corrected, we shall treat the record here as having been authenticated in conformity with the requirements of law and review the case upon the merits.
We are not to be understood, however, as receding from the position maintained in the former opinion filed herein as to the requisites of a proper authentication of the testimony received and other proceedings had at the trial of a criminal case or as to the defectiveness or insufficiency of the authentication of this record as it was originally brought to this court.
The information in this case charges the defendant with the crime of obtaining, on or about the 2d day of January, 1911, by false and fraudulent pretenses, the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, from the prosecuting witnesses, Bert Romeroni and James Vernon. He was convicted by the jury, hence these appeals.
The general objections urged against the correctness of the judgment and the order are: Insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict, alleged errors in the rulings of the court upon the evidence, and alleged misdirection of the jury by the court in its charge upon the law of the case.
1. As to the point that the verdict was not justified by the evidence, counsel for the defendant emphasizes in his brief the fact that the judge presiding at the trial, according to *Page 209 counsel, remarked, upon denying the defendant's motion for a new trial: "I have my doubts upon the sufficiency of the evidence, that the verdict should stand, but I will let the higher court pass upon the question," and insists that the observation thus made by the court was equivalent to the expression of an opinion that the evidence was insufficient to justify the verdict and that in such case it was the court's duty to order a new trial (People v. Flood, 102 Cal. 330, [36 P. 663]; People v. Knutte, 111 Cal. 453, [44 P. 166]), and that the court below having failed to do so after expressing such doubt, it is the duty of this court under such circumstances to reverse the order.
It is true that, where a trial court is of the opinion that a party prosecuted for a crime has been convicted upon insufficient evidence, it is its duty to set the verdict aside by granting a new trial. As has often been said in the cases, the determination of the facts is a matter which is exclusively the attribute of the jury, and the latter's functions should not be invaded or interfered with by the court; but, in all trials at nisi prius, the court, in the last analysis, exercises (and very properly so) a supervisory control over the action of the jury, and where it is clear that the jury had failed to intelligently and justly perform the duty cast upon them by the law, it is, of course, the duty of the court, in the exercise of such supervisory power, to vacate or set aside the verdict. But this does not mean that in every case of doubt entertained by the court of the justness of a verdict of guilty the result of the jury's deliberations should be vitiated by the action of the court in the exercise of its power to grant new trials. The exercise of that power should always be within the bounds of sound judgment and discretion, and not arbitrary. A jury may have some doubt upon the question of the guilt of an accused person, still even they would have no right to acquit unless such doubt was a reasonable one. And a judge may and in many cases doubtless does have some doubt as to whether a verdict of guilty should have been returned and yet such doubt might not be sufficient to generate an unequivocal opinion that the verdict was not justified, and when the court is not of an opinion of that character as to a verdict of guilty, it has no right to grant a new trial or to permit a doubt not sufficient to create such an opinion to override the *Page 210 functions which are, under our law, peculiarly those of the jury.
In the present case we have a right to presume, from the fact that the motion for a new trial was denied, that the doubt of the court as to the justification of the verdict did not reach the dignity of such an opinion of the jury's conclusion as to warrant it in setting aside the verdict. We must assume, in other words, that had it entertained such opinion, it would have promptly done its duty by granting a new trial.
Now, then, if the trial court, in whose presence the witnesses testified, could not say upon a review of the evidence that the verdict was not justified, much less is this court in a position to do so, and, therefore, in the determination of the question whether the evidence supports the verdict, this court is no less to be governed by the rule that questions of fact cannot be reviewed by an appellate court unless they present questions of law than it would be had the court below expressed no doubt upon the sufficiency of the evidence to warrant and support the verdict. And thus viewing the evidence, we are not prepared to say that it does not sustain the findings of the jury.
2. It appears from the evidence that the defendant was connected in some way with a mining corporation, named and known as Dredger Mining Company, which had been organized for the purpose of mining, by the dredging process, the American River bottom, near Folsom, in Sacramento County.
