Lewis v. Klingberg

Beach, J. Our probate courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, and therefore their decrees are not conclusive as to the fact of jurisdiction, but may be collaterally attacked for want of jurisdiction. Sears v. Terry, 26 Conn. 273; First Nat. Bank v. Balcom, 35 Conn. 351; Olmstead’s Appeal, 43 Conn. 110; Culver’s Appeal, 48 Conn. 165; Hartford v. Poindexter, 84 Conn. 121, 131, 132, 79 Atl. 79; Woodmont Asso. v. Milford, 85 Conn. 517, 523, 84 Atl. 307. In respect of the appointment of guardians of the persons of minors under fourteen years of age, the jurisdiction is conferred by §§ 4861 and 4863 of the General Statutes, the material portions of which are printed in the foot-note for convenience of reference. In acting under statutes conferring jurisdiction, the probate *205 courts have no powers except those which are expressly-granted and such other powers as are necessary to the exercise of the jurisdiction expressly conferred. Chamberlin’s Appeal, 70 Conn. 363, 378, 39 Atl. 734; De-Ladson v. Crawford, 93 Conn. 402, 405, 106 Atl. 326. Section 4861 deals with the case of legitimate children having a parent or parents. Such parent or parents are declared by the statute to be the sole guardians, or joint guardians, as the case may be, of any legitimate minor child. Section 4863 covers the same ground as to illegitimate minors, saying: “The guardian of any *206 child, and the mother of an illegitimate child, shall have the same duties and rights which by common law or statute are assigned to the sole surviving parent of such child.” That language constitutes the mother of an illegitimate child sole guardian of the person of such child. Turning back to § 4861, the statute empowers the Court of Probate for the district in which the minor resides, to remove as guardian one or both of the parents, but only after such notice and hearing as the statute prescribes, and only upon a finding that either or both parents are unfit persons to have charge of the child or have abandoned or neglected to make suitable provision for the support or education of such child, or are not residents of the United States. The right of sole guardianship until so removed after such notice and such finding, is one of the rights conferred upon the mother of an illegitimate child by § 4863; and it is only “if both parents or the sole living parent shall be so removed” (§4861), that the Court of Probate is authorized to appoint a guardian of the person of a minor whose parent or parents are living. The petitioner’s offer to prove that Dorothy Evermon was an illegitimate child having a mother living who was a resident of New Jersey, and that the decree appointing the respondent guardian of the person of Dorothy Evermon was made without notice to the mother and without proceedings to remove the mother as guardian,—was, therefore, an offer of evidence admissible to prove that the decree was wholly void for want of jurisdiction; and it follows that the Superior Court erred in excluding the evidence and in ruling that the decree of the Court of Probate was conclusive in this proceeding, and could not be attacked except on appeal or by proceedings for the removal of the respondent as guardian. *207 The proceeding in the Superior Court by writ of habeas corpus is a well-recognized summary method of settling controversies as to the custody of a minor. Kelsey v. Green, 69 Conn. 291, 37 Atl. 679; Dunham v. Dunham, 97 Conn. 440, 117 Atl. 504; Pfeiffer v. Pfeiffer, 99 Conn. 154, 121 Atl. 174. The trial court ruled that the remedy by habeas corpus was not applicable in this case because the decree of probate stood in the way. This ruling prejudged the issue, for the petitioner offered to prove, and had the right to attempt to prove, that the decree was a nullity for want of jurisdiction to make it. There is error, the judgment dismissing the writ is set aside, and a new trial is ordered. In this opinion the other judges concurred. Footnotes [1] See. 4861. “The father and mother of every legitimate child under twenty-one years of age are constituted joint guardians of the person of such minor, and the powers, rights and duties of both the father and the mother in regard to such minor shall be equal. Upon the death of either father or mother the surviving parent of such child shall become the sole *205 guardian of the person of such child. Upon the application of a selectman of the town in which any such minor resides, or of a relative of any such minor, praying for the removal as guardian of one or both of the parents of such child, the court of probate for the district in which such child resides shall set a time and place for a hearing on said application and shall order notice thereof to be given by registered mail or otherwise to the parents of such child, at least five days before the time set for said hearing, unless a written waiver of such notice, signed by the parent to be affected thereby, is lodged in said court, or unless the court shall find that said minor has no parent in the United States. If it shall appear that the location or address of a parent of such child is unknown, notice to him or her may be given by publication in some newspaper having a circulation in the last known place of abode of such parent at least five days before the time of said hearing. If said court shall find that notice to the parent or parents has been duly given as directed in such order, or that a waiver has been filed as hereinbefore provided, and that either or both are unfit persons to have charge of such child or have abandoned or neglected to make suitable provision for the support or education of such child, or are not residents of the United States, it may remove as guardian the parent or parents so found not to be residents of the United States, or to be unfit, or to have abandoned or neglected such child.” Sec. 4863. “When any child under the age of fourteen years has no parent or guardian of his person, the court of probate for the district in which such child resides may on its own motion appoint a guardian of the person of such child. Said court, in appointing a guardian of the person of any minor, shall take of such guardian a bond, but such bond may be without surety. The guardian of any child, and the mother of an illegitimate child, shall have the same duties and rights which by common law or statute are assigned to the sole surviving parent of such child.”