A. C. Monk & Co. v. Commissioner

A. C. Monk & Company, Inc., Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent A. C. Monk & Co. v. Commissioner Docket No. 10750 United States Tax Court 10 T.C. 77; 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 290; January 14, 1948, Promulgated *290 Decision will be entered for the respondent. Petitioner, a corporate resident of the United States, maintained during the taxable years a branch or sales agency in China. It paid to its sales agent, a Chinese national, interest on deposits made by him. These payments were made by checks drawn by it on its bank accounts in Chinese banks and were charged on its books to the expenses of its Chinese branch. Held, the interest thus paid constituted income to the Chinese national from sources within the United States and petitioner should have withheld a tax therefrom. Stanley Worth, Esq., for the petitioner. James C. Maddox, Esq., for the respondent. Kern, Judge. KERN *77 Respondent determined that petitioner's liability for withholding of income tax at source for the taxable years 1933 to 1941, inclusive, disclosed a deficiency in the total amount of $ 834.30 and $ 208.58 in additional tax. This determination resulted from respondent's holding *78 that interest paid during the taxable years by petitioner to Tsze E. Pun, a nonresident alien, constituted income from which petitioner was required to withhold income tax at the source, and that petitioner had failed to file returns required by law. If the respondent's holding as to both points is approved, the parties are in agreement that the amounts of the deficiency and additional tax for each taxable year are as stated in the explanation attached to the notice of deficiency. Those amounts*292 are as follows: Year Deficiency 25% additional tax [1933] $ 82.35 $ 20.59 [1934] 105.27 26.32 [1935] 76.08 19.02 [1936] 153.02 38.26 [1937] 139.81 34.95 [1938] $ 103.41 $ 25.85 [1939] 77.39 19.35 [1940] 65.88 16.47 [1941] 31.09 7.77 FINDINGS OF FACT. The petitioner is, and was during the years involved, a North Carolina corporation engaged in the purchase, processing, and sale of tobacco. In 1927 petitioner began making sales in China. From 1927 to July 1, 1931, sales on behalf of petitioner were made in China by Tsze E. Pun, a Chinese national, who sent the orders to petitioner at Farmville, North Carolina, its home office, where the orders were approved and shipments were made against the orders. All sales were for cash. In 1931 it was found that competition from other tobacco companies could best be met by maintaining an inventory in China. By maintaining this inventory in China the petitioner could meet small orders, make immediate deliveries, and minimize costs. At this time Tsze E. Pun requested that he be permitted to make sales on credit in order to increase the volume of sales in China. The petitioner and Pun entered into a written agreement on July *293 1, 1931. This contract set forth that Pun was to be petitioner's sole agent and sales manager for the entire territory of Asia. His compensation was to be $ 2,700 per annum, payable in monthly installments. As further compensation, Pun was to receive 3 per cent on gross sales made by him for the company. In order to protect the company with regard to sales made on terms other than cash, the contract provided that Pun should be personally liable for 50 per cent of these sales. The contract further provided that Pun was to leave $ 15,000 on deposit with the company so long as he worked for the company and until his accounts were in order. The company was to pay to Pun 6 per cent interest on this deposit. The contract was for a one-year period, but was automatically renewable unless 90 days' notice was given by either party. No notice was *79 ever given by either party. However, the terms of the contract were changed in two specific instances by an informal understanding between Pun and petitioner. After May 31, 1939, 4 per cent interest was paid on the actual deposit of Pun. The second variation was with regard to the provisions that Pun's deposit should be the sum of*294 $ 15,000. The monthly balances due to Pun on account of deposits made by him with the company varied between $ 10,000 and $ 40,500, on which amounts 6 per cent, and then later 4 per cent, interest was paid by the company. The first deposit made by Pun was the sum of $ 5,000, which he received from a sale of jade in America, and a credit in this sum was made to his account maintained on the books of the Chinese branch. The remaining amounts on deposit with petitioner consisted of earnings and commissions made by Pun on sales made by the Shanghai branch of the petitioner. The actual amounts paid as interest on the deposits were paid by petitioner from its bank accounts maintained in China for its Shanghai branch, and were charged to the expenses of that branch. They were as follows: 1933 (June to Dec.) $ 1,029.40 [1934] 1,950.09 [1935] 1,901.98 [1936] 2,168.50 [1937] 1,398.06 [1938] $ 1,034.14 [1939] 773.91 [1940] 521.68 1941 (Jan. to May) 188.40 George B. Monk was in charge of the Shanghai, China, branch of the petitioner in all matters other than the sale of tobacco. He received the shipments of tobacco from the United States, stored them in the China warehouses, hired an*295 office force of between ten and twelve people, and paid them and all expenses from the proceeds of the sales made largely by Pun. Whenever the cash balance of the Shanghai branch reached a large enough level to remit conveniently and economically to the United States, Monk remitted the cash in round figures, varying between $ 