It further appears that the defendant was introduced to Vernon by Romeroni at the Occidental Hotel, in the city of Stockton, somewhere in the neighborhood of the fifteenth day of December, 1910. Representing that he was the agent of the company mentioned, authorized as such to sell stock in the concern, Brecker, at that time and place, undertook to sell stock in said company to Vernon. After considerable talk, mostly by Brecker, who gave an elaborate description of the plans, properties, and prospects of the corporation, saying that the latter needed money with which to prosecute its business, hence the necessity for the sale of stock, and telling Vernon that, after purchasing the stock, he could visit and inspect the properties of the company and that if then he became dissatisfied with his bargain, he (Brecker) would return him (Vernon) the money paid for the stock, Vernon *Page 211 refused to invest in the concern and at that time did not do so.
Either on the first or second of January, 1911, however, Brecker, accompanied by Romeroni, went to Holt's station, in San Joaquin County, where Vernon was employed. Brecker renewed negotiations with Vernon for the sale to the latter of some stock in said corporation. Vernon testified that, after the defendant had gone "over about the same conversation we had in the hotel office" (referring to the first conversation spoken of) he (Vernon) bought one hundred shares of stock at $1.50 per share and gave his personal check to Brecker for the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars. Brecker thereupon assured Vernon that he would either deliver to him his certificate of shares when he (Vernon) went to Sacramento on his way to visit the mine, or, in case that he did not go to Sacramento, would mail the certificate to his (Vernon's) address in Stockton or at Holt's station. Vernon told Brecker that he could not go to the mine, and he did not go there. On the fifteenth day of January, 1911, Vernon again met Brecker, and the latter then said that he had secured an option on five thousand shares of stock in the same corporation, and tried to induce Vernon to purchase some of said stock, but the latter refused to make any further investment therein. Vernon never met Brecker after the fifteenth day of January, 1911, and never received the certificate for the shares of stock for which he paid one hundred and fifty dollars. Vernon declared that he believed the statement of the defendant that he was the agent of, and as such authorized to sell stock in and for the Dredger Mining Company, and that upon that representation and the belief that the investment would result profitably to him, he purchased the stock.
The witness, Romeroni, corroborated Vernon in some particulars as to the first conversation which occurred between the latter and the defendant at the Occidental Hotel. Among other things, he said he heard Brecker say to Vernon that he (Brecker) was the "authorized agent" of the Dredger Mining Company. This witness also corroborated Vernon as to the conversation and transaction in which the latter purchased the stock on the first or second of January, 1911. He further testified that, at about that same time in January, the defendant *Page 212 in his presence sought to sell stock to other persons in San Joaquin County, and that in each of those instances he announced that he was the "authorized agent" of the corporation.
C. M. Beckwith, who was, at the time of the trial, in the latter part of April, 1912, and had been for about two years prior thereto, secretary of the corporation, testified that the defendant was neither an agent of nor authorized to sell the stock of the corporation during the month of January, 1911. In other words, he said that the accused was, in no capacity, connected with the corporation at that time.
The deputy sheriff who arrested the defendant upon the charge alleged in the information, testified that the defendant admitted to him that he was not an agent of the company at the time of the transaction involved here.
The defendant's story was, in substance, that he was authorized to sell stock for the corporation, and that at the same time he had individual stock belonging to certain stockholders for sale. He was not, however, very clear as to whether the stock he claimed to have sold to Vernon and Romeroni was the company's stock or the individual stock referred to.
We think, as before declared, that the record discloses a sufficient case against the accused to foreclose just interference with the verdict by this court. It may be conceded that the evidence as to the precise statements or representations made by Brecker at the time that he succeeded in consummating the alleged sale of stock to Vernon is not as satisfactory as it is evident that it could have been made. Neither Vernon nor Romeroni directly testified as to the exact representations that the defendant made on that occasion. Romeroni did say, however, that at about that time he heard the defendant declare to others to whom he undertook to sell stock in the corporation that he was its "authorized agent," and Vernon testified that the defendant repeated "about the same conversation" that occurred between them at the Occidental Hotel in the middle of December, 1910. In that conversation, it will be recalled, Brecker, according to both Vernon and Romeroni, represented that he was the agent of the corporation, with authority to sell its stock. It would, of course, have been the proper course to have required the witnesses to repeat exactly or as accurately as they could the statements *Page 213 made by the defendant when he made the purported sale to Vernon and Romeroni (and, it may be suggested, the duty to do so rested as much upon the attorney for the defendant as upon the district attorney); still, the jury were authorized to infer from Vernon's testimony that the defendant, on the occasion on which he sold the stock to Vernon and Romeroni, repeated the representations as to his authority to sell stock for the corporation that he had made to Vernon in the preceding month of December.
Counsel contends, however, that the testimony conclusively shows that the defendant was a promoter of the corporation from the time of its organization, and as such authorized to sell its stock, and that there is no evidence showing that he had ever been dismissed from that relation with the concern, or that he had ever ceased representing it in that capacity. Upon this contention counsel undertakes to establish the continuation and existence of the authority in the defendant to sell the company stock at the time of the Vernon transaction by invoking the application of the presumption that "a thing once proved to exist continues as long as is usual with things of that nature." (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1963, subd. 32.) But, conceding it to be true that the defendant was, in point of fact, authorized to sell stock for the corporation up to January, 1911, the testimony of the secretary of the corporation that he was in no way connected with the concern in the month of January, 1911, when he had the transaction involved here with Vernon and Romeroni, precludes any ground for the operation of the presumption referred to, for the presumption thus sought to be invoked is merely a disputable one which must give way to the force of any credible testimony introduced to overcome it. And from that testimony of the secretary, the jury were perfectly justified in inferring that if, at some previous time the defendant was authorized to sell stock for the company, his authority in that regard had been revoked and did not exist when he obtained one hundred and fifty dollars from Vernon and Romeroni in consideration of stock in the corporation.
As to the defendant's story, it is to be remarked that it is not difficult to understand how the jury could have justly disbelieved it in view of the fact that the district attorney showed that, at the preliminary examination of the charge *Page 214 set forth in the information, the accused, testifying for himself, declared that he was not, nor did he pretend to be, the agent of the corporation when he had the transaction with Vernon.
But there is no need of further examination of the testimony in this opinion. It is enough to finally say, as we have in effect before declared, that we are satisfied that no doubt can reasonably arise from the record as it is presented here, that the evidence, whether, in point of fact, it was or was not of sufficient probative force to justify the jury in returning a verdict of guilty, nevertheless, as a matter of law, supports it, and this conclusion is as far as an appellate court is required to go in passing upon the question whether it is or is not authorized to set aside a verdict upon the evidence.
3. The objection to the ruling allowing the witness, Vernon, to state all that was said by Brecker in their conversations about the stock and the purchase thereof is not substantial. The particular criticism of said ruling is based upon the statement by the witness that the defendant, when trying to sell the stock to Vernon, said that he owned a large quantity of land in Mexico, that his taxes amounted to five thousand dollars a year, and that he had to raise money to pay the same; that he expected within thirty days to get money from his land, and then he hoped to buy up all the stock in the corporation which he had sold or might sell around Stockton. This statement was very likely made by the defendant to Vernon to inspire in the latter confidence, not only in the investment but in the integrity and good faith of the defendant himself, and if that was the defendant's purpose in making it, and it had been shown to be false, it would have been proper, not as proof of the alleged false representation upon which the defendant induced Vernon and Romeroni to buy the stock, but as constituting a part of the scheme by which the defendant sought to imbue the prosecuting witnesses with the belief that his representations were true. In this view, it would have been considered as part of the transaction. But the statement was not shown to have been false, and the effect of allowing it to go before the jury as verity, so far as a direct contradiction of it was concerned, could certainly have done the defendant no damage. Moreover, the court pointedly instructed the jury that the only representation alleged *Page 215 in the information to be false, and to the consideration of which, in deciding the question of the guilt or innocence of the accused, they were to confine their deliberations, was that he was the agent of the corporation, and as such authorized to sell its stock.