10,000 and $ 140,000. At no time were the deposits to the account of Pun maintained in a segregated sum and during only a few months did the balance in petitioner's account in Shanghai banks equal the amount of the balance of the deposits made by Pun. The accounting method used by the petitioner consisted of an inventory account and an asset account. When shipments were made to China an account called "Branch Shipments" was credited, and the asset account called "A. C. Monk & Co., Inc., Shanghai," was debited. The former was an offset to the petitioner's American inventory and was closed out to profit and loss. The latter was an asset account and was never closed. When remittances were received from China the asset account was credited and the bank account of the petitioner was debited. *80 The petitioner received a monthly audit statement from its*296 branch and at the end of the fiscal year received a full accounting. At the end of the year a profit and loss statement was made for the branch. The balance sheet, however, was the consolidated statement of the petitioner and its Shanghai branch. OPINION. The question presented by the instant proceeding is whether petitioner, a domestic corporation, should have withheld during the taxable years a tax from the interest paid by it to a Chinese national out of bank accounts maintained in China for the convenience of petitioner in the conduct of its Chinese branch business. The interest so paid was upon deposits of money made by the Chinese national with petitioner, pursuant to the contract set out in our findings, for the primary purpose of protecting petitioner on sales of its product made on credit in China by the Chinese national acting as petitioner's agent. The liability of petitioner for withholding such tax is predicated by respondent on sections of the applicable revenue acts which differ in no material way from section 143 (b) of the Internal Revenue Code, as follows: All persons, in whatever capacity acting, including * * * employers, * * * having the control, receipt, *297 custody, disposal, or payment of interest (except interest on deposits with persons carrying on the banking business paid to persons not engaged in business in the United States), dividends * * * or other fixed or determinable annual or periodical gains, profits, and income (but only to the extent that any of the above items constitutes gross income, from sources within the United States), of any nonresident alien individual, * * * shall * * * deduct and withhold from such annual or periodical gains, profits, and income a tax equal to 30 per centum 1 thereof, * * *. [Footnote added.] To the general terms of section 143 (b) there are two qualifications. The first makes the exception of interest paid on a deposit with persons carrying on the banking business. The petitioner is not in the banking business. The second qualification to section 143 (b) states that withholding*298 should be made only to the extent that the interest, or other items of income, constitute gross income from sources within the United States. This particular qualification was added parenthetically and without congressional comment on the language of section 143 of the Revenue Act of 1936, but it had appeared in other sections of prior acts and in the regulations. See, for example, section 213 (c) of the Revenue Acts of 1918 to 1934, inclusive, and section 212 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code. In these other sections its qualification has served to limit the taxation of a nonresident alien. *81 The position of the petitioner in the instant case is that the interest paid by it to the nonresident alien does not constitute gross income from a source within the United States and therefore is not subject to withholding. Section 119 of the Internal Revenue Code states: (a) Gross Income from Sources in United States. -- The following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources within the United States: (1) Interest. -- Interest from the United States, any Territory, any political subdivision of a Territory, or the District of Columbia, and interest on bonds, notes, *299 or other interest-bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise, not including -- (A) interest on deposits with persons carrying on the banking business paid to persons not engaged in business within the United States, or (B) interest received from a resident alien individual, a resident foreign corporation, or a domestic corporation, when it is shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that less than 20 per centum of the gross income of such resident payor or domestic corporation has been derived from sources within the United States, as determined under the provisions of this section * * *. * * * * (c) Gross Income from Sources Without United States. -- The following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources without the United States: (1) Interest other than that derived from sources within the United States as provided in subsection (a) (1) of this section: * * * * We believe that the payments here involved were of interest on an interest-bearing obligation of a corporate resident, and, therefore, under the statute above quoted, constituted gross income of a nonresident alien from a source within the United States from which the petitioner*300 should have withheld a tax pursuant to section 143 (b). The petitioner does not deny that the payments were of interest and it is apparent that they were. The nonresident alien made deposits of money with petitioner; petitioner used this money; and the payments of interest