4. Vernon was permitted, over the objection of the defendant, to relate a conversation which occurred between him and the defendant on the fifteenth day of January, or about two weeks after the happening of the transaction upon which this charge is founded. It is claimed that the court prejudiced the rights of the defendant by that ruling. The witness testified that the defendant, at the time mentioned, said to him that he had secured an option on five thousand shares of the company's stock, and that he offered him (witness) two hundred shares thereof for one hundred dollars. Brecker's statement that he had so secured that number of shares in the stock of the corporation was not shown to be untrue, and, conceding that the testimony relative thereto was not relevant, which we do not decide, we fail to see wherein it could have resulted in possible harm to the defendant.
5. The witness, Romeroni, who swore to the complaint filed in the justice's court against the defendant, charging him with the crime stated in the information, testified, on cross-examination, that the money — one hundred and fifty dollars — paid for the stock purchased by him and Vernon was not his (the witness's) money. Counsel for the defendant thereupon offered and the court received in evidence the complaint filed in the justice's court, which, among other things, alleged that said money was the personal property "of the said Bert Romeroni and the said James Vernon." Thereafter the court allowed the witness to explain that, although Vernon paid Brecker the one hundred and fifty dollars through his personal check, Romeroni and Vernon, by previous agreement, each paid an equal amount for and thus became joint owners of the stock so purchased. This testimony is complained of here as irrelevant and prejudicial. The ruling was eminently proper. A witness will always be permitted to explain his testimony, where it is necessary to do so, for the purpose of relieving it, if thus it can be done, of any apparent inconsistency by which it may be characterized. *Page 216
6. A letter, written at Sacramento by the defendant, dated January 20, 1912, and addressed to the manager of the hotel at which the former stopped while in the city of Stockton, and in which the defendant stated that he was sick and requested the manager to "pack my stuff until I come down, as I do not like to pay $2.00 a day for a room," etc., was received in evidence upon the theory that it tended to confirm the hypothesis of flight upon the part of the accused, it having been further shown by the assistant manager of said hotel that the defendant never called for his baggage. The defendant's home was in Sacramento and we can perceive little if any force in the letter as proof of flight. Flight by one who has committed an act which to all appearances is felonious may be shown upon the theory that it is evidence of a consciousness or a sort of admission by conduct of guilt and it implies that the party is thus trying to escape detection or apprehension, or both. The mere going away from the scene of a crime is not always flight in the sense that evidence is thus furnished of a consciousness on the part of the party that he has commited a public wrong. That element in the proof of guilt should, therefore, never be gone into unless the testimony available for that purpose is clear and convincing that the accused party left the scene of the act which is charged against him as a crime because he realized that he had committed a crime, lest by such insinuation, based upon circumstances not worthy of consideration, irreparable harm to the right of the accused to a fair trial may be committed. But the letter objected to here would seem rather to show that the defendant made no attempt to flee than that it was his purpose in leaving Stockton to get away from probable arrest and prosecution, otherwise he would not have boldly made his whereabouts known to be at a place only a short distance from the scene of the transaction which has brought about his conviction of a felony. And it is this view of the contents of the letter — a view which the jury probably took of it — that rendered its admission in evidence in no degree subversive of the defendant's just rights. Neither is there any merit in the contention that the letter was prejudicial in that it might have been construed by the jury as containing an insinuation that the defendant left without paying for his room. The letter itself merely stated in effect *Page 217 that the defendant desired to give up the room because, by reason of illness, he could not go to Stockton and occupy it and, that he did not wish to be under the expense of maintaining the room when he could not utilize it.
7. It was not error to allow the witness, Beckwith, to say that the defendant was not, in the month of January, 1911, authorized to sell stock for the company. The criticism directed against the legal propriety of this testimony is more in the form of an argument than an objection, for it goes to its weight rather than to its competency, the ground of criticism being that because Beckwith had previously declared that he could not answer a similar question and made certain statements indicating that he could not know whether the defendant was authorized during the month mentioned to sell stock for the corporation, the testimony was objectionable and should not have been allowed.