were made to the alien as compensation for the use of the money so deposited. The petitioner argues that the contractual obligation of the petitioner to pay interest is not an interest-bearing obligation within the meaning of the statute. While the statute states that all interest from the "United States * * *" is taxable to a nonresident, it provides that only interest on "bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations" of a resident is taxable to the nonresident. Therefore, petitioner contends, "other interest-bearing obligations" must be given an interpretation confined by the doctrine of ejusdem generis and means a written interest-bearing obligation similar to a bond or a note. We do not agree. The meaning of the words "other interest-bearing obligations" has been specifically held to be not so limited by the *82 doctrine of ejusdem generis. Helvering v. Stockholms Enskilda Bank, 293 U.S. 84;*301 Helvering v. British-American Tobacco Co., Ltd., 69 Fed. (2d) 528; affd., 293 U.S. 95; Motty Eitingon, 27 B. T. A. 1341; Francois Lang, 45 B. T. A. 256; reversed on another point, 133 Fed. (2d) 442. In the Stockholms Enskilda Bank case, supra, after deciding that the rule of ejusdem generis had no application, the Court said: The foregoing views are put beyond all fair doubt, if otherwise any would remain, by the consideration of a qualification contained in the section itself. After declaring that interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations shall be treated as income from sources within the United States, the section immediately proceeds to exclude from that language "interest on deposits with persons carrying on the banking business paid to persons not engaged in business within the United States. * * *" It is apparent from this exception that Congress understood that, unless the exception were made, the interest on such deposits would fall within the term "interest-bearing obligations," and, to prevent*302 that result, it was necessary to specifically create the exception. The conclusion fairly results that the clause was intended to include all interest-bearing obligations not specifically excepted. * * * The final term used in section 119 (a) (1) is the word "residents." It is apparent that petitioner was a corporate resident of the United States. That it conducted a branch of its business in China can not affect its status as a domestic corporation. Petitioner does not contend and the evidence does not show that less than 20 per cent of its gross income was derived from sources within the United States. The petitioner's payment to Pun meets the three tests of what shall be treated under section 119 (a) as gross income from a source within the United States: (1) It was interest, (2) on an interest-bearing obligation, (3) of a corporate resident. Petitioner strenuously argues, however, that the facts presented by the evidence disclose that the actual source and the only possible source of the payments to Pun was in China. It was there that the petitioner's products were sold by Pun, the proceeds therefrom deposited in petitioner's Chinese bank deposits, and the expenses of the *303 petitioner's Chinese branch, including the interest payments to Pun, were paid by checks drawn in China on Chinese banks. We are unable to agree with this argument. The use of the money deposited with petitioner by Pun gave rise to the obligation of petitioner to pay the interest here involved. This obligation has its source in the obligor, and thus the source of the payment of the obligation is the residence of obligor. There the right to payment arises and there the right may be enforced. The only qualification is that the payment be actually made by the resident obligor or on its behalf and pursuant to its obligation. See Tonopah & Tidewater R. R. Co., Ltd., 39 B. T. A. 1043; reversed, 112 Fed. (2d) 970. The fact that for the mutual convenience of petitioner and Pun *83 the payments were made in China by checks drawn on Chinese banks is irrelevant. For a general discussion of this point see Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, par. 45.29 and cases cited, including Standard Marine Insurance Co., Ltd., 4 B. T. A. 853, 862; Marine Insurance Co. Ltd., 4 B. T. A. 867;*304 Estate of L. E. McKinnon, 6 B. T. A. 412, 413; Sumitomo Bank, Ltd. v. Commissioner, 19 B. T. A. 480, 484. The only remaining question is whether the penalty of 25 per cent should be assessed because of petitioner's failure to file the required returns within the time prescribed by law. Under the Revenue Acts of 1932 and 1934 the imposition of such a penalty was mandatory unless the taxpayer filed a return. After the Revenue Act of 1936 the filing of a return is not a prerequisite to the lifting of the penalty if it is shown that the failure to file the return was due to reasonable cause. What is reasonable cause is a question of fact. Commissioner v. Lane-Wells Co., 321 U.S. 219. Petitioner's sole contention on this issue is that "the very fact that the question is unique and the scarcity of authorities would undoubtedly constitute 'reasonable cause.'" There is no evidence as to the petitioner's motives and reasons for failing to file a return. These have been left to conjecture. Upon this record, we can not conclude that petitioner's failure to file returns was due to reasonable*305 cause and not to willful neglect. See Palm Beach Trust Co., 9 T. C. 1060. Decision will be entered for the respondent. Footnotes 1. The applicable tax rates for the withholding in question were changed to 8, 4, 10, and 16 1/2 per cent by the Acts of 1932, 1934, 1936, and 1940.↩