8. The deputy sheriff, who arrested the defendant, testifying for the people, said that, after he had taken the accused into custody, the latter stated to him that he (defendant) was not an agent of the company, but merely had an option on stock. This testimony is now denounced as improper because, purporting to disclose a confession of the defendant, it was not admissible until there was first some proof tending to establish the corpus delicti. Conceding that the statement of the defendant as shown by the testimony of the deputy sheriff constituted a confession, the objection here urged against it is not good, for it was not given in evidence until after the representations upon which the defendant disposed of the stock to Vernon were shown, and the testimony of Beckwith that the defendant had no connection with the company and was not authorized to sell its stock when said sale was made was given. Besides, the defendant did not make the objection at the trial that he now makes to the officer's testimony — indeed, he in reality made no objection to it at all, his only objections having been addressed, to the forms of the preliminary questions which were designed to lay the foundation for the testimony of the extrajudicial statement of the defendant.
9. A number of witnesses to whom the defendant had previously sold stock in the same corporation upon the representation that he was the agent of and authorized to sell stock for said company, and to whom he failed to deliver certificates *Page 218 therefor, although they paid for the stock, were allowed to testify to those transactions against the defendant's objections that such testimony was of other offenses than the one charged. We think the testimony was clearly proper under the doctrine laid down in many of our cases, of which the case of the People v. Whalen, 154 Cal. 472, [98 P. 194], is now the leading one, and which clearly explains the circumstances under which testimony of other crimes than the one charged may be received upon the question of the intent with which the act involved in the crime set forth in the information under inquiry was committed.
10. The objection that the court, in its rulings, limited the scope of the investigation to the question whether the defendant was or was not the agent of the corporation when he sold the stock to Vernon is untenable. The court, in ruling on one question, did remark that the only issue in the case was whether the defendant was such agent at the time referred to, but, notwithstanding that remark, the court, nevertheless, allowed full inquiry into all the elements constituting the offense. The jury could not, therefore, have been misled or confused by the remark of the court, as counsel contends, and this proposition must become the more manifest when it is considered that the court in very clear language instructed the jury that these facts must be proved in order to establish the guilt of the accused: 1. That the defendant made the statement alleged to have been false, to wit: that he was the duly authorized agent of the Dredger Mining Company; 2. That such statement was false; 3. That defendant knew or believed such statement was false when he made it; 4. That the complaining witnesses believed such statement to be true, were deceived by it, and that such statement was the principal cause which induced them to part with their money.
11. And this leads us to observe that the criticism of the instructions given by the court upon the foregoing propositions involving the elements of which the crime charged is constituted is altogether unfounded.
The charge of the court upon all the features of the case as presented by the information and the evidence was exhaustive, expressed in perspicuous language and fair. It is not necessary to examine said instructions in detail in this *Page 219 opinion. It is deemed enough to say that no one can read them without concluding that they clearly and accurately state the law applicable to the crime as charged.
But it is urged that the court, in the matter of its charge, was guilty of an omission which seriously militated against the rights of the accused by failing to instruct the jury that the testimony received of other similar transactions to the one involved here could be considered by them only for the purpose of gathering light upon the intent with which the act charged was committed. While it is true that the court did not instruct upon the proposition referred to, it did, in ruling upon the admissibility of such testimony, frequently declare that it was limited to that purpose and that it must be so regarded and considered by the jury. While it would have been better for the court to have thus specially instructed the jury, it cannot be, held that failure to do so under the circumstances resulted in injury to the defendant.
We have now specially considered the more important points urged for a reversal, and, as must be apparent, have been able to discover no sound legal reason for disturbing the result.
The judgment and order are, therefore, affirmed.
Chipman, P. J., and Burnett, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on December 20, 1912.
The following is the opinion of the district court of appeal, rendered on the seventeenth day of September, 1912, referred to, and the conclusions of which are adopted in the foregoing opinion